Psych Ch. 6 Exam

Maya works in a factory. When she starts work in the morning, she is annoyed by the sounds of machinery around her. If Maya experiences sensory adaptation, what is most likely to happen?

By the end of the day, she will no longer notice the sounds of machinery

Quincy is 4 years old, and he has an intellectual disability and a slightly misshapen face. What most likely happened during Quincy's prenatal development?

He was exposed to a teratogen.

When Mitch watches his brother Jacob stand on tiptoes to open the cabinet door, which of the following is most likely happening in Mitch's brain?

Mitch's mirror neurons are being activated.

According to ________, culture dictates what people need to learn and the sorts of skills they need to develop.

Vygotsky

George is traveling to visit his friend Ryan in a neighboring town but has to take a detour due to road construction. At first George feels lost, but then he notices a sign for Madison Street and immediately knows where he is and how to navigate to Ryan's house. In this situation, George has reached Ryan's house by using

a cognitive map

Sadafa is careful about what she eats because it hurts her tongue when she eats very spicy food. Sadafa is most likely

a supertaster and has a very large number of taste buds in his mouth.

The process we use to create new schemas (ways of thinking about how the world works) or drastically alter existing schemas to incorporate new information that otherwise would not fit.

accomodation

While visiting your friend and her 1-year-old son, Ian, you notice that Ian does not get upset when his mother leaves the room and he is alone with you, a stranger. In addition, Ian ignores his mother when she comes back into the room. Based on this observation, Ian's attachment style to his mother would most likely be described as

avoidant

The attachment style for infants who do not look at the caregiver when the caregiver leaves or returns and who play happily with the stranger in the caregiver's absence.

avoidant attachment

Robby is 11 months old and has begun making speech sounds such as "baba" and "momo." On the other hand, 16-month-old Rebecca can produce two-word sentences such as "Daddy eat" and "Mama give." Robby's speech is ________, whereas Rebecca's speech is ________.

babbling; telegraphic

Fallon is afraid of loud sounds, like thunder. She associates lightning with thunder because it regularly precedes thunder. Thus, when Fallon sees lightning, she unthinkingly braces herself for hearing a big boom several seconds later. Fallon has experienced a certain kind of associative learning known as

classical conditioning.

The coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear that houses the sensory receptors is called the

cochlea.

A visual-spatial mental representation of an environment.

cognitive map

While out for a walk, you notice a dog coming toward you that looks similar to a dog that bit you last year. You immediately start to panic, which in this situation is most likely a(n)

conditioned response.

A stimulus that elicits a response only after learning has taken place.

conditioned stimulus

A scientist who wants to train a behavior quickly should use a ________ schedule of reinforcement, but a scientist who wants a behavior to persist for as long as possible should use a ________ schedule of reinforcement.

continuous; partial

Severe Impairment in intellectual capacity and personality, often due to Alzheimer's's disease and strokes.

dementia

The scientific study of how humans change over the life span, from conception through infancy, childhood, adolescence, and adulthood.

developmental psychology

The minimum difference in the physical stimulus required to detect a difference between two inputs.

difference threshold

Binocular disparity arises from

different views from the two eyes.

The period in prenatal development from three through eight weeks after conception, when the brain,spine, major organs, and body structures begin to form in the embryo.

embryonic period

The development period roughly corresponding to ages 18-25, between the end of physical and sexual maturity and the completed transition to stable adult patterns of relationships and work.

emerging adulthood

While he is in the waiting room at the doctor's office, Arthur tries to classify infants' attachment type based on their behavior. He is certain that the baby girl sitting across from him is securely attached because she

explores the unfamiliar room and the objects in it while staying in view of her mother

A process in which the conditioned response is weakened when the conditioned stimulus is repeated without the unconditioned stimulus.

extinction

Avi broke his ankle skiing. At first he felt a sharp and intense pain. The next day the sharp pain was gone, but his ankle throbbed almost all the time. The sharp, immediate pain was due to ________; the later, throbbing pain was due to ________.

fast fibers; slow fibers

A decrease in behavioral responses after a lengthy or repeated exposure to a stimulus.

habituation

When Juan moved to a new house near an airport, he looked up in the sky every time he heard an airplane engine overhead. Now, after a few months of living there, Juan barely notices the sound of the airplane engines anymore. What is the best explanation for the change in Juan's response?

habituation

Sensory receptors located in the cochlea that detect sound waves and transduce them into signals that ultimately are processed in the brain as sound.

hair cells

Tanya looks back on her high school years with fondness because this was the first time she began to find others who dressed and acted like her and who held similar beliefs. Based on this information, Tanya recognizes how her identity was affected by

her peers.

