Psych: Ch.9

According to Erikson, each of the ______ stages of socioemotional development represents a developmental task or crisis that a person must negotiate.

8

Which of the following examples best exemplify an optimal life theme?

A person inherits a great deal of wealth and uses this to fund a charity aimed at helping children A person who has physical limitations but becomes the president of the United States and guides the country through the Great Depression A person who was born under disadvantaged circumstances and decided to work with children born into similar situations

Which of the following statements are true regarding Piaget's theory of schemas?

A schema assists us in making sense of experience. Schemas are expressed as various behaviors and skills. A schema organizes information.

Cross-sectional research is best represented by which of the following examples?

A study where elementary students in grades 6, 7, 8, and 9 are surveyed all at one time

According to Piaget's theory, which of the following occurs when people adjust schemas to new information?

Accommodation

What parenting style is exemplified by a rigid and punitive style?

Authoritarian

Which type of parenting involves encouraging the child to be independent but placing limits and controls on behavior?

Authoritative

What type of development is characterized by the improved capacity to process information and understand the world due to advancing age and experience?

Cognitive

Which of the following is the definition of development?

Development refers to the pattern of continuity and change in human capabilities that occurs throughout life.

According to Chess and Thomas' work on temperament, a child that is classified as a "slow-to-warm-up child" displays which of the following behaviors?

Displays minimal adaptability Low activity level Has low intensity of mood

Which of Piaget's stages occurs from about age 11 through adulthood and is characterized by abstract and idealistic thinking?

Formal operational

Which of the following are examples of cognitive development?

Imagining a future occupation Being able to speak and understand words Problem solving

Which of Baumrind's parenting styles best describes a child-rearing situation where parents let their children do pretty much what they want?

Permissive

Which of the following traits define the authoritative parent, according to Baumrind?

Places limits Encourages independence

Which of Piaget's stages occurs from birth to 2 years age, during which time a child has little capacity to represent the environment with language or other symbols?

Sensorimotor

Which of the following is NOT one of the three basic types of temperament in children?

The friendly child

According to Piaget, conservation is

The knowledge that certain attributes of objects remain the same despite superficial changes.

What are the basic types, or clusters, of temperament?

The slow-to-warm-up child: cautious in the face of new experiences The difficult child: slow to accept new experiences The easy child: adapts easily to new experiences

Which of the following statements are true regarding "resilience"?

This term is used to describe someone who can recover from or adapt to difficult circumstances. Resilience involves making the most out of life.

According to Piaget's theory, a schema might be modified into different schemas that ______ to the environment.

accommodate

Which of the following are attachment styles as defined by Ainsworth?

anxious/ambivalent insecure attachment Secure attachment avoidant insecure attachment

According to Piaget's theory, ______ occurs when individuals incorporate new information into existing knowledge.

assimilation

According to Piaget, when individuals incorporate new information into an existing schema, this is called ______.

assimilation

The style of parenting that is more collaborative is ______ parenting.

authoritative

A person's temperament is their

behavioral style and characteristic way of responding.

Which of the following is NOT characteristic thought of the formal operational stage of cognitive development?

classifying things into subsets and considering their interrelations

Executive function is a key aspect of

controlled processing.

In a research study, Dr. Lopez asked people ages 20, 40, and 60 about their levels of happiness. This research is best described as

cross-sectional.

Which of the following terms refers to the pattern of continuity and change in human capabilities that occurs throughout the course of life?

development

_______ _______ refers to processes, such as thinking, planning, and problem-solving, which are linked to the functioning of the brain's prefrontal cortex.

executive function

Which of the following are examples of infant reflexes that disappear as they mature?

gripping rooting toe curling

Erikson emphasized that socioemotional development is a ______ process.

lifelong

______ development consists of changes with age in thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding the principles and values that guide what people should do.

moral

_______ development involves changes with age in thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding the principles and values that guide what people should do.

moral

According to Baumrind, ______ the style refers to parents who are uninvolved in their children's lives.

neglectful

According to Diana Baumrind, parents interact with their children in one of four basic ways. Parents who are not involved with their children are described as

neglectful parents.

Professor Lune was a first-generation college student who completed graduate school. Now Professor Lune dedicates her career to helping students who experience hardship in their educations. This is an example of a(n) ______ life theme.

optimal

According to Piaget, conservation is ________.

part of the concrete operational stage the knowledge that certain attributes of objects remain the same despite superficial changes

Frank and Wilma still consider themselves "hippies." They raised their children to be what Wilma calls "creative" and Frank refers to as "free to make their own decisions." Most likely Frank and Wilma subscribe to _______ parenting.

permissive

A person's genotype gives him the potential to be tall, but this potential interacts with the environment to produce a(n)

phenotype

A person's observable characteristics are referred to as the person's

phenotype.

A person's ability to recover from or adapt to difficult times is defined as

resilience

When anyone strokes newborn Toby's cheek, his head turns in the direction of the touch, and Toby opens his mouth. This is an example of the _____ reflex.

rooting

According to Piaget, a(n) _______ is a concept or framework that exists in a person's mind that organizes information and provides a framework for interpreting the information.

schema

According to Piaget's theory, object permanence begins in the ______ stage.

sensorimotor

Which of the following is NOT one of the stages of prenatal development?

sensorimotor period

According to Piaget, in the sensorimotor stage, the infant constructs an understanding of the world by coordinating ______ experiences with ______ actions.

sensory; physical

Authoritarian parenting is a

strict punitive style of parenting.

Easy, difficult, and slow-to-warm-up are the three basic types of ______ in children.

temperament

Attachment is

the close emotional bond formed between child and caregiver.

Object permanence is when a child

understands that something exists even if it cannot be seen.