psych

Compared with randomly paired people, friends are more likely to share the same attitudes and beliefs. This best illustrates the association between ________ and attraction.

similarity

According to Freud, the part of personality that represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment is the

superego

Psychologists describe shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation as

superordinate

David has issues with delinquency, hard drug use, and aggressive-bullying responses to frustration. If tested, David's level of _____ is likely to be higher than average but will decline with age.

testosterone

The idea that an emotion-arousing stimulus is simultaneously routed to the cortex and to the sympathetic nervous system is central to

the Cannon-Bard theory.

The tendency for optimal levels of performance to be associated with moderate levels of arousal is known as

the Yerkes-Dodson law.

The social psychologist who is best known for his pioneering studies of conformity is

Solomon Asch.

The two-factor theory of emotion was proposed by

Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer.

________ is a test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through a series of stories they make up about ambiguous scenes.

The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

German university men administered hotter chili sauce to a woman after listening to women-hating lyrics. The song lyrics provided the university men with

a social script

Two counterconditioning techniques for replacing unwanted responses are

aversive conditioning and exposure therapy.

Basal metabolic rate is the body's resting rate of

energy expenditure.

Samir volunteered in a psychology study of emotion. If Samir were injected with ________, he would experience feelings of arousal.

epinephrine

Three keys to an enduring companionate love are

equity, self-disclosure, and emotional support.

Freud suggested that the id's pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct pleasure-sensitive areas of the body known as

erogenous zones.

The mere exposure effect refers to the fact that people

experience increasing attraction to novel stimuli that become more familiar.

Freud referred to a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage as

fixation

The MMPI is an example of a

personality inventory

Freud emphasized that the id operates on the ________ principle.

pleasure

The general adaptation syndrome describes stages in the

body's response to prolonged stress.

The arousal theory of motivation would be most useful for understanding the aversive effects of

boredom

Psychodynamic therapy is ________ than traditional psychoanalysis.

briefer

About ________ percent of 4- to 17-year-old American children receive a diagnosis of ADHD. ADHD is diagnosed ________ often in girls than in boys.

11; less

________ is a theory in which a physiological need creates an aroused state than motivates us to satisfy a need.

Drive-reduction theory

________ is a hormone secreted by an empty stomach; it sends the "I am hungry" signal to the brain.

Ghrelin

Cognitive dissonance theory was proposed by

Leon Festinger

Immune system cells that pursue and destroy diseased body cells are called

NK

Who suggested that "we feel sorry because we cry . . . afraid because we tremble"?

William James

Obesity is defined as

a body mass index of 30 or more.

Antisocial personality disorder is most likely to be characterized by

a lack of conscience.

Deindividuation refers to

a loss of self-awareness and self-restraint in group situations that fosters arousal and anonymity.

Behaving with unselfish concern for the welfare of others is called

altruism

Attitudes, which predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events,

are often influenced by our beliefs.

The mental process people use to explain their behavior and the behavior of others is called

attribution

When his dog stretches its legs, Mason finds himself stretching his legs. This is an example of

automatic mimicry.

When a mild-mannered woman had an electrode implanted in her amygdala, she

behaved aggressively toward her doctor.

Principles of operant conditioning have most directly influenced the development of

behavior therapies.

When children are told that certain classmates have learning disabilities, they may behave in ways that inhibit the success of those students in the classroom. This best illustrates that labels

can be self-fulfilling.

Darcy is in the market to buy a new car. The salesperson shows her the features of each car she is considering, explaining the pros and cons of purchasing each. The salesperson's strategy illustrates

central route persuasion.

The DSM-5 is most clearly designed to ________ psychological disorders.

classify

Aaron Beck developed a ________ therapy for depression.

cognitive

The discomfort we feel when our thoughts and behaviors are inconsistent is called

cognitive dissonance

Training people to actively dispute their own self-defeating ideas best illustrates

cognitive therapy.

The foot-in-the-door phenomenon refers to the tendency to

comply with a large request if one has previously complied with a small request.

Psychodynamic theories emphasize that personality involves a dynamic interaction between

conscious and unconscious mental processes.

Reaction formation refers to the process by which people

consciously express feelings that are the opposite of unacceptable unconscious impulses.

Unlike the low road brain pathway, the high road for emotional responses extends through the

cortex

Participants in the Milgram obedience studies were ordered to

deliver electric shocks to a learner for giving incorrect answers.

Electroconvulsive therapy has proven to be effective in the treatment of

depression

The right prefrontal cortex is more active than the left prefrontal cortex when people experience

disgust

Exhibiting two or more distinct and alternating personalities is a symptom of a(n)

dissociative identity disorder.

