Psych Chapter 7
An example of a cognitive symptom of unipolar depression is: A) overeating. B) viewing the self as inadequate. C) feeling dizzy. D) avoiding interactions with friends.
B
Which is NOT a type of major depressive disorder? Catatonic Seasonal Melancholic Posttraumatic
Post traumatic
Depressed people are usually less active and less productive; this state is considered a(n) _____ symptom.
behavioral
Whereas neurotransmitters play a significant role in the communication between neurons, _____ seem to play a critical role in relaying messages within a neuron.
ions
"I have no control over good things in my life." The _____ theory of depression BEST explains this statement.
learned helplessness
A mood of euphoric joy and well-being characterizes _____, a clinical symptom of bipolar disorder.
mania
To be classified as a major depressive episode, depression must last for at least: A) two weeks B) two months. C) one year. D) two years.
A
What percentage of all adults experience an episode of severe depression at some point in their lives? A) 5 percent B) 10 percent C) 20 percent D) 40 percent
20%
A friend who has unipolar depression says, "I can't do anything right. Nobody will ever love me again." This statement reflects a(n): A) cognitive symptom. B) behavioral symptom. C) emotional symptom. D) motivational symptom.
A
Most brain serotonin is released from locations at the base of the brain called the: A) raphe nuclei. B) amygdala. C) medulla. D) reticular formation.
A) raphe nuclei
Frequent headaches, indigestion, and sleep disturbances are _____ symptoms of depression. A) physical B) emotional C) behavioral D) motivational
A
_____ follows clear-cut stressful events, whereas _____ seems to be a response to internal factors. A) Reactive depression; endogenous depression B) Cyclothymic disorder; reactive depression C) Postpartum depression; cyclothymic depression D) Major depressive disorder; persistent depressive disorder
A
Which conclusion could be drawn about the current theories of gender differences in relation to depression? A) They all have some supporting evidence, but they all also have some research findings they cannot explain. B) Life stress and body dissatisfaction explanations have substantially better support than the other explanations. C) Artifact theory probably will emerge as a dominant explanation. D) Rumination theory has almost no support and is on the way out.
A) They all have some supporting evidence but they also all have some research findings they cannot explain
If a biochemical imbalance were the cause of a person's depression, the latest research would lead us to expect to find that person to have: A) an abnormality in the activity of certain neurotransmitters, especially serotonin and norepinephrine. B) especially high levels of the neurotransmitters dopamine and acetylcholine and their metabolites. C) particularly low levels of the neurotransmitters cortisol and melatonin, as measured by their metabolites. D) an absence of the neurotransmitters cortisol and serotonin.
A) an abnormality in the activity of certain neurotransmitters, especially serotonin and norepinephrine
A therapist describes a patient who believes her personal worth is tied to each task she performs. She draws negative conclusions from very little evidence, amplifies minor mistakes into major character flaws, and suffers from repetitive thoughts that remind her of her flaws. You conclude that the therapist holds which theoretical orientation? A) Cognitive-behavioral B) Biological C) Existential D) Psychoanalytic
A) cognitive behavioral
Which theoretical orientation would support the finding that there is a significant relationship between positive life events and feelings of life satisfaction and happiness? A) Cognitive-behavioral B) Biochemical C) Existential D) Psychoanalytic
A) cognitive behavioral
Cognitive-behaviorists explain the downward spiral of depression by theorizing that: A) depressed behavior leads to even fewer opportunities for social rewards. B) depressed people aren't responsive to normal social rewards. C) depressed family members give inaccurate self-reports. D) depressed mood cannot be alleviated by positive experiences.
A) depressed behavior leads to even fewer opportunities for social rewards
Which research finding provides the most direct support for Beck's cognitive theory of depression? A) Depressed women make even more errors in logic when interpreting a paragraph than do nondepressed women. B) Lack of social rewards is related to the downward spiral of depression. C) Both human infants and infant monkeys show depression-like symptoms when they are separated from their mothers. D) Depression is related to an imbalance of neurotransmitters in the brain.
A) depressed woman make even more errors in logic when interpreting a paragraph then non depressed women do
In the United States, the highest depression rate is found in: A) divorced people. B) married people. C) widowed people. D) never-married people.
A) divorced people
Which statement would NOT reflect a part of the cognitive triad? A) Everyone is out to get me. B) Life is just too overwhelming. C) I don't even want to wake up tomorrow. D) I just can't go on.
A) everyone is out to get me
The statement "My girlfriend broke up with me because I am worthless" BEST reflects a(n): A) internal attribution. B) external attribution. C) unstable attribution. D) stable attribution.
A) internal attribution
A young woman believes that everything negative that happens to her is her own fault, that she ruins everything, and that she always will. The therapist diagnoses her as suffering from a learned helplessness-induced depression because she attributes negative events in her life to: A) internal, global, stable factors. B) internal specific, stable factors. C) internal, global, unstable factors. D) internal, specific, unstable factors.
A) internal, global, stable factors
Studies have shown that the more _____ a person has, the more depressed he or she tends to be. A) maladaptive attitudes B) temper tantrums C) friendships D) behaviors
A) maladaptive attitudes
A state of breathless euphoria