PSYCH Ch. 15
schizophrenia with negative symptoms
Flat affect and catatonia are symptoms most closely associated with
bias our perceptions of the labeled person
A fundamental problem with the diagnostic labeling of psychologically disordered behaviors is that the labels often
stimulus generalization
A person attacked by a fierce dog develops a fear of all dogs. This best illustrates
in a person's cognitions, emotion regulations, or behaviors
A psychological disorder is a syndrome marked by a clinically significant disturbance
Distractability
ADHD is most clearly characterized by
sicknesses that need to be diagnosed and in most cases cured
According to the medical model, psychological disorders are
United States
After conducting 90-minute interviews of thousands of people, the World Health Organization estimated the number of prior-year mental disorders in 28 countries. Which country had the highest rate of diagnosed psychological disorders?
schizotypal
Ben has always been an odd child, including having no emotions and separating himself from normal childhood play. He would most likely be diagnosed with ________ personality disorder.
thalamus
Billy, who has schizophrenia, experiences auditory hallucinations. Based on research using PET scans, which brain structure is active when Billy experiences these hallucinations?
increase; increasing
Cocaine may ________ symptoms of schizophrenia by ________ dopamine levels.
role playing
College students were asked to pretend that they were accused murderers. Under hypnosis, they typically expressed a second personality when prompted to do so by the examining psychiatrist. This most strongly suggests that dissociative identity disorder may involve
depression
Compared with men, women are much more likely to be diagnosed as suffering from
interfere with normal day-to-day life
Dysfunctional behaviors are maladaptive, which means that they
placentas
If an identical twin has schizophrenia, the co-twin's chances of being similarly affected are only 1 in 10 if they had different
more intense and less prolonged
In comparison to generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder is characterized by periods of distress that are
a biopsychosocial approach
In discovering that certain psychological disorders occur only in particular cultures, we are providing evidence for
thin bodies
Individuals who are most vulnerable to anorexia nervosa are those who live in cultures that idealize
schizotypal
One cluster of personality disorders marked by noticeably odd or eccentric behavior is exemplified by the ________ personality disorder.
are high achieving and competitive
People with anorexia nervosa often come from families that
inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning
Personality disorders are best described as
later; fewer
Recovery from a major depressive episode is likely to be permanent the ________ the first episodes appear and the ________ the number of previous episodes.
obsession; compulsion
Repeatedly thinking about your own death is to ________ as repeatedly washing your hands is to ________.
chronic
Schizophrenia that develops gradually over a long period of time is called ________ schizophrenia.
major depressive disorder; persistent depressive disorder
Severe, debilitating depression is to ________ as chronic, low-grade depression is to ________.
diagnostic labels
The ability of mental health professionals to quickly communicate the characteristics of their patients' complex symptoms is most clearly facilitated by the use of
experience threatening delusions and hallucinated voices that command them to act, have suffered a financial crisis or lost relationship, or abuse substances
The few people with psychological disorders who do commit violent acts tend to be those who
children
The most likely people to be diagnosed with ADHD are
major depressive disorder
The occurrence of which of the following disorders is NOT influenced by culture and is worldwide?
adulthood
The onset of schizophrenia is typically associated with early
frontal
The reduced self-control of murderers is most closely related to reduced brain activity in their ________ lobes.
antisocial personality disorder; schizophrenia
The symptoms of ________ are likely to appear at an earlier age than the symptoms of ________.
antisocial personality disorder
The terms psychopath and sociopath refer to an individual with
no diagnosed psychological disorder
The vast majority of violent crimes are committed by those with
a panic attack
While he was studying, Matthew was suddenly overwhelmed by feelings of intense apprehension. For several minutes he felt so agitated that he could not catch his breath. Matthew was most likely suffering from
antisocial personality
A lack of conscience is most characteristic of those who experience ________ disorder.
genetic predispositions
A traumatic experience may trigger a lasting phobia in a child with a sensitive, high-strung temperament. The same experience, however, may have no long-term impact on a child with a more relaxed temperament. This best illustrates the role of ________ in the development of phobias.
less; 11
ADHD is diagnosed ________ often in girls than in boys, and ________ percent of 4- to 17-year-olds receive the diagnosis.
learning through observation
After lab-reared monkeys saw their parents fearfully avoid reaching for food located near a snake, the younger monkeys developed a strong fear of snakes. The younger monkeys' fear of snakes best illustrated the impact of
stimulant; ADHD
Although Adderall is a _______ drug, it is commonly used in the treatment of _______.
epigenetic marks
Among PTSD patients, early childhood trauma can leave ________, which are often organic molecules. These molecular tags attach to our chromosomes and turn certain genes on or off, thus creating a genetic vulnerability for PTSD.
