Psych Chapter 5-6-7 exam review

George Miller's classic research showed that the average capacity of short-term memory is between ________ units of information. 9 and 12 7 and 12 2 and 7 5 and 9

9 and 12 7 and 12 2 and 7 5 and 9 5 and 9

________ is defined as the ability to think about something in novel and unusual ways and to devise unconventional solutions to problems. An algorithm Creativity A heuristic Fixedness

An algorithm Creativity A heuristic Fixedness creativity

________ are mental categories that are used to group objects, events, and characteristics. Concepts Matrices Algorithms Semantics

Concepts Matrices Algorithms Semantics concepts

________ refers to the process by which information gets into memory storage. Decay Retrieval Transmission Encoding

Decay Retrieval Transmission Encoding encoding

________ produces the single best solution to a problem. Deductive reasoning Convergent thinking Divergent thinking Inductive reasoning

Deductive reasoning Convergent thinking Divergent thinking Inductive reasoning convergent thinking

________ in classical conditioning is the process of learning to respond to certain stimuli and not others. Generalization Discrimination Spontaneous recovery Latent learning

Generalization Discrimination Spontaneous recovery Correct! Latent learning latent learning

________ is a relatively permanent type of memory that stores huge amounts of information for a long time. Iconic memory Long-term memory Echoic memory Short-term memory

Iconic memory Long-term memory Echoic memory Short-term memory long term memory

Which of the following statements is true of inductive reasoning? It involves drawing conclusions based on facts. It refers to reasoning from a general principle that individuals know to be true to a specific instance. It involves making predictions and then evaluating the predictions by making further observations. It involves forming opinions based on prior experiences.

It involves drawing conclusions based on facts. It refers to reasoning from a general principle that individuals know to be true to a specific instance. It involves making predictions and then evaluating the predictions by making further observations. It involves forming opinions based on prior experiences. It involves forming opinions based on prior experiences.

Which of the following is true of the term "levels of processing" in memory? It refers to a continuum of memory processing. It negates the role of deep processing in memory. It asserts that deeper processing produces poorer memory. It emphasizes shallow processing as the key step in memory retrieval.

It refers to a continuum of memory processing. It negates the role of deep processing in memory. It asserts that deeper processing produces poorer memory. It emphasizes shallow processing as the key step in memory retrieval. It refers to a continuum of memory processing.

Which of the following is true of a fixed-ratio schedule in operant conditioning? It reinforces a behavior after a fixed amount of time has passed. It reinforces a behavior after a set number of behaviors. It produces high, steady rates of behavior that are more resistant to extinction than the other schedules. It is determined by the time elapsed since the last behavior was rewarded.

It reinforces a behavior after a fixed amount of time has passed. It reinforces a behavior after a set number of behaviors. It produces high, steady rates of behavior that are more resistant to extinction than the other schedules. It is determined by the time elapsed since the last behavior was rewarded. It reinforces a behavior after a set number of behaviors.

________ is the ability to maintain attention to a selected stimulus for a prolonged period of time. Multitasking Sustained attention Elaboration Divided attention

Multitasking Sustained attention Elaboration Divided attention sustained attention

________ is a learning process in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an innately meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response. Operant conditioning Classical conditioning Latent learning Observational learning

Operant conditioning Classical conditioning Latent learning Observational learning classical conditioning

________ refers to the retention of information or experience over time. Priming Learning Amnesia Memory

Priming Learning Amnesia Memory memory

______ is a theory of learning that focuses solely on observable actions and responses. Psychoanalysis Behaviorism Humanism Endosymbiosis

Psychoanalysis Behaviorism Humanism Endosymbiosis Behaviorism

________ is a consequence that decreases the likelihood that a behavior will occur. Punishment Extinction Discrimination Generalization

Punishment Extinction Discrimination Generalization punishment

Emma, a 20-year-old college student, wants to start jogging every morning. However, she realizes that this would mean getting up early instead of sleeping in, which she enjoys immensely. In the context of loss aversion, which of the following is Emma most likely to do? She will buy a pair of jogging shoes. She will find a jogging partner. She will prefer to sleep and avoid jogging. She will start cycling rather than jogging.

She will buy a pair of jogging shoes. She will find a jogging partner. She will prefer to sleep and avoid jogging. She will start cycling rather than jogging. she will prefer to sleep and avoid jogging

How long does information last in sensory memory? a fraction of a second to several seconds 5 minutes 30-60 seconds 2-3 minutes

a fraction of a second to several seconds 5 minutes 30-60 seconds 2-3 minutes a fraction of a second to several seconds

The ability to analyze, judge, evaluate, compare, and contrast are characteristics of ________ intelligence. algorithmic analytical creative practical

algorithmic analytical creative practical analytical

The fact that we hear about airplane crashes on news more often than we hear about automobile crashes may lead us to believe that we are more likely to die in a plane than a car. This is an example of attention bias. the simulation heuristic. the availability heuristic. the representativeness heuristic.

attention bias. the simulation heuristic. the availability heuristic. the representativeness heuristic. the availability heuristic.