Sampson is a physician who sees many elderly patients. He is likely to notice decreases in their cognitive functioning in all of the following ways EXCEPT

knowledge of basic facts.

You carpool with a friend to school every morning, and he always drives. But one day your friend is sick and you have to drive yourself. Even though you have never actually driven to school, you know the exact route to take in order to get there from your house, which is most likely the result of

latent learning

A month ago Jenny was pulled over for speeding, and because it was her third ticket this year, her license was suspended. Jenny just received her license back and vows never to speed again. In this situation, having her license suspended has served as

negative punishment

The removal of a stimulus to increase the probability that a behavior will be repeated.

negative reinforcement

Correctly perceiving objects as staying the same in their size, shape, color, and brightness across viewing conditions that yield different physical input to the eyes.

object constancy

A thin layer of tissue, deep within the nasal cavity containing the olfactory receptors: these sensory receptors produce information that is processed in the brain as smell.

olfactory epithelium

A learning process in which an action's consequences determine how likely an action is to be performed in the future.

operant conditioning

Tendencies to perceive stimuli in specific ways that make sense given prior experiences and expectations.

perceptual set

Lawrence Kolhberg's lowest level of moral reasoning: at this level, self-interest and event outcomes determine what is moral.

preconventional level

The second stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development; during this stage, children think symbolically about objects, but they reason based on intuition and superficial appearances rather than logic.

preoperational stage

Sensory receptors in the skin that detect tactile stimulation and transduce it into information processed in the brain as different types of pressure on the skin.

pressure receptors

Physical features that are not directly related to reproduction, but that indicate the differences between the sexes.

secondary sex characteristics

The sense organs' detection of external physical stimuli is called ________, whereas further processing, organizing, and interpreting of those stimuli in the brain is called ________.

sensation; perception

An increase in behavioral responses after lengthy or repeated exposure to a stimulus.

sensitization

A decrease in sensitivity to a constant level of stimulation of sensory receptors.

sensory adaptation

Specialized cells in the sense organs that detect physical stimulation from the external world and change that stimulation into information that the brain can process.

sensory receptors

An operant conditioning technique which consists of reinforcing behaviors that are increasingly similar to the desired behavior.

shaping

Structures located in the papillae on the tongue that contain the taste receptors.

taste buds

Environmental substances that can harm prenatal development.

teratogens

During transduction, most sensory information is transmitted first to the ________ before it is sent to the________, where it is interpreted as sight, sound, smell, touch, or taste.

thalamus; cortex

In front of Chris, Tasha pours the same amount of water into both a short, fat glass and a tall, thin glass. She then asks Chris which glass has more water. If Chris is 10 years old, he is most likely to answer

that they have the same amount of water

The minimum intensity of sensory stimulation required before a sensation is detected half the time it is present is called

the absolute threshold.

What is the name of the stage of prenatal development in which the lungs begin to develop?

the embryonic period

The sense that allows you to determine the location of your body and limbs in space is called

the kinesthetic sense.

Sandra is toilet training her son and only rewards him some of the time when he uses the toilet. Sandra knows that using partial reinforcement creates behaviors that are more enduring than does continuous reinforcement, which is a result of

the partial-reinforcement extinction effect.

By age 4, children understand that someone with hurt feelings might like a hug. This shows the development of

theory of mind.

When sensory receptors change physical stimuli into signals that the brain can understand, this is called

transduction.

The idea that three types of cone receptor cells in the retina are responsible for color perception: each type responds optimally to different but overlapping, ranges of wavelengths.

trichromatic theory

In Pavlov's research, dogs learned that the sound of a metronome predicted the arrival of food, so the dogs salivated at the sound of the metronome. In this research, classical conditioning occurred in part because the ________ elicited a(n) ________ response (salivation).

unconditioned stimulus (food); unconditioned

Reinforcing a particular behavior after the behavior has occurred for an unpredictable and varying number of times.

variable ratio schedule

Learning the consequences of an action by watching others being reinforced or punished for performing the action.

vicarious conditioning