large, and the thalamus is abnormally small
Among schizophrenia patients, the fluid-filled ventricles of the brain are abnormally
a specific phobia
An immediate and irrational anxiety response to the mere sight of blood is indicative of
a lack of guilt feelings
Antisocial personality disorder is most likely to be characterized by
a danger-detection system that has become hyperactive
Anxiety disorders, OCD, and PTSD are thought to reflect
alternations between extreme hopelessness and unrealistic optimism
Bipolar disorder is most likely to be characterized by
the biopsychosocial approach
Both the inseparability of mind and body and the interaction of nature and nurture are most clearly emphasized by
epigenetic effects
Diet, drugs, and stress can place molecular tags on our chromosomes and thereby play a decisive role in whether we suffer an increased risk of depression. This best illustrates the impact of
disruptions in conscious awareness and sense of identity
Dissociative disorders are most likely to be characterized by
major depressive disorder
Distress most of the time over a two-week period because of fatigue or loss of energy is most likely associated with
hallucinations
Dopamine overactivity appears to be most clearly related to
distinct brain and body states associated with differing personalities.
Evidence that dissociative identity disorder is NOT simply a product of conscious role playing is most clearly provided by the
role playing
Evidence that symptoms of dissociative identity disorder are triggered by the suggestions and leading questions of therapists most clearly points out the importance of ________ in the onset of this disorder.
a fugue state
Extensive amnesia, wandering or traveling, and confusion about one's personal identity are symptoms of
internal, stable, and global
Failures are most likely to lead to depression if they are explained in terms that are
generate the same levels of diagnostic agreement for every different form of psychological disorder
Field trials indicate that the DSM-5 does NOT
PTSD (Post Traumatic Stress Disorder)
Frequent, intrusive recollections of a traumatic event, social withdrawal, nightmares, and the increased physical arousal associated with anxiety are the major symptoms associated with
low norepinephrine levels and low serotonin levels
In terms of neurotransmitter levels, depression is associated with
medical model
It would be most difficult to use the ________ to explain why anorexia nervosa occurs mostly in Western cultures.
positive symptoms
Jamel believes that his instructors are plotting to capture him and steal his brain. He hears voices telling him that he needs to leave school and go to the Arctic to hide. Jamel, who has been diagnosed with schizophrenia and has been admitted to the psychiatric ward of the university hospital, is demonstrating
bulimia nervosa
Lana is about the right weight for her age and height. Nevertheless, whenever she goes on an eating binge, she purges the excessive food by self-induced vomiting. It is likely that Lana suffers from
acute
Macy developed schizophrenia quite suddenly after being sexually assaulted in a parking lot. Macy is responding to medication and most of her symptoms have abated. Macy's case illustrates ________ schizophrenia.
two weeks
Major depressive disorder is said to occur when signs of depression last at least
usually do not; unreliable
Mental disorders ________ lead to violence and clinical prediction of violence is ________.
personally dysfunctional
Mental health workers would be likely to identify alcohol misuse as a psychological disorder because it is
delusions
Mr. Hunt believes that he is the president of the United States and that he will soon become the "King of the Universe." Mr. Hunt is most clearly suffering from
increase, decrease
Obsessive thoughts typically ________ anxiety and compulsive behaviors typically ________ anxiety.
avoidant
One cluster of personality disorders marked by anxiety is exemplified by the ________ personality disorder.
borderline
One cluster of personality disorders marked by dramatic or impulsive behaviors is exemplified by the ________ personality disorder.
an expressionless face
One of the negative symptoms of schizophrenia is
depression
People who eat a "Mediterranean Diet" that is heavy on vegetables, fish, and olive oil have a comparatively low risk of developing
generalized anxiety disorder
People with ________ are constantly tense and anxious, and their anxiety is pervasive. They feel anxious about a wide range of life circumstances, sometimes with little or no apparent justification.
postive
People with acute schizophrenia more often have the ________ symptoms that respond to drug therapy.
positive symptoms of schizophrenia
People with schizophrenia who experience hallucinations and delusions and speak in word salad are demonstrating
social anxiety disorder
Persistent avoidance of others due to an intense fear of being negatively evaluated by others is most characteristic of
reinforcement
Phobic behaviors such as avoiding insects or snakes may increase in frequency because they reduce anxiety. This best illustrates the impact of
presence; absence
Positive symptoms of schizophrenia are the ________ of inappropriate behaviors, and negative symptoms are the ________ of appropriate behaviors.
neglectful child-raising practices
Psychologists are LEAST likely to suggest that ________ contribute(s) to the development of schizophrenia.
