Psych chapter 1 quiz

Which of the following examples illustrates experimenter bias?

A researcher breathes a sigh of relief when a participant gives a response that supports the hypothesis.

Which of the following options is an example of pseudopsychology?

astrology

Which of the following illustrates change as a goal of psychology?

stopping addictive behaviors

The fact that good research hypotheses are only verified after being empirically tested means that they are ________ statements.

tentative

One similarity between a theory and a hypothesis involves the idea that both are

tested.

What is the significance of a replicated study?

There is increased scientific confidence in the findings.

Familiarizing yourself with a chapter's learning objectives would be similar to

the first step of SQ4R

The strategy of familiarization would be similar to

the first step of SQ4R.

: Behaviorism is an example of a(n) ________ in psychology.

theory

Psychodynamics is an example of a(n) ________ in psychology.

theory

New hypotheses are developed after before

theory is developed and revised.

People who live in a collectivist culture wouldwould not mention their family ties or nationality when asked to describe themselves.

would

If you are not ________, then you may not be reading effectively.

writing

________ enhances the ability to take effective notes.

Active listening

Sam is interested in studying the effects of family support on transgender youth. How should Sam begin the research process? A

identify the research question

In which circumstance would a participant be most likely to give dishonest answers during an experiment?

in an interview in which the questions are highly personal and the participant wants to avoid embarrassment +because she or he fears the consequences of an honest answer

Which of the following options best summarizes the relationship between basic research and applied research?

interactive building blocks

Vera has selected a research question and is gathering articles relevant to her hypothesis. She is at the __________ stage of the scientific method.

literature review

The primary difference between a control group and experimental group involves ________ of the groups.

manipulation

Texting your friends while listening to a classroom lecture is an example of

multitasking.

Which of the following examples is an operational definition of the variable "happy?"

number of smiles per hour

A researcher meeting the descriptive goal of psychology would likely be doing which of the following activities? Select all that apply. A

observing classifying

Number of smiles per hour is a(n) ________ of the variable "happy."

operational definition

Extraversion and number of friends would likely have a ________ correlation

positive

Astrology and handwriting analysis are examples of

pseudopsychology

Rigorous scientific methods are the foundations of

psychology.

Dr. Simpson is interested in research on video games and violence. Because the research literature reports inconsistent findings about the link between video games and aggressive behavior, Dr. Simpson is considering which approach to his study?

conducting a meta-analysis

: Which type of study enables the prediction of relative risks of behaviors such as leading a sedentary lifestyle or driving when overtired?

correlational

Psychology's goal of prediction is met through ________ studies; whereas psychology's goal of explanation is met through ________ studies While correlational studies meet psychology's goal of ________, experimental methods meet the goal of

correlational; experimental prediction; explanation.

The speed at which a participant reads words after seeing related pictures is

a dependent variable.

Which of the following statements is a testable hypothesis?

Children who read for twenty minutes per day are more likely than children who don't read to score high on standardized tests.

What does a cognitive psychologist do that distinguishes them from the other professions?

Cognitive psychologists examine higher mental processes including thought, intelligence and creativity.

Frank is interested in studying the copycat effect and criminal behavior. How can he design his experiment to ensure that the results are scientifically meaningful?

He can use an experimental research design

Dr. Miller has recently published a cutting-edge study on genetic risk and maternal incarceration in a peer-reviewed journal. From a scientific perspective, what would be the most significant outcome of this publication?

Other scientists will expand upon or attempt to replicate the results.

Why are research hypotheses considered tentative?

They are only verified after being empirically tested.

What are the characteristics of experimental studies that make them the gold standard for scientific research? Select all that apply.

They isolate a single factor's effect on a variable They allow the researcher to examine a single factor's effect on a particular behavior.

Imagine you have developed the hypothesis, "Children living in poverty are at risk for school truancy." Which is the best operational definition for truancy?

children who live in a household whose income is $15,000 per year or below

Dr. Milgram is interested in testing subjects' willingness to obey authority. What is one way to avoid sample bias?

randomly select a representative sample

Which of the following approaches can minimize sample bias?

randomly selecting a representative sample

writing during the SQ4R process means you are also effectively

reading

Why would a researcher intentionally deceive participants about the true nature of a study?

to prevent participation bias

If the evolutionary perspective focuses on natural selection and the evolution of behavior over time, which research question might its theorists want to pursue?

