Psych Ch 14

oral stage

0-18 months

anal

18-36 months

What is a possible explanation as to why Asian-American students out perform their European-American counterparts academically? European-American students are more pessimistic. European-American students have higher self-esteem. Asian-American students have higher self-esteem. Asian-American students are more pessimistic.

Asian-American students are more pessimistic

Unconscious, psychic energy that operates on the pleasure principle and strives to satisfy basic drives

ID

The classic personality test

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory

A test where people make up stories about a scene or image that expresses their inner feelings

Thematic Apperception Test

The MBTI is best used as what?

a counseling and coaching tool, not a research instrument

How do psychodynamic theories view human behavior?

a dynamic interaction between the conscious and unconscious mind

A longer questionnaire covering a wide range of feelings and behaviors that asses several traits at once is what?

a personality inventory

A therapist who helps patients search for the unconscious roots of their problem and offers interpretations of their behaviors, feelings, and dreams, is drawing from a. psychoanalysis. b. humanistic therapies. c. client-centered therapy. d. behavior therapy.

a. psychoanalysis

A child's self-efficacy can predict what?

academic achievements

high v. low neuroticism

anxious, insecure, self-pitying calm, secure, self-satisfied

Personality is defined by what?

behavior patterns

A personality disorder, such as antisocial personality, is characterized by a. depression. b. hallucinations. c. inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning. d. an elevated level of autonomic nervous system arousal.

c. inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning

Dissociative identity disorder is controversial because a. dissociation is actually quite rare. b. it was reported frequently in the 1920s but rarely today. c. it is almost never reported outside North America. d. its symptoms are nearly identical to those of obsessive-compulsive disorder.

c. it is almost never reported outside of North America

A little girl kicks the family dog after her mother sends her to her room. This is an example of what defense mechanism?

displacement

Operates on the reality principle and seeks to gratify impulses in realistic ways that will bring long-term pleasure

ego

According to Hans Eysenck and Sybil Eysenck, the individual variation that is apparent across people can be reduced to several dimensions, including: extraversion-introversion. collectivism-individualism. conformity-individualism. adaptation-habituation.

extraversion-introversion

The statistical procedure that has been used to identify clusters of test items that tap basic components of intelligence

factor analysis

A growth promoting climate requires what?

genuineness acceptance empathy

Lin enjoys roller skating with her friends. What would be an environmental factor associated with roller skating for Lin? her own thoughts and feelings about roller skating learning to roller skate having friends that also roller skate selecting where she would like to roller skate

having friends that also roller skate

Someone who focuses on the way people strive for self-determination and self-realization is probably what kind of person?

humanistic theorist

The process by which, according to Freud, children incorporate their parents' values into their developing superegos

identification

Garrick is a calm, self-satisfied man who appears to be secure. Which of the following Big Five personality factors would best describe his personality? extraverted conscientious open neurotic

neurotic

What are the psychosexual stages?

oral anal phallic latency genital

high v. low conscientiousness

organized, careful, disciplined disorganized, careless, impulsive

What is the spotlight effect?

overestimating others' notice and evaluation of our appearance or performance or blunders

People with high self-esteem have feelings of high self-worth and tend to: persist when faced with a difficult task. succumb more often to pressure to conform. give up when faced with a difficult task. have more sleepless nights.

persist when faced with a difficult task

Meyers-Briggs Type Indicator initial use was what?

predictor of job performance

Maria does not have a very good driving record. She has gotten several tickets for running red lights, speeding, and not wearing her seat belt. When asked by the judge at her more recent court appearance why she continually violated driving laws, Maria stated that she was certain others did the same, including the judge. According to Freud, which defense mechanism is Maria employing? projection reaction formation regression displacement

projection

A test that provides stimuli designed to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics

projective test

genital

puberty on

The process of finding meaning and purpose beyond ones self is known as what?

self-transcendence

phallic

3-6 years

latency

6-puberty

____ emphasized the importance of unconditional positive regard in healthy personality development. Carl Rogers Gordon Allport Alfred Adler Albert Bandura

Carl Rogers

A test where a set of 10 inkblots seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots

Rorschach inkblot test

Which of the following is NOT part of the contemporary view of the unconscious? a. Repressed memories of anxiety-provoking events b. Schemas that influence our perceptions and interpretations c. Parallel processing that occurs without our conscious knowledge d. Instantly activated emotions and implicit memories of learned skills

a. repressed memories of anxiety-provoking events

Modern-day psychodynamic theorists and therapists agree with Freud about a. the existence of unconscious mental processes. b. the Oedipus complex. c. the predictive value of Freudian theory. d. the superego's role as the executive part of personality.

a. the existence of unconscious mental processes

Huck is three years old and seems to struggle with his mother over everything; what to wear, when to take a bath, how to brush his teeth. According to Freud, what stage of development is he currently in? anal phallic oral l atency

anal

A person with positive symptoms of schizophrenia is most likely to experience a. catatonia. b. delusions. c. withdrawal. d. flat emotion.

b. delusions

PET scans of murderers' brains have revealed a. higher-than-normal activation in the frontal lobes. b. lower-than-normal activation in the frontal lobes. c. more frontal lobe tissue than normal. d. no differences in brain structures or activity.

b. lower-than-normal activation in the frontal lobes

The learning perspective proposes that phobias are a. the result of individual genetic makeup. b. a way of repressing unacceptable impulses. c. conditioned fears. d. a symptom of having been abused as a child.

c. conditioned fears

What explains why spiritual concerns are deeply rooted and why people in different cultures share certain myths and images?

collective unconscious

Social-cognitive theorists believe people learn many of their behaviors either through _____ or by observing and _____ others. biofeedback; imitating conditioning; imitating conditioning; debriefing biofeedback; debriefing

conditioning; imitating

Sherry has decided to visit her professor during office hours in order to talk about her grade on the last exam. Upon entering her professor's office, she notices piles of papers everywhere, open books laying on the floor, and candy wrappers on the desk. Regarding the professor's personality, Sherry can make a safe assumption on what personality factor from this experience? agreeableness extraversion conscientiousness openness

conscientiousness

What are the big 5 traits?

conscientiousness agreeableness neuroticism openness extraversion

Cognitive therapy has been especially effective in treating a. nail biting. b. phobias. c. alcohol use disorder. d. depression.

d. depression

The symptoms of _______ appear around age 10; _______ tend[s] to appear later, around age 25. a. schizophrenia; bipolar disorder b. bipolar disorder; schizophrenia c. major depressive disorder; phobias d. phobias; major depressive disorder

d. phobias; major depressive disorder

In general, neo-Freudians such as Adler and Horney accepted many of Freud's views but placed more emphasis than he did on a. development throughout the life span. b. the collective unconscious. c. the role of the id. d. social interactions.

d. social interactions

Tactics that reduce or redirect anxiety by distorting reality

defense mechanisms

A partner denies evidence of his loved one's affair. This is an example of what defense mechanism?

denial

Bonnie is afraid to express anger toward her overbearing and irritating supervisor. Instead, she is critical of her children. A psychoanalyst would suggest that Bonnie's reaction to her children illustrates: identification. reaction formation. projection. displacement.

displacement

This part of the mind contains partly conscious perceptions, thoughts, judgments, and memories

ego

In a study, researchers temporarily deflated the self-image of participants by telling them they did poorly on a test. The participants were then more likely to: express heightened racial prejudice. disparage themselves. hide their racial prejudice. downplay their own intelligence.

express heightened racial prejudice

Alyssa lives in the United States. Which trait is she MOST likely to demonstrate? agreeableness openness introversion extraversion

extraversion

Which technique would psychologists use to assess whether a cluster of characteristics that includes ambition, determination, persistence, and self-reliance reflects a single personality trait? empirically derived testing factor analysis projective testing free association

factor analysis

Rebecca is applying to graduate school and has several items she must turn in with her application, including letters of recommendation, GRE scores, transcripts, and a personal statement. Which of these is likely the BEST indicator of her potential for success in graduate school? the letters of recommendation her academic transcripts her personal statement her GRE scores

her academic transcripts

Rogers and Maslow are the key proponents to which personality theory? social-cognitive humanistic psychodynamic psychoanalytic

humanistic

Which theoretical perspective has influenced counseling, education, child rearing, and management? psychoanalytic humanistic psychosocial behaviorism

humanistic

high v. low openness

imaginative, prefers variety, independent practical, prefers routine, conforming

Ashley feels that she has reached her full potential as a physician. According to Maslow, Ashley: is self-actualized. has a defined self-concept. has good self-esteem. has developed self-transcendence.

