Psych Ch. 6 Review

Ivan Pavlov noticed that dogs began salivating at the mere sight of the person who regularly brought food to them. For the dogs, the sight of this person had become a(n):

conditioned stimulus (CS)

The majority of correlational studies that have examined television violence and aggressive behavior suggest that the more hours children spend watching violent television shows, the more likely they are to exhibit aggressive behaviors. What is the major problem with these findings?

correlation does not prove causation

Studies have shown that exposure to violence also _____ viewers when later viewing other violent acts on television.

desensitizes

Excessive rewards_______intrinsic motivation.

destroy

The elimination of a behavior is known as:

extinction

The law of effect articulated by E.L.Thorndike is MOST clearly highlighted by:

B. F. Skinner;s experiments on reinforcement

Tina's goal is to raise children who enjoy playing musical instruments. Given what is known about observational learning, which action would one recommend to her?

Tina should play her own musical instrument

Sarah remembers the first time she burnt her hand on the stove. This memory is a memory of an_______.

acquisition

The Skinner Box, where an animal presses a lever for food and water, is also referred to as:

an operant chamber

Children may develop expectation that a response will be reinforced or punished. This behavior is indicative of _____ in operant behavior.

cognitive processes

Conditioned (also known as secondary) reinforcers are powerful tools for shaping behavior because they have become associated with primary reinforcers. Which is NOT a conditioned reinforcer?

food

_____ is the tendency to respond to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus (CS). Whereas, _____ is the ability to differentiate between the CS and other stimuli that have NOT been associated with the unconditioned stimulus (US).

generalization; discrimination

Shaping was a method used by B. F. Skinner in order to:

guide an organism to exhibit a complex behavior using successive approximations

One main difference between punishment and reinforcement is that the goal of reinforcement is to _____ a behavior, while the goal of punishment is to _____ a behavior.

increase; decrease

An empathic husband who observes his wife in pain will exhibit some of the same brain activity she is showing. This BEST illustrates the functioning of:

mirror neurons

_____ strengthens a response by reducing or removing something unwanted.

negative reinforcement

John B. Watson believed that psychology should be the science of:

observable behavior

Tina is a 7-year-old girl who frequently witnesses her father's anger and physical abuse of her mother. In Tina's room, she is playing with her toys and begins to yell at them and hit them for "being so stupid and not having dinner ready." Her behavior is a clear example of:

observational learning

If children get attention for doing cartwheels, they will repeat the trick if they find this attention to be enjoyable. This BEST illustrates:

operant conditioning

To reduce the self-destructive behavior of some children, a therapist might squirt water in the children's faces whenever they bite themselves. The squirt of water is a:

positive punishment

Fido regularly chases the mail man because he is loyal and territorial of his owner. The mail man realizes that the sound of his engine is what alerts Fido to his presence and causes the dog to chase after him. The mailman decides to park at the end of the block and walk to the mailbox instead. In this scenario, the mailman has removed a_______to prevent Fido's behavior.

stimulus

Researchers are currently conducting a study with 24 men on the relationship between movies and sexual violence. They plan to have the men watch three violent films over the next two days and then assess their attitudes toward women and violent sexual acts by having them read actual cases of rape victims. The researchers will find that:

the men express less sympathy for the rape victims

Most learning involves the process of association. With classical conditioning, an organism comes to associate:

two stimuli

Pop quizzes and random checks of quality help to produce slow, steady responding and are examples of the _____ schedule of reinforcement.

variable-interval

Gamblers and fisherman have a difficult time controlling their need to gamble and fish because of the _____ schedule of reinforcement.

variable-ratio