PSYCH CH 5

The lasting behaviors, ideas, and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted to the next generation is called ___________.

culture

A person who demonstrates a high rate of smiling is most likely a ____________.

female

When looking at gender research, findings show that __________ play in smaller groups, play less aggressively, and tend to talk to one friend at a time.

females

In conversations _____________ focus on personal relationships and ___________ focus on tasks.

females; males

In 1965, Harvard Business School had never granted a degree to a woman. In the class of 2006 41% of the students were women. This is an example of how ________ ___________ vary over time.

gender roles

The process of ___________ ________ passes heritable traits aiding in survival and reproduction to the next generation.

natural selection

_____________ prescribe proper behavior by setting standards for accepted and expected behavior.

norms

According to evolutionary psychology, what two abilities are the most important similarities among humans? (Select all that apply) A) Adapt B) Love C) Learn D) Work

A) Adapt, and C) Learn

Which of the following are true about gender? A) In many cultures the belief is that everyone must be assigned a gender. B) There are some gender similarities between males and females. C) There are some gender differences between males and females. D) Gender is one of the attributes that people pay the least attention to.

A) In many cultures the belief is that everyone must be assigned a gender., and B) There are some gender similarities between males and females.

Which of the following are true with regard to gender and sex? (Select all that apply) A) Males tend to seek more partners. B) Females are more slowly aroused. C) Females and males tend to seek equal number of partners. D) Females prefer more sexual variety.

A) Males tend to seek more partners., and B) Females are more slowly aroused.

Which of the following are true with regard to gender and aggression? (Select all that apply) A) Males tend to use more direct aggression. B) Males and females do not differ in their use of aggression. C) Males tend to use more verbal aggression. D) Gender differences may be affected by the context of aggression

A) Males tend to use more direct aggression., and D) Gender differences may be affected by the context of aggression

Which group tends to have more permissive attitudes toward sex? A) Men B) Same-sex couples C) Women D) Mature adults

A) Men

Which of the following is/are true about norms? (Select all that apply) A) Norms are standards for behaving. B) Norms are often implicit. C) Norms can restrain and control people. D) The best way to learn norms is through parental teaching.

A) Norms are standards for behaving., B) Norms are often implicit., and C) Norms can restrain and control people.

Which of the following statements is/are true regarding criticisms of evolutionary psychology? (Select all that apply) A) Researchers work backward to explain some effect. B) Hindsight bias is a major criticism. C) The focus on nurture is too high. D) There is little empirical data.

A) Researchers work backward to explain some effect., B) Hindsight bias is a major criticism., and D) There is little empirical data.

Which of the following are true with regard to smiling? (Select all that apply) A) Smiling varies from situation to situation. B) Males smile more than females. C) Females smile more than males. D) Smiling indicates greater connectedness.

A) Smiling varies from situation to situation., C) Females smile more than males., and D) Smiling indicates greater connectedness.

Which of the following is/are true about gender roles? (Select all that apply) A) There are gender role inequalities. B) The majority of people believe gender inequalities are necessary. C) There are no gender inequalities. D) The majority of people would like to see more equal gender roles.

A) There are gender role inequalities., and D) The majority of people would like to see more equal gender roles.

Which of the following is/are true about culture? (Select all that apply) A) There are similarities among cultures. B) It is central to everything people do. C) It produces all of human behavior. D) There are differences among cultures.

A) There are similarities among cultures., B) It is central to everything people do., and D) There are differences among cultures.

Which of the following is/are true about stress and gender? (Select all that apply) A) When under stress females seek social support. B) When under stress females tend to respond with fight or flight. C) When under stress females often "tend and befriend." D) When under stress males often "tend and befriend."

A) When under stress females seek social support., and C) When under stress females often "tend and befriend."