a loss of contact with reality
Psychotic disorders are most likely to be characterized by
OCD (Obsessive Compulsive Disorder)
Repetitive, intrusive, and unwanted thoughts and repetitive behaviors that the individual feels driven to perform are characteristic of
there is a genetic predisposition to develop schizophrenia
Research on the causes of schizophrenia strongly suggests that
with each new generation, depression is increasing in its prevalence
Research regarding depression indicates that
adrenaline
Researchers have found low levels of ________ in 13-year-old boys who were later convicted of a crime.
generalized anxiety disorder
Rishi, a college student, complains that he feels apprehensive and fearful most of the time but doesn't know why. Without warning, his heart begins to pound, his hands get icy, and he breaks out in a cold sweat. Rishi most likely suffers from
dopamine
Schizophrenia is associated with an excess of receptors for
disorganized thinking and disturbed perceptions
Schizophrenia is most likely to be characterized by
left frontal lobe
Severely depressed individuals are especially likely to show reduced brain activity in the
schizophrenia
Some psychological disorders occur primarily in one culture. However, ________ occurs worldwide.
increased energy levels
Steven has experienced a mildly depressed mood more often than not for the past two years. In order for him to be diagnosed with dysthymia he must also display a minimum of two additional symptoms. Which of the following is NOT one of those? A) difficulty with decision making and concentration B) feeling hopeless C) poor self-esteem D) increased energy levels
ADHD is a real neurobiological disorder whose existence should no longer be debated
Supporters of today's increasing diagnosis of ADHD have noted that
explain the causes of the various psychological disorders
The DSM-5 does NOT
classify
The DSM-5 is most clearly designed to ________ psychological disorders.
vulnerability-stress model
The ________ argues that individual characteristics combine with environmental stressors to increase or decrease the likelihood of developing a psychological disorder.
rapidly in response to a stressful life situation.
The chances for recovery from schizophrenia are considered to be greatest when the disorder develops
the medical model
The discovery that psychologically disordered behavior could result from syphilis infections facilitated the credibility and acceptance of
hearing
The hallucinations experienced by those who suffer from schizophrenia are most likely to involve ________ things that are not there.
raised apart from an identical twin who suffers from the disorder
The incidence of major depressive disorder is greatest among those
those below the poverty line
The incidence of serious psychological disorders has been 2.5 times higher among
the biopsychosocial approach
The interaction of genetic predispositions, mental processes, and cultural circumstances is most clearly emphasized by
PTSD
The long-lasting disorder that develops in response to being exposed to a severe and often life-threatening trauma is
memory
The major characteristic of dissociative disorders is a disturbance of
antisocial personality disorder
There is some evidence that a relatively low level of autonomic nervous system arousal may contribute to
children by nature are not designed to sit for hours in chairs inside.
Those who are skeptical of the rise in ADHD diagnoses have most strongly emphasized that
binge-eating disorder
Those who engage in spurts of excessive overeating, followed by remorse—but do not binge, purge, or fast—are said to have
increased diagnoses of ADHD reflects an increased awareness of the disorder
Those who support the increase in ADHD diagnoses have most strongly emphasized that
dramatic, attention-getting behaviors
Those with a borderline personality disorder are most likely to display
a fear of social rejection
Those with an avoidant personality disorder are most likely to display
their own self-importance
Those with narcissistic personality disorder are likely to be preoccupied with
amygdala
Timothy suffers from schizophrenia and is frequently paranoid. Which brain structure exhibits increased activity when he experiences paranoia?
mania
When an individual is overexcited, hyperactive, and wildly optimistic they may be in a state of
binge-eating disorder
Which eating disorder has the highest prevalence rates?
how brain structure abnormalities and biochemistry relate to psychological disorders
Which of the following has provided support for the medical perspective on psychological disorders?
D
Which of the following is a better predictor of violence than simply having a psychological disorder? A) the use of alcohol or drugs B) having a history of previous violence C) gun availability D) all of these factors
A
Which of the following statements about people with psychological disorders is TRUE? A) Multiple studies have found that people with a major mental illness are less violent than those without a psychological disorder. B) In much of the popular media, people with psychological disorders are portrayed in positive, but stereotyped ways, such as being creative geniuses or artistic prodigies. C) Research has shown that even people with mild psychological disorders tend to be dangerous and prone to violence. D) People with psychological disorders are the least stigmatized group in modern society.
antisocial personality disorder
Within the last year, Mr. Shangkun has been fired by three different employers because they each discovered that he was stealing money or materials from their companies. Although he feels no remorse for his misdeeds, his outward signs of repentance have dissuaded his former employers from taking him to court. Mr. Shangkun's behavior is most indicative of
