psych adolescence

young adulthood

(20s to early 40s) Intimacy vs. Isolation -Young adults struggle to form close relationships and to gain capacity for intimate love, or they feel socially isolated.

elementary school

(6-puberty) -competence vs inferiority -children learn the pleasure of applying themselves to tasks, or they feel inferior

infancy stage

0 to 1 trust vs mistrust if needs are dependably met, infants develop a sense of basic trust

toddlerhood

1-3, autonomy vs shame and doubt toddlers learn to exercise their will and do things for themselves, or they doubt their abilities

puberty begins for girls around age ___ and age ___ for boys

11, 13

_____ to _____ percent of men and ____ to ____ percent of women are homosexual

3 to 4, 1 to 2

preschooler

3-5 Initiative vs. Guilt preschoolers learn to initiate tasks and carry out plans, or they feel guilty about efforts to be independent

middle adulthood

40-60s generativity vs. stagnation middle aged people discover a sense of contributing to the world, usually through a family and work, or they may feel a lack of purpose

preconventional morality

Before age 9, children show morality to avoid punishment or gain reward.

there have been studies that suggest a variety of _____ factors may imoact sexual orientation

biological

sexuality is a ______ event, but ___ and ___ factors also govern sexual behaviors

biological, cognitive, cultural

in adolescence, there is a continued maturation of the _____. after puberty, ______ connections among nerve cells in the brain _____. the frontal lobes of the brain- responsible for ____, _____, and controlling ____- are the ___ to ____ this development, a process that isnt fully completed until about age ____.

brain, unused, disappear, planning, judgement, impulses, last, complete, 25

development relies on both ____ and ___.

continuity and stages.

johnathan haidt believes that ____ are more important than ____. he believes that we make up our mind in ____ situations based on what our ____ ___ us and then we use ____ to try to ____ our reactions

feelings, reasons. moral, gut tells, reasoning, defend

in adolescence we are in Piaget's ____ ____ stage, where we may develop ___ ___ and ____. formal ___, ____ ____, and ____ ____ are now possible

formal operational, adult thinking, reasoning, logic, abstract thinking, hypothetical reasoning

we can see the role of nature in the _____ determined sequence of changes that spark ___ feelings and interests. nurture's hand is also evident: adolescents learn to make _____ about expressing _____ from their ____ and ____.

genetically, sexual, decisions, sexuality, parents and society

one of the most obvious changes in puberty is a ____ ____, during which ____ and _____ sex characteristics develop

growth spurt, primary, secondary

experimentation: adolescents often experiment in ____ ways; adolescents sort out what is ____ and what isnt; but it can also be _____

healthy, appealing; unhealthy

the focus on self can lead to ____ behaviors. this can also be partly ____ to, in connection to the undeveloped ____ ____

impulsive, biological, frontal lobes

an increase in sexual activity among teens in the US is due to

increased sexual content in movies, tv, music, and the internet

rebellion: healthy development includes building some _____ ; most parents have an _____ of what their children should ____, and most children maintain some core ____ as their ____; the search for identity may involve testing the ____ parents set or adopting ___ of _____ and ____ that adults may not ______. however, it becomes _____ when it takes the form of _____ or self-_____ behavior . healthy adolescents exercise their ______ in ways that do not ___ themselves or others

independence; image, become, values, parents; limits, styles, grooming, understand. unhealthy, criminal, destructive. independence, harm

according to __ ____, around adolescence, one tends to focus on the ___, imagining their feelings are particularly _____

david elkind, self, unique

adolescence is starting _____ and ending _____ than it did 100 years ago

earlier, later

____ ____'s stages of social development each have its own ___ ____. the task is a ____, and the way the individual ____ the task will lead to a ___ or ___ desirable _____.

erik erikson's, developmental task. challenge, handles, more, less, outcome

4 different characteristics in the search for identity

experimentation, rebellion, "self"-ishness, optimism and energy

young adults strive to achieve _____

intimacy- the ability to form close, loving, and open relationships with other people

late adulthood

lates 60s and older integrity vs. despair when reflecting on his or her life, the older adult may feel a sense of satisfaction or failure

___ _____'s theory of moral reasoning demonstrates how our way of thinking about moral situations changes with our ___ of ____

lawerence kohlberg's , level of development

"Self"-ishness

learn about self through new friendship cliques and relationships

two more obvious events of puberty are....

menarche (1st period) in girls and the beginning of ejaculation for boys (normally during sleep)

one special aspect of cognitive development is _____

morality- a sense of right and wrong

identity

our sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent's task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles

research has not been able to demonstrate that homosexuality is related to ____ ____, a person's ____ of ____ ____, or a childhood history of being ____ or ____ by _____ adults

parenting style, hatred opposite sex, raised exploited homosexual

children move from a primary attachment to their ____ to their ____

parents, peers

studies support the idea of a progression from ____ to ____ thought in _____

precon. to con.

Kohlberg's stages of moral development

preconventional, conventional, postconventional

teens who have been _____ for puberty are more likely to view them as ____, rather than ____ or ______

prepared, positive, frightening, negative

adolescence begins with

puberty (sexual maturation)

primary sex characteristics

reproductive organs- testes in males and ovaries in females

conventional morality

second level of Kohlberg's stages of moral development in which the child's behavior is governed by conforming to the society's norms of behavior. play good citizen and have a strong desire to follows the rules and laws of society

we do not know precisely what determines ___ ____, and research has determined that some possibilities are unlikely

sexual orientation

in more communal cultures, with a greater emphasis on ____ ____ goals, the notion that postcon. is superior to conven. is ___ supported. for example, NA _____ tend to be more communal show less ____ thinking

shared group, less. women, postconven

the period of adolescence is affected by both ____ and ____. ____ and ___ are more likely to stay constant; ____ and certain ____ are more likely to change.

stability and change, temperament, values, relationships, behaviors

meeting social tasks is difficult for those who have.....

struggled with developmental tasks of previous stages

adolescence

teen to 20s identity vs role confusion teenagers work at refining a sense of self by testing roles and then integrating them to form a single identity, or who they become confused about who they are

Optimism and Energy

View the world with a fresh perspective, willing to tackle serious issues involving human rights, the environment, politics, and other causes

what triggers puberty

a flood of hormones leading to physical and emotional changes

secondary sex characteristic

a sex-differentiating characteristic that doesn't relate directly to reproduction, such as breast and hip development in women and deepening voices and facial hair in men

sexual orientation

an enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one's own sex (homosexual orientation) or the other sex (heterosexual orientation)

puberty

the period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing

adolescence

the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence

postconventional morality

third level of Kohlberg's stages of moral development in which the person's behavior is governed by moral principles that have been decided on by the individual and that may be in disagreement with accepted social norms. most people do not reach this level

postconventional is mostly a product of the ___ ____ pop. that values _____

white male, individualism