We experience hunger when the level of

glucose in our blood is low.

A business leader who welcomes a variety of opinions from subordinates and invites experts to critique her company's developing plans is most likely to inhibit

groupthink

Dopamine overactivity appears to be most clearly related to

hallucinations

Parker thinks smoking is addictive but other players on his hockey team insist that it's not. Parker is likely to conform to their opinion if

he feels insecure in his role as a new team member.

Which of the following have been criticized the most for offering concepts that are vague and based on the theorists' personal opinions rather than on scientific methods?

humanistic

According to psychoanalytic theory, the part of the personality that strives for immediate gratification of basic drives is the

id

Creating groups based on the outcome of a coin toss leads people to favor their own new group when dividing any rewards. This best illustrates

in group bias

A dieter whose weight falls below his or her set point is likely to experience a(n)

increase in hunger and a decrease in metabolic rate.

Group polarization is most likely to occur in a group in which

individuals share a similar opinion.

The psychodynamic and humanistic therapies are often referred to as

insight

________ is the main source of energy in your body.

leptin

According to Joseph LeDoux, our automatic and most rapid emotional responses involve neural processing that follows

low road

By triggering the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine, ________ boosts alertness and diminishes appetite.

nicotine

Relative deprivation refers to the tendency for our personal happiness to be heavily influenced by

others' success.

Which division of the nervous system calms the body after an emergency has passed?

parasympathetic

Carl Rogers is known for the development of

person-centered therapy.

The defense mechanism by which people disguise threatening impulses by attributing them to others is called

projection

The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) is a(n)

projective test.

Sigmund Freud introduced a form of psychotherapy known as

psychoanalysis

Free association is central to

psychoanalysis.

A therapist thinks that Jordan would be much less agitated and ineffective at work if he could recognize his own conflicting feelings of respect for and irritation toward his workplace supervisor. The therapist's belief best illustrates the ________ perspective.

psychodynamic

Which contemporary theoretical approach is most directly descended from Freud's psychoanalysis?

psychodynamic theories

An understanding of how stress affects our resistance to disease is the central focus of the field of

psychoneuroimmunology.

Dr. Zander applies psychological techniques to treat various psychological disorders. Dr. Zander is using

psychotherapy

In an experiment by Ancel Keys, 36 male volunteers cut their food intake in half for six months. In response to this semistarvation, the volunteers

reduced their energy expenditure, and their body weights stabilized at about 25 percent below their starting weights.

Which of the following best explains why, for those who are not poor, more money buys little more than a temporary surge of happiness?

relative deprivation

Social norms are best described as

rules for socially expected and accepted behavior.

Brain scans have found enlarged fluid-filled areas in people with

schizophrenia

The social-cognitive perspective emphasizes the interactive influences of our traits and our

situstion

According to _____, altruistic behavior is guided by calculations of costs and benefits.

social exchange theory

Professional athletes perform better before a friendly audience than when alone. This best illustrates

social facilitation

When a task is relatively simple or well-rehearsed, the presence of other people tends to enhance individual performance, a pattern called

social facilitation.

A collectivist culture is especially likely to emphasize the importance of

social harmony

In assessing candidates for spy missions during World War II, U.S. Army psychologists subjected them to simulated undercover conditions. This best illustrates the use of an assessment strategy favored by ________ theories.

social-cognitive

Which perspective most clearly emphasizes that our personalities help create the situations to which we react?

social-cognitive perspective

The social psychologist who is best known for his controversial studies investigating destructive obedience to an authority is

stanley milgram

One person regards a new job as a challenge, whereas another regards the same new job as a potential threat. These different perceptions best illustrate

stress appraisal.

According to ________, certain movements can stimulate emotions.

the behavior feedback effect

The impact of our actions on our attitudes is best illustrated by

the foot-in-the-door phenomenon.

In explaining the actions of people we do not know well, we often demonstrate

the fundamental attribution error.

Carl Rogers suggested that ________ is a central feature of personality.

the self-concept

An expectation that people will help those who depend on them is known as

the social-responsibility norm.

The James-Lange theory of emotion states that

to experience emotion is to be aware of our physiological responses to an emotion-arousing event.

The expression toward a therapist of feelings linked with earlier relationships is known as

transference

Rodents who experienced inescapable shocks were more prone to developing cancer if they had previously been exposed to

tumor

Research participants believed that the Asch conformity test involved a study of

visual perception

To study social facilitation, Norman Triplett observed adolescents while they were

winding fishing reels