Psych CH.4- Developing Through the Lifespan Examples

Boys with ASD tend to understand things according to____, as in mathematical and mechanical systems. Girls, he contends, are more often predisposed to be ____. They tend to excel at reading facial expressions and gestures

rules or laws; "empathizers."

The embryo period is the:

second period of prenatal development, extending from the third week through the eighth week.

Juan Carlos' son was just arrested for setting the school's outdoor shed on fire. Juan Carlos and his wife admitted to the police that their son has always had an aggressive streak. This example represents the _____ side of the _____ developmental issue.d

stability; stability and change

Scott is 61. He has just celebrated his twenty-fifth anniversary at his company. He feels that his gold watch is just a meaningless trinket and is glad that he balanced his work with family life. According to Erik Erikson, Scott is in the stage of development called generativity versus _____.

stagnation

Babies____ then_____; Toddlers use _____ then use ______

stand, walk; nouns, adjetives

Scientists have found that nicotine can be passed through the placenta. For the unborn children of mothers who smoke heavily, nicotine is a(n):

teratogen.

Shelly's brother hid her favorite stuffed bear in another cabinet after Shelly had originally put the bear in her own toy chest. When she returns she is able to find the bear in the other cabinet where her brother had put it. This illustrates Shelly's development of:

theory of mind

The conclusion of many researchers regarding the stability versus change developmental issue is that:

while some characteristics are stable, both stability and change are part of development.

Although not yet aware of her pregnancy, Mrs. Enriquez has conceived a single cell from the union of an egg cell and a sperm cell. This single cell is called a:

zygote

In prenatal development, the first 2 weeks of a pregnancy are called the period of the:

zygote

Children's anxiety over separation from parents peaks at around ____ then gradually declines

13 months,

ASD afflicts about _____boys for every girl

3

Between about ages____, children worldwide come to realize that others may hold false beliefs

3 and 4½

What ages does the frontal lobe have a rapid growth?

3-6

By age ______the children's theory of mind had leapt forward, and they anticipated their friends' false belie

4-5

If one identical twin is diagnosed with ASD, the chances are ____ percent that the co-twin will be as well

50 to 70

Such research has shown that about ___ of infants and young children display secure attachment

60 percent

How is adolescence defined & how do physical changes affect developing teens?

Adolescence is the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to social independence. Boys seem to benefit from "early" maturation, girls from "late" maturation. The brain's frontal lobes mature and myelin growth increases during adolescence and the early twenties, enabling improved judgment, impulse control, and long-term planning.

what are the brain association area's

Areas involved in "higher mental functioning" such as learning, remembering, thinking, speaking, and integrating information

How does memory change with age?

As the years pass, recall begins to decline, especially for meaningless information, but recognition memory remains strong. Older adults rely more on time management and memory cues to remember time-based and habitual tasks. Dementia and Alzheimer's disease are brain ailments, not normal parts of aging. Developmental researchers study age-related changes (such as memory) with cross-sectional studies (comparing people of different ages) and longitudinal studies (retesting the same people over a period of years). "Terminal decline" describes the cognitive decline in the final few years of life.

what are some newborn abilities?

Babies are born with sensory equipment and reflexes that facilitate their survival and their social interactions with adults. For example, they quickly learn to discriminate their mother's smell and sound. Researchers use techniques that test habituation, such as the novelty-preference procedure, to explore infants' abilities.

Liz's sister and her husband want their four-year-old daughter to learn a new language and would like to start immediately. What advice would Liz give?

Early childhood is the best time to learn a new language.

What physical changes occur during middle & late adulthood?

Muscular strength, reaction time, sensory abilities, and cardiac output begin to decline in the late twenties and continue to decline throughout middle adulthood (roughly age 40 to 65) and late adulthood (the years after 65). Women's period of fertility ends with menopause around age 50; men have no similar age-related sharp drop in hormone levels or fertility. In late adulthood, the immune system weakens, increasing susceptibility to life-threatening illnesses. Chromosome tips (telomeres) wear down, reducing the chances of normal genetic replication. But for some, longevity-supporting genes, low stress, and good health habits enable better health in later life.

Developmental researchers who consider how biological, psychological, and social-cultural forces interact are focusing on_______ and_______ .

Nature; Nurture

How do the brain and motor skills develop during infancy & childhood?

The brain's nerve cells are sculpted by heredity and experience. As a child's brain develops, neural connections grow more numerous and complex. Experiences then trigger a pruning process, in which unused connections weaken and heavily used ones strengthen. This process continues until puberty. Early childhood is an important period for shaping the brain, but our brain modifies itself in response to our learning throughout life. In childhood, complex motor skills—sitting, standing, walking—develop in a predictable sequence, though the timing of that sequence is a function of individual maturation and culture. We have no conscious memories of events occurring before about age 3½. This infantile amnesia occurs in part because major brain areas have not yet matured.

What is the course of prenatal development & how do teratogens affect prenatal development?

The life cycle begins at conception, when one sperm cell unites with an egg to form a zygote. The zygote's inner cells become the embryo, and in the next 6 weeks, body organs begin to form and function. teratogens may affect parts of the baby's body as they are forming.

In grade school, Jessica thought boys had cooties and refused to be within inches of them. Now in high school, she flirts with boys and is anticipating dancing close with some of them at an upcoming dance. Her attitude toward boys represents the _____ side of the _____ developmental issue.

change; stability and change

Mark thinks that language development over the life span requires a slow but steady shaping process. His belief is MOST directly relevant to the issue of:

continuity and stages.

Developmental researchers who emphasize learning and experience are supporting_____ ; those who emphasize biological maturation are supporting_____ .

continuity; stages

Dr. Grove studies how obesity rates change from childhood through old age. Dr. Grove is MOST likely a _____ psychologist.

developmental

An introductory psychology student expresses an interest in growth and change during childhood and adolescence. Which psychology course should the student consider taking next semester?

developmental psychology

Danielle is consulting her college's course catalog. The description of one psychology course begins, "This course surveys growth and change across the life span in physical, cognitive, and social domains." This course is MOST likely:

developmental psychology

An unarmed 18-year-old African-American man was on his way to college when he engaged in an altercation with a police officer. The ending result was the police officer shot and killed him. Sean is a 19-year-old African-American man who is disgusted about what just took place in his neighborhood. He decides to demonstrate his frustration by joining in riots taking place in his neighborhood. Sean is in Piaget's _____ stages of cognitive development.

formal operational

Christina is in the eighth grade and is taking pre-algebra. She is doing very well and will be studying algebra next year. Christina is MOST likely in which of Piaget's stages of cognitive development?

formal operational

The textbook refers to the nature-nurture issue as a debate regarding:

genes and experience.

Jeremy is 16 years old and is trying different clothes and hairstyles. His father is confused and sometimes shocked by his son's pairing of shirts and pants, earrings, chains, and various hair colors Jeremy tries. His mother, on the other hand, just laughs. According to Erik Erikson, Jeremy is in the stage of development called _____ versus _____.

identity; role confusion

Madison has a job, a cat named Morris, and 32 candles on her birthday cake. She is worried about finding the right man. She frequently spends nights alone and knows she is not getting any younger. According to Erik Erikson, Madison is in the stage of development called _____ versus isolation.

intimacy

The biological growth process called_____ explains why most children begin walking by about 12-15 months

maturation

Dr. Wiley studies the interaction between our inheritance and our experience, which he also calls the _____ issue when he lectures to his students.

nature; nurture

Jarrell thinks he should obey his teachers only if they are carefully watching him. Lawrence Kohlberg would suggest that Jarrell demonstrates a(n) _____ morality.

preconventional