A person's knowledge about the world is known as ________ memory. autobiographical procedural semantic episodic

autobiographical procedural semantic episodic semantic

Psychologists have applied classical conditioning to helping individuals unlearn certain feelings and behaviors. Which of the following procedures is most likely used for helping individuals unlearn feelings and behaviors? bottom-up processing binding shaping counterconditioning

bottom-up processing binding shaping counterconditioning counterconditioning

Attention, deep processing, elaboration, and the use of mental imagery are all part of ________ processes. chunking storage encoding retrieval

chunking storage encoding retrieval encoding

Lightning is associated with thunder and regularly precedes it. Thus, when we see lightning, we often anticipate that we will hear thunder soon afterward. This is an example of classical conditioning. observational learning. operant conditioning. stimulus experience.

classical conditioning. observational learning. operant conditioning. stimulus experience. Classical conditioning

Organisms learn the association between a behavior and a consequence in classical conditioning. operant conditioning. latent learning. discovery learning.

classical conditioning. operant conditioning. latent learning. discovery learning. oppertant conditioning

In Pavlov's classic study on classical conditioning, the bell was a ________ before conditioning and became a(n) ________ after conditioning had occurred. conditioned stimulus; neutral stimulus conditioned stimulus; unconditioned stimulus neutral stimulus; conditioned stimulus neutral stimulus; reinforcer stimulus

conditioned stimulus; neutral stimulus conditioned stimulus; unconditioned stimulus neutral stimulus; conditioned stimulus neutral stimulus; reinforcer stimulus neutral stimulus, conditioned stimulus

In operant conditioning, ________ refers to rewarding successive approximations of a desired behavior. contingency extinction contiguity shaping

contingency extinction contiguity shaping shaping

Brainstorming is an example of convergent thinking. divergent thinking. deductive reasoning. functional fixedness.

convergent thinking. divergent thinking. deductive reasoning. functional fixedness. divergent thinking

Although ________ is rich and detailed, we lose the information in it quickly unless we use certain strategies that transfer it into other memory systems. declarative memory sensory memory selective memory long-term memory

declarative memory sensory memory selective memory long-term memory sensory memory

Which of the following is the first step in the problem-solving process? evaluating solutions finding and framing problems developing good problem-solving strategies rethinking and redefining problems and solutions over time

evaluating solutions finding and framing problems developing good problem-solving strategies rethinking and redefining problems and solutions over time finding and framing problems

Developing a criterion for judging the effectiveness of a solution occurs during which step of the problem-solving process? finding and framing the problem developing problem-solving strategies evaluation of solutions redefining problems over time

finding and framing the problem developing problem-solving strategies evaluation of solutions redefining problems over time evaluation of solutions

The process in classical conditioning by which a conditioned response can recur after a time delay, without further conditioning is called generalization. discrimination. spontaneous recovery. latent learning.

generalization. discrimination. Correct! spontaneous recovery. latent learning. spontaneous recovery

Malcom has an IQ of 140. He has skipped three grades and is an A+ student with superior verbal and mathematical abilities. Psychologists would most likely consider Malcom to be gifted. autistic. socially maladjusted. an introvert.

gifted. autistic. socially maladjusted. an introvert. gifted

Which of the following describes the trait of a critical thinker? grasping the deeper meaning of ideas providing a single accurate solution to any problem relying on the opinions of others practicing groupthink

grasping the deeper meaning of ideas providing a single accurate solution to any problem relying on the opinions of others practicing groupthink grasping the deeper meaning of ideas

The ________ is the tendency to recall the items at the beginning and end of a list more readily than those in the middle. halo effect ambiguity effect serial position effect framing effect

halo effect ambiguity effect serial position effect framing effect serial postion effect

The tendency to search for and use information that supports our ideas rather than refutes them is known as hindsight bias. confirmation bias. intervention bias. selection bias.

hindsight bias. confirmation bias. intervention bias. selection bias. confirmation bias

Which of the following is subdivided into episodic and semantic memory? implicit memory sensory memory explicit memory working memory

implicit memory sensory memory explicit memory working memory explicit memory

Kevin is studying for a vocabulary test. When he studies the word "braggart," he thinks of how his childhood friend Billy acted whenever Billy was given a new toy. Which of the following is the highest level of processing Kevin has engaged in while encoding the word "braggart"? intermediate impersonal deep shallow

intermediate impersonal deep shallow deep

Salivation in response to food is an example of latent learning. a learned response. a reflex. insight learning.

latent learning. a learned response. a reflex. insight learning. a reflex

Learning that occurs when an organism makes a connection between two events is called latent learning. observational learning. associative learning. rote learning.