Do we have specific genes for aggression and altruism?

Considering all we know about theory, which option would be considered a self-correcting theory?

Due to evolving research studies, we now know that our sun is only one part in a galaxy that is one of many billions.

What is the best way to study for a final exam?

Plan several study sessions throughout the week.

________ and ________ are the two most important characteristics of an operational definition.

Precise; measurable

A researcher who is using a survey that asks respondents whether or not they are currently using illegal substances would most likely be concerned about participant biases involving

the social desirability response.

Under what circumstances does a researcher typically complete a meta-analysis?

when different studies report contradictory findings

How might educational and developmental psychologists work together to create a solution for children who are struggling to transition from one school to another? Select all that apply.

An educational psychologist, who studies the processes within the educational environment, will be able to advise others as to what will promote development in the school environment. A developmental psychologist, who studies human development, will understand what aspects of development might be of issue for the children involved.

Which goal of psychology does correlational research meet

prediction

Imagine that you are interested in conducting a double-blind experiment on the effectiveness of the medication Prozac on children with anxiety disorders. How could you design the study to ensure that it is double-blinded?

Label the medication with a code number so that neither you nor the subjects know who is receiving the medication and who is receiving the placebo.

Which resource in your textbook can help you form your own questions as you read the chapter?

Learning Objectives

________ can help you develop questions during the "Question" stage of SQ4R

Learning Objectives

How do researchers ensure that subjects' participation in research is voluntary?

Participants are given the option to decline participation or withdraw at any time.

Sarah is a psychology doctoral student who works as a palm reader in her spare time. Why is Sarah a contradiction

She is a scientist participating in pseudopsychology.

In which of the following situations would a therapist be legally required to break confidentiality?

The client is suspected of abusing his daughter.

Numerous peer-reviewed studies have shown that there is a relationship between substance abuse and mental disorders. What can we reasonably conclude from this statement?

There is probably a relationship between substance abuse and mental disorders.

Charlie has hypothesized that increased levels of the stress hormone cortisol will cause increased symptoms of depression. How would you evaluate this hypothesis? A

This is a good hypothesis because it is a testable prediction about the relationship between two variables.

A patient is concerned about some of the bad habits that he has developed. He would like to stop engaging in the bad habits and instead increase more desirable behavior. Which of the seven major perspectives would be most appropriate to solve this problem?

behavioral

Crying, hitting, and sleeping are examples of _______; feeling, thinking, and remembering are examples of

behaviors; mental processes

Correlational research shares many of the disadvantages of descriptive research except that

descriptive research is more vulnerable to researcher or participant bias.

The ability to manipulate and control the variables in order to determine cause and effect is an advantage of ________ research.

experimental

Which of the following examples illustrates an ethical guideline in psychology?

keeping subjects' information private

A researcher observing school children's behavior through a one-way mirror is an example of

laboratory observation

Researchers want to examine pre-school friendships by visiting a pre-school classroom and observing the dynamics among the children. In other words, the researchers are participating in

naturalistic observation.

Lucy has defined her variable of class participation as the number of times a student raises his or her hand in math class. In other words, Lucy has established her variable's

operational definition.

Lucy is describing how her variable of class participation will be observed, manipulated, and measured. What is Lucy doing to her variable?

operationally defining it

Hypothesis is to prediction as theory is to

patterns

What are the most important characteristics of an operational definition? Select all that apply.

precise measurable

Pseudopsychology relies on opinion; whereas psychology is based on

rigorous science

Dr. Oldham exclusively uses college freshman as subjects in all of his studies on aging and memory. This is an example of ________ bias.

sample

Randomly assigning subjects to two different groups is one way to minimize ________ bias.

sample

The idea that most physical and psychological traits are an interaction between nature and nurture summarizes most scientists' stance on A

the nature-nurture controversy.

