Psych Ch-4

peak mental alertness and memory lowest and highest body temp peak hearing, visual, smell and taste sensitivity lowest and highest sensitivity to pain peak degree of sleepiness peak melatonin hormone in blood

2 peaks: 9am and 9pm 97F at 4am and 99F at 4pm respectively 2 peaks: 3am and 6pm 4pm and 4am respectively 2 peaks: 3am and 3pm btw 1am and 3am

obstructive sleep apnea

A sleep disorder in which the person repeatedly stops breathing during sleep.

manifest content

In Freud's psychoanalytic theory, the elements of a dream that are consciously experienced and remembered by the dreamer.

latent content

In Freud's psychoanalytic theory, the unconscious wishes, thoughts, and urges that are concealed in the manifest content of a dream.

parasomnias

a category of sleep disorders characterized by arousal or activation during sleep or sleep transitions; includes sleepwalking, sleep terrors, sleep-sex, sleep-related eating disorders, and REM sleep behavior disorder.

dyssomnias

a category of sleep disorders involving disruptions in the amount, quality, or timing of sleep; includes insomnia, obstructive sleep apnea, and narcolepsy

insomnia (fragmented, dissatisfying sleep)

a condition in which a person regularly experiences an inability to fall asleep, to stay asleep, or to feel adequately rested by sleep.

hypnosis

a cooperative social interaction in which the hypnotized person responds to the hypnotist's suggestions with changes in perception, memory, and behavior.

circadian rhythm

a cycle or rhythm that is roughly 24 hours long; the cyclical daily fluctuations in biological and psychological processes. different rhythms are synchronized.

melatonin

a hormone manufactured by the pineal gland that produces sleepiness

REM rebound

a phenomenon in which a person who is deprived of REM sleep greatly increases the amount of time spent in REM sleep at the first opportunity to sleep uninterrupted

narcolepsy

a sleep disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness and brief lapses into sleep throughout the day.

REM sleep behavior disorder

a sleep disorder characterized by the brain's failure to suppress voluntary actions during REM sleep resulting in the sleeper verbally and physically responding to the dream story.

sleep-related eating disorder

a sleep disorder in which the sleeper will sleepwalk and eat compulsively.

sleepsex

a sleep disorder involving abnormal sexual behaviors and experiences during sleep; also sexsomnia

sleep terrors

a sleep disturbance characterized by an episode of increased physiological arousal, intense fear and panic, frightening hallucinations, and no recall of the episode the next morning; typically occurs during stage 3 or stage 4 NREM sleep; also called night terrors.

sleepwalking

a sleep disturbance characterized by an episode of walking or performing other actions during stage 3 or stage 4 NREM sleep; also called somnambulism

hypocretins

a special class of neurotransmitters produced during the daytime to maintain a steady state of wakefulness: also called orexins

cataplexy

a sudden loss of voluntary muscle strength and control that is usually triggered by an intense emotion.

sleep paralysis

a temporary condition in which a person is unable to move upon awakening in the morning or during the night.

nightmare

a vivid and frightening or unpleasant anxiety dream that occurs during REM sleep.

Jet lag

absence of environmental cues like sunlight and darkness lead to desynchronization of circadian rhythm leading to physical & mental fatigue, depression, irritation, disrupted sleep.

stage1 NREM

alpha waves replaced by slower theta brain waves slowly lose consciousness can be easily awakened (regain conscious alertness)

electroencephalograph

an instrument that uses electrodes placed on the scalp to measure and record the brain's electrical activity.

dream

an unfolding sequence of thoughts, perceptions, and emotions that typically occurs during REM sleep and is experienced as a series of real-life events.

treatment of OSA

avoiding alcohol or loosing weight sleeping sideways continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP): wears a mask, machine blows air at a pressure high enough to keep airway open.

lucid dream

aware that you are dreaming while still asleep

suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

body's clock; a cluster of neurons in the hypothalamus in the brain that governs the timing of circadian rhythms.

beta brain waves

brain-wave pattern associated with alert wakefulness. small, fast, high frequency waves

alpha brain waves

brain-wave pattern associated with relaxed wakefulness nad drowsiness. slow and large waves.

procedural memories

contributed by REM and stage2 NREM learning new skill or task till its automatic

episodic memories

contributed my NREM slow-wave sleep memories of personally experienced events

cause of OSA

could be hereditary increase chances with age more in men

beyond 1st 90 mins

early in night - stages 3 and 4 more and less REM later in night (last 1/3rd) - more REM and stage2

Sigmund Freud's meaning of dream

founder of psychoanalysis psychological defenses reduced during sleep so sexual and aggressive wishes expressed in dreams two components: manifest and latent content

risk of insomnia

gender: women higher due to unemployment, divorce, pregnancy, menopause. age: increase with age

causes of insomnia

hyperarousal: excitement of an event, physical pain or discomfort, depression or medication like antihistamine. use of caffeine or nicotine environmental factors

why we get sleepy?

more adenosine more sleepy; slow wave NREM sleep reduce adenosine levels and caffeine blocks adenosine receptors

stage4 NREM

more than 50% brain activity is delta brain waves in 20-40 min delta brain waves reach 100% heart rate, breathing and BP lowest very deep sleep, difficult to wake muscle movement still possible (sleep walk) 4->3->2->REM sleep

REM-on

neurotransmitters like acetylcholine produced that promote REM sleep levels increase and REM-related characteristics intensify. at peak the level of REM-off neuron starts increasing

REM-off

neurotransmitters like norepinephrine & serotonin produced that suppress REM sleep

why we yawn

not certain; some evidence that it regulates and increases level of arousal/activity; contagious

characteristics of parasomnias

occur in NREM sleep more common in children and decrease with age genetic caused by sleep deprivation, stress, erratic sleep schedules, sleep medication, stimulants, pregnancy and tranquilizers

stream of consciousness

one though, memory or fantasy blend into another; termed by William James

consciousness

personal awareness of mental activities, internal sensations, and the external environment.

result of OSA

poor quantity and quality of sleep daytime grogginess poor concentration and memory irritation increase health risk like BP, heart attack, stroke

NREM sleep

quiet, typically dreamless sleep in which rapid eye movements are absent; divided into four stages; also called quiet sleep.

electromyogram (EMG)

record changes in muscle tone and chin movement. (electrodes on chin)

electrooculogram (EOG)

record eye movement (electrodes near each eye)

sleep disorders

serious and consistent sleep disturbances that interfere with daytime functioning and cause subjective distress.

sleep spindles

short bursts of brain activity that characterize stage 2 NREM sleep

K complex

single but large high-voltage spike of brain activity that characterizes stage 2 NREM sleep.

microsleeps or sleep attacks

sleep episodes few sec long occur during wakefulness

stage2 NREM

sleep spindles and K complex occur brain activity decreasing, breathing rhythmic, slight muscle twitch theta waves and beginning of delta waves(slower and larger waves)

sleep over lifespan

stage3&4 and sleep time decrease with age middle adulthood: wakefulness after sleep onset (WASO) 55&older: sleep latency (take longer to fall asleep)

stage3 NREM

stage3+4 called slow-wave sleep (SWS) more than 20% brain activity is delta brain waves

sleep deprived emotional brain

subjects 35 hours sleep deprived fMRI showed higher degree of activation of amygdala (key component of brain's emotion center)

sunlight regulate sleep-wake cycle

sunlight on special receptors or retinal--SCN via optic nerve--reduce melatonin--increase in alertness.

electroencephalogram (EEG)

the graphic record of brain's electrical (brain-wave) activity. (electrodes on scalp)

activation-synthesis model of dreaming

the theory that brain activity during sleep produces dream images (activation), which are combined by the brain into a dream story.

REM sleep

type of sleep during which rapid eye movements and dreaming usually occur and voluntary muscle activity is suppressed; also called active sleep or paradoxical sleep. sleep paralysis occurs here.

sleep thinking

vague, bland, thoughtlike ruminations about real-life events that typically occur during NREM sleep; also called sleep mentation; occur during NREM slow-wave sleep

hypnagogic hallucinations

vivid sensory phenomena that occur during the onset of sleep. sensation of falling (myoclonic jerk/sleep starts)

reasons of shift from behavior to study of consciousness

1) complete study of behavior not possible without considering role of conscious processes in behavior 2) objective ways of studying consciousness were devised.

common dream pattern/themes

1) women - male and female in equal proportion; men-males more 2) more -ve feeling than +ve 3) more agression than friendliness 4) more likely to be victims than aggressors 5) men more likely see aggression; women more likely see emotions 6) sex and sexual behaviors 7) apprehension and fear followed by happiness and confusion

stages of sleep

1)pre-sleep: awake and alert, beta brain waves drowsy: awake but drowsy, alpha brain waves 2)NREM sleep: 4 stages, lasts for 50-70mins 3)REM sleep: fast, active brain waves and rapid eye movement this is only cycle which lasts for first 90 mins (5 cycles/night).