latent learning. observational learning. associative learning. rote learning. associative learning

Watson and Rayner used a ________ along with an unconditional stimulus in order to condition fear in little Albert. loud noise sealskin coat white rat black rabbit

loud noise sealskin coat white rat black rabbit white rat

Liam is told by his parents that if he keeps his grades as all A's and B's, he will not have to mow the lawn any more. What schedule is this? negative reinforcement positive reinforcement positive punishment negative punishment

negative reinforcement positive reinforcement positive punishment negative punishment negative reinforcement

The presentation of a stimulus following a given behavior in order to increase the frequency of that behavior is called negative reinforcement. Correct! positive reinforcement. positive punishment. negative punishment.

negative reinforcement. Correct! positive reinforcement. positive punishment. negative punishment. positive reinforcement

The removal of a stimulus following a given behavior in order to increase the frequency of that behavior is called negative reinforcement. positive reinforcement. positive punishment. negative punishment

negative reinforcement. positive reinforcement. positive punishment. negative punishment negative reinforcement

In classical conditioning, organisms learn the association between two organizations. stimuli. motives. considerations.

organizations. Correct! stimuli. motives. considerations. stimuli

Larry is grounded each time he hits his little brother. After being grounded frequently, Larry's misbehavior toward his little brother decreases. Grounding Larry is an example of positive punishment. negative punishment. negative reinforcement. positive reinforcement.

positive punishment. negative punishment. negative reinforcement. positive reinforcement. negative punishment

Juan, a 27-year-old, is a marketing manager. He often complains of tiredness and lethargy. However, his medical reports do not suggest any deficiency or illness. His wife, Emma, is a nurse. She asks him to take a pill every night. The pill is actually a simple candy. After 15 days, Juan says that he feels much better and energetic. This scenario best exemplifies positive reinforcement. aversive conditioning. spontaneous recovery. the placebo effect.

positive reinforcement. aversive conditioning. spontaneous recovery. Correct! the placebo effect. placebo effect

Multitasking is an example of priming. divided attention. rehearsal. mental imagery.

priming. divided attention. rehearsal. mental imagery. divided attention

Asking an eyewitness to describe a suspect's physical appearance to a sketch artist would be an example of a ________ task, whereas asking an eyewitness to identify a suspect on the basis of a lineup of five possible assailants is an example of a(n) ________ task. recall; recognition recognition; recall chunking; rehearsal rehearsal; elaboration

recall; recognition recognition; recall chunking; rehearsal rehearsal; elaboration recall; recognition

Standardization -refers to the ability to yield a consistent result to what it is intended to measure. -refers to the extent to which a test measures what it is intended to measure. -is the extent to which a test yields a consistent, reproducible measure of performance. -involves developing uniform procedures for administering and scoring a test, as well as creating norms, or performance standards, for the test.

refers to the ability to yield a consistent result to what it is intended to measure. refers to the extent to which a test measures what it is intended to measure. is the extent to which a test yields a consistent, reproducible measure of performance. involves developing uniform procedures for administering and scoring a test, as well as creating norms, or performance standards, for the test. involves developing uniform procedures for administering and scoring a test, as well as creating norms, or performance standards, for the test.

Mateo, a waiter at a restaurant, usually takes food orders from customers. On his way back to the kitchen, he consciously repeats the orders in his mind so that he does not forget them. In the context of short-term memory, Mateo applies the technique of ________ to remember the orders. rehearsal chunking packing grouping

rehearsal chunking packing grouping rehearsal

If an intelligence test produces the same score over multiple repetitions but it doesn't accurately measure intelligence, then the test is ________ but not ________. reliable; valid valid; reliable inductive; deductive divergent; convergent

reliable; valid valid; reliable inductive; deductive divergent; convergent reliable, valid

According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin theory, which of the following memory systems has a time frame of up to 30 seconds? schemas short-term memory long-term memory sensory memory

schemas short-term memory long-term memory sensory memory short term memory

According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin theory, information can last up to a lifetime in autobiographical procedural semantic episodic

sensory memory. short-term memory. long-term memory. working memory. long term memory

Retrieval is the memory process that -transforms information into a form that can be stored in memory. -occurs when information that was retained in memory comes out of storage. -stores information so that it can be retained over time. -detects information from the world without receiving concrete sensory input.

transforms information into a form that can be stored in memory. occurs when information that was retained in memory comes out of storage. stores information so that it can be retained over time. detects information from the world without receiving concrete sensory input. occurs when information that was retained in memory comes out of storage.

In the context of long-term memory, which of the following refers to preexisting mental concepts or frameworks that help people to organize and interpret information? visuospatial sketchpads phonological loops central executives schemas

visuospatial sketchpads phonological loops central executives schemas schemas