is self-actualized

People's behavior can be described in terms of the spotlight effect. This means that they: tend to see themselves as being above average in ability. overestimate the extent to which other people are noticing them. perceive that their fate is determined by forces not under their personal control. underestimate the extent to which other people's opinions should be taken into account.

overestimate the extent to which other people are noticing them

Disguising one's own threatening impulses by attributing them to others. A college student claims all other college students cheat on tests. This is an example of what defense mechanism?

projection

Shaun has been confronted by his roommate for his drinking behavior. Shaun tends to binge drinking several times during the week, passing out in random places throughout the apartment. Shaun defends himself by saying that his roommate also drinks, as do most people their age. According to Freud, which defense mechanism is Shaun using? projection displacement regression reaction formation

projection

While taking a particularly hard exam for her psychology course, Becky was struggling until she realized she could see what the person next to her had written. The person next to her was one of the top students in the class. Becky quickly copied the answers. Instead of feeling guilty about it afterwards, she told her friends that she saw someone else attempting to copy her answers. This best illustrates which defense mechanism? rationalization projection denial reaction formation

projection

A habitual drinker says she drinks with her friends just to be sociable. This is an example of what defense mechanism?

rationalization

Repressing angry feelings, a person displays exaggerated friendliness. This is an example of what defense mechanism?

reaction formation

Research by Adams and colleagues found that men who reported negative attitudes toward homosexuality experienced greater arousal when watching videos of homosexual men. These results demonstrate which of Freud's defense mechanisms? reaction formation projection regression displacement

reaction formation

Lately, Harold and Grant cannot get along. Harold often expects the worst of people and yesterday he thought Grant was mad at him. As a result, Harold ignored Grant's phone calls and other attempts at conversation, angering Grant. However, in truth, Harold created the situation to which he was reacting. This is an example of: belief perseverance. linguistic determinism. attributional style. reciprocal determinism.

reciprocal determinidm

What is the person-environment action?

reciprocal determinism

A little boy reverts to the oral comfort of thumb sucking in the car on the way to his first day of school. This is an example of what defense mechanism?

regression

As a child soldier in Uganda, Mukasa witnessed rape, torture, and other traumatic events before escaping several months ago to a refugee camp. As Mukasa grows up, followers of the psychoanalytic perspective would suggest that he will probably _____ these painful experiences. Psychological researchers today claim that high stress and associated stress hormones tend to _____ memory. repress; enhance relive; block relive; enhance repress; block

repress; enhance

Which tactic underlies all the other defense mechanisms?

repression

The process of fulfilling one's potential is called: self-transcendence. self-esteem. self-actualization. self-concept.

self-actualization

The process of fulfilling our potential is known as what?

self-actualization

Jason believes that he is funny, smart, tough, and persistent. These qualities make up his: self-actualization. self-esteem. self-transcendence. self-concept.

self-concept

The tendency to accept responsibility for success and blame circumstances or bad luck for failures is called what?

self-serving bias

This is meaning, purpose, and communion beyond the self. self-actualization self-concept self-esteem self-transcendence

self-transcendence

high v. low extraversion

sociable, fun-loving, affectionate retiring, sober, reserved

Albert Bandura proposed the ___________-__________ perspective on personality, which emphasizes the interaction of people with their environment. To describe the interacting influences of behavior, thoughts, and environment, he used the term _______________ ____________.

social-cognitive and reciprocal determinism

This perspective emphasizes the interaction of our traits with our situations

social-cognitive perspective

Albert Bandura proposed the _____ perspective on personality, which emphasizes the interaction of people with their environment. To describe the interacting influences of behavior, thoughts, and environment, he used the term _____. psychodynamic; reciprocal determinism social-cognitive; reciprocal determinism reciprocal determinism; social-cognitive social-cognitive; self-actualization

social-cognitive; reciprocal determinism

high v. low agreeableness

soft-hearted, trusting, helpful ruthless, suspicious, uncooperative

The voice and moral compass of our mind that forces the mind to consider not only the real, but the ideal. It focuses on how we ought to behave and strives for perfection.

superego

What are basic human drives, according to Freud?

survive, reproduce, and agress

Sigmund Freud suggested that there are three interacting systems that can explain the dynamics of the human mind: the oral, the anal, and the phallic. repression, identification, and fixation. the Oedipus and Electra complexes, and reaction formation. the id, the ego, and the superego.

the ID, ego, and superego