Researchers want to test whether watching violent television increases aggression in children. What is a plausible dependent variable?

the number of times each child hits an inflatable doll

If a patient visited a professional practicing within the psychodynamic perspective, what do you predict the analyst would focus on to understand the patient's psychological problems? Select all that apply.

the patient's unconscious mind C the patient's early childhood experiences

What does this data flow best summarize? Question and Literature Review > Testable Hypothesis > Research Design > Data Collection and Analysis > Publication > Theory Development

the scientific method

Collecting information in a way that minimizes error and yields dependable results is the purpose of

the scientific method.

What is the purpose of the scientific method?

to collect information in a way that minimizes error and yields dependable results

Which of the following statements is an example of a theory?

Behavior is the product of the interaction of conscious and subconscious processes.

Psychologists usually begin with description and ________ before ________, a higher-level goal.

explanation; prediction

How can a researcher help ensure that his or her results are scientifically meaningful?

Ensure that he or she uses an experimental research design.

Basic research and applied research are distinct, opposite, and mutually exclusive categories of psychology research. A

False

Which statement best describes a disadvantage common to descriptive research when compared to other research methods?

The researcher cannot identify cause and effect.

Sal has hypothesized that more exercise is better for health. How would you evaluate this hypothesis?

This is not a good hypothesis because it is not a testable prediction

Sam's professor for his Introduction to Psychology class has given an assignment in which each student must complete a research project on a topic of interest. According to the scientific method, what should Sam do first?

explore a topic of interest

Ian has chosen the following hypothesis for a research paper in his Introduction to Psychology course: "God supports marriage equality." What are two problems with Ian's hypothesis? Select all that apply.

It is not a prediction. It is not testable

What is the third step recommended in the SQ4R method for reading?

Read

You read a headline that there is a correlation between happiness and helpfulness. What can you conclude?

There is a relationship between happiness and helpfulness.

Which of the following examples most likely has a correlation of zero?

eye color and academic performance

The peer-review process is defined as

a process in which other scientists critically evaluate a research study to help determine the study's suitability for publication.

In science, research strategies are broadly categorized as being either ________ or

basic; applied.

Josephine is certain that stress causes her insomnia because she has trouble sleeping when she is under stress. Josephine also eats a lot of chocolate when she is stressed. A scientist would consider chocolate a ________ in this situation.

confounding variable

Which type of study enables the prediction of relative risks of behaviors such as smoking or texting while driving?

correlational

While ________ tells "what" occurred, ________ tells "why" it occurred

description; explanation

Which goal of psychology is illustrated by the nature-nurture debate?

explanation

"Psychopathy is the result of inattentive parenting" is an example of a(n)

explanation.

Before the game, Mira tells her teammates that she will make four baskets in the first quarter of the basketball game. This is an example of a

hunch.

Bill is certain that 2014 will be an epic year. Bill's assertion is an example of a A

hunch.

"Children who read for twenty minutes per day are more likely than children who don't read to score high on standardized tests." This statement is an example of a

hypothesis.

To improve reading efficiency, the SQ4R method recommends reading

in short, concentrated time periods.

The type of music a researcher plays in a room while participants take a math test is a(n)

independent variable.

A meta-analysis is a statistical technique for combining and analyzing data from ________ in order to determine

many studies; overall trends.

Jack's review of the literature has shown conflicting results about his topic of interest. Because he is now interested in examining the studies' overall trends, Jack should conduct a

meta-analysis

Researchers want to examine pre-school friendships by visiting a pre-school classroom and observing the dynamics among the children. In other words, the researchers are participating in naturalistic

observation

ecause the behavioristic perspective focuses on shaping behavior it has been shown to be successful treating ​(Select all that apply

phobias alcoholism.

Researchers sometimes intentionally deceive participants about the true nature of a study in order to

prevent participation bias.

The statement "We only use 10% of our brain" is an example of

pseudopsychology

Humanistic psychology developed an influential theory of personality, which makes it similar to which school of thought?

psychoanalysis

Of the elements involved in the various psychological perspectives, which are assembled and integrated within the biopsychosocial model? Select all that apply.

psychological factors B social forces C biological forces

A ________ would include all activities, including basic maintenance tasks and downtime.

realistic schedule

Cyclical and cumulative are two characteristics of the

scientific method.

When the difference in groups is large enough that the result is not due to chance, the results are said to be

statistically significant.

Cehajic, S., Brown, R., & Castano, E. (2008). Forgive and forget? Antecedents and consequences of intergroup forgiveness in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Political Psychology, 29, 351-367. The number 29 in the above reference indicates the ________ of the journal. A

volume number

When would a psychologist typically name or classify particular behaviors?

when he or she is attempting to describe what occurred

Pseudopsychology contrasts directly with

empirical evidence.

Before making any changes to your time management, record your activities for one or two weeks to

establish a baseline.

An intelligence test that is developed entirely by white, middle class researchers would likely have a(n) ________ bias if used on a national level.

ethnocentric

Which of the following examples illustrates a basic research topic?

examining the stress response of laboratory rats

Suppose a researcher breathed a sigh of relief when a participant gave a response that supported the researcher's hypothesis. This would destroy study validity by introducing

experimenter bias.

Why might an environmental psychologist be useful to help those in the education field to manage disruptions?

Environmental psychologists study how people are affected by their physical environment.

What is one difference between debriefing and informed consent?

Informed consent takes place before the experiment; whereas debriefing occurs at the end of the study.

: Which of the following are shortcomings of introspection as a methodology? Select all that apply.

It is ineffective as a method for studying children. It is not an effective way to study complex mental problems It cannot be applied to research with nonhuman animals.

What does the scientific community do after a strong study is published? A

It offers new or revised theories and studies.

What is the scientific advantage of case study research?

It provides informative data on rare disorders.

Which of the following studies is an example of naturalistic observation?

Jane Goodall's studies of wild chimpanzees in Africa.

While reading your textbook, you learn that research exists on the superiority of retrieval practice on retention of material and improved exam scores (Agarwal et al., 2012; Karpicke & Smith, 2012). How would you access more information about these studies?

Locate the full references in the Reference section of the textbook, search a database for the title of the journals, and look up the authors and article titles.

Which statement most accurately reflects scientists' stance on the nature-nurture controversy?

Most physical and psychological traits are an interaction between nature and nurture.

Natural selection favors behaviors that help us to adapt and reproduce over time. Which statement would those in the evolutionary perspective also believe? Select all that apply.

Natural selection aids in evolution of our behavior and mental processes. Natural selection aids evolution by helping us adapt and survive.

Which of the following statements illustrates a testable hypothesis?

Retired couples are more likely than non-retired couples to report greater marital satisfaction.

Why is the "Survey" part of the SQ4R method effective for active reading?

Surveying prepares the brain to focus on the topic for reading.

According to the evolutionary perspective, what is the most important factor that contributes to an organism's success over time?

The evolutionary perspective would stress natural selection, which would favor behaviors that help us adapt.

What is the difference between an experimental group and a control group?

The experimental group receives some treatment, while the control group receives no treatment.

Why are experimental studies considered the gold standard for scientific research?

They allow researchers to isolate and then examine a single factor 's effect on a particular behavior.

Which of the following is the best synthesis of the different psychological perspectives?

biopsychosocial model

In order to be statistically significant, the difference in groups must be large enough that the result is not due to A

chance.

Psychopaths are usually male" is an example of a(n)

correlation.

Statistical significance is determined during the ________ phase of the scientific method.

data collection and analysis

Researchers want to test whether watching violent television increases aggression in children by observing how many times the child hits an inflatable doll immediately after watching a violent program. The number of times the child hits the doll would be the ________ variable.

dependent

The teachers, administrators and staff at the local schools are stumped. They have noticed that children are struggling to transition from elementary school to middle school. They are uncertain how to address this problem. They have considered calling in different specialties within the field of psychology to help them determine a new way to address this issue. Which specialties would be most capable in assisting the educators in addressing this problem? Select all that apply.

developmental psychologist educational psychologist

Structuralism failed as a working psychological approach because

it was not a method that could be used to study animals, children, or more complex mental disorders.