What are the two major perspectives that reflect the current thinking about human similarities and differences? (Select all that apply) A) cultural B) evolutionary C) biological D) personality

A) cultural, and B) evolutionary

Avery uses assertive influence tactics and is not very satisfied with her life. Avery is most likely demonstrating the social belief of ______. A) cynicism B) fate control C) social complexity D) neuroticism

A) cynicism

Little Cindy is being read a story in which all the females are cleaning the house and taking care of the babies. This is an example of ______. A) gender socialization B) androgyny C) gender constancy D) intersexuality

A) gender socialization

Person Z tends to respond to stress with the fight in a fight-or-flight response. Person Z is most likely a ______. A) male B) an adolescent C) female D) There is not enough information provided to answer the question.

A) male

Compared with males, females' conversation styles reflect a concern for ______. (Select all that apply) A) sensitivity B) competition C) personal relationships D) independence

A) sensitivity, and C) personal relationships

Evolutionary psychology predicts sex differences in all of the following areas except ______. A) taste preferences B) dating C) reproduction D) mating

A) taste preferences

Pat likes to wear dresses, play soccer, and having long hair. These characteristics refer to Pat's _____. A) gender and sex B) gender C) personality traits D) sex

B) gender

Genetic influences explain approximately ______ percent of variations in personality traits. A) 30 B) 50 C) 90 D) 10

B) 50

Which of the following are true about biology and culture with regard to attitudes and behaviors? (Select all that apply) A) Only the culture is important. B) Everything psychological and social is biological. C) Biology and culture interact. D) Only biology is important.

B) Everything psychological and social is biological., and C) Biology and culture interact.

Which of the following are true about gender and empathy? (Select all that apply) A) Differences in empathy are found only in laboratory studies. B) Females express more empathy than males. C) Differences in empathy are found in both laboratory and non-laboratory studies. D) Males express more empathy than females.

B) Females express more empathy than males., and C) Differences in empathy are found in both laboratory and non-laboratory studies.

Which of the following is/are true about gender roles? (Select all that apply) A) In the United States, gender role behaviors have changed but not attitudes. B) In the United States, gender roles are more equal than they were in the past. C) In the United States, gender role attitudes have changed, but not behaviors. D) In the United States, gender roles may change over time.

B) In the United States, gender roles are more equal than they were in the past., and D) In the United States, gender roles may change over time.

Which of the following are true with regard to gender and aggression? (Select all that apply) A) Males and females do not differ in their use of aggression. B) Males tend to use more direct aggression. C) Males tend to use more verbal aggression. D) Gender differences may be affected by the context of aggression.

B) Males tend to use more direct aggression., and D) Gender differences may be affected by the context of aggression.

Which of the following are true about the Nurture Assumption? (Select all that apply) A) Nature and nurture interact in development. B) Parental nurture plays a crucial role in development. C) Biology plays a crucial role in development. D) The major socializing agent of the child is the parents.

B) Parental nurture plays a crucial role in development., and D) The major socializing agent of the child is the parents.

According to Leung and Bond (2004), which of the following is/are part of the Big Five Social Beliefs? (Select all that apply) A) Neuroticism B) Social complexity C) Fate control D) Conscientiousness E) Spirituality

B) Social complexity, C) Fate control, and E) Spirituality

The Nurture Assumption is refuted by the finding that ______. A) gender role socialization is the major force in development B) children raised by the same family can be very different C) children raised in the same family are always similar D) there are cultural variations in childrearing

B) children raised by the same family can be very different

Friendship and status norms both represent ______. A) cultural differences B) cultural similarities C) display rules D) ethnocentrism

B) cultural similarities

Overall, children exposed to more testosterone in the womb exhibit the psychological pattern more typical of males including _____. (Select all that apply) A) greater interest in things than people B) less empathy C) lower language skills D) less eye contact

B) less empathy, C) lower language skills, and D) less eye contact

Ina studies and plans for the future. Ina is most likely invested in the social belief of ______. A) cynicism B) reward for application C) social complexity D) fate control

B) reward for application

Dr. P is doing research on child development. The underlying assumption of her work is that children develop because of how their parents raised them. This is called ______. A) the Nature-Nurture Assumption B) the Nurture Assumption C) the Nature Assumption D) the Gender Selection Assumption

B) the Nurture Assumption

Riley was biologically born a boy. However, Riley identifies as a girl and wants everyone to treat her as if she were biologically female. Riley is ______. A) a transvestite B) transgender C) androgynous D) intersex

B) transgender

According to evolutionary theory, females seek to reproduce "wisely," while males seek to reproduce "______." A) wildly B) widely C) carefully D) rarely

B) widely

Which of the following is/are examples of natural selection? A) Blue eyes in the human B) Handedness in the human C) The speed of a cheetah D) The chameleon's ability to change colors

C) The speed of a cheetah, and D) The chameleon's ability to change colors

Heritable traits passed from one generation to the next in order to ensure reproductive capabilities is called ______. A) genetic drift B) adaptation C) natural selection D) heritability

C) natural selection

Which of the following is an area of cultural similarity? A) Parenting norms B) Sexual norms C) Dating norms D) Friendship norms

D) Friendship norms

Person J likes to play in a smaller group and tends to value talking intimately. Person J is most likely ______. A) male B) an adolescent C) from an African culture D) female

D) female

__________ are more likely to express empathy.

Females

____________ is defined as characteristics that people use to define males and females.

Gender

________________ prescribe proper behavior by setting standards for accepted and expected behavior.

Norms

Children develop because of the way their parents raise them. This is the underlying theme of the ______________ Assumption.

Nurture

The fact that two children can be raised by the same family and can be completely different refutes the _______ Assumption

Nurture

Testosterone plays a role in _______________, which could explain why males are more likely to be violent than females.

aggression

The ____________ perspective emphasizes human diversity and the _________ perspective emphasizes human kinship.

cultural; evolutionary

Males are more likely to use ___________ aggression and females are more likely to use _______________ aggression.

direct/physical/active aggression; indirect/verbal/passive aggression

The _________ of our languages, customs, and expressive behaviors supports the view that much of our behavior is socially programmed.

diversity

In essentially every society, men are more socially _________.

dominant

Across the globe, the majority of people would like to see gender roles become more ___________.

equal

According to Roy Baumeister, "___________ made us for culture."

evolution

The two major perspectives about human similarities and differences are the _________ perspective and the ____________ perspective

evolutionary; cultural

Northern European people are relatively formal and may seem cold and uptight to people from Latin American cultures. These differences are because of the norm of __________.

expressiveness

One of the major criticisms of evolutionary psychology is the ___________ bias, which is the tendency to explain past behavior instead of predicting future behavior.

hindsight

In conversation, men's style reflects their concern for ____________ whereas women's style reflects their concern for ________________.

independence; connectedness

Biology and culture _________ to help shape attitudes and behaviors.

interact

A child who is born with both male and female sex organs, or organs that are in between traditional male and female (such as a small penis or a large clitoris) is a(n) _____________ child.

intersex

According to Eagly and Wood, biological influences and childhood socialization, predispose a sexual division of _____________.

labor

Perhaps the most important similarity among humans is to ________________ and ________________ , which allows us to live creatively in a changing world.

learn; adapt

Testosterone influences ________ appearance.

male

The Y Corporation is looking for a directive- and task-focused leader. This leadership style is most characteristic of __________.

male

In every society, (men/women) __________ are socially dominant

men

Individual variation in personality is accounted for by genetic influences, shared environment, and ____________ influence.

peer

Juan stands very close to Troy. Troy steps back to become more comfortable and Juan steps forward to become more comfortable. This illustrates differences in ____________ __________.

personal space

The distance that individuals like to keep between each other during interactions is called __________ ________.

personal space

The fact that North Americans believe they should arrive on time for work and dinner engagements represents the norm of ___________.

punctuality

According to evolutionary psychology, females secure their reproductive investments by looking for _____________ and ____________.

resources, and commitment

Friendship norms and status norms both represent cultural ___________.

similarities

Learning the rules, roles, and norms of your gender through cultural institutions is called gender _________.

socialization

The opposite of hardwired behaviors is ___________ __________ behaviors.

socially programmed/socially constructed

When under stress females often ________ and __________.

tend; befriend

From a biological view girls who are engaged in tomboy behavior may have been exposed to more _______________ in the womb.

testosterone

The major male sex hormone is called ______________

testosterone

People whose psychological sense of being a male or a female is different from their biological sex are called ___________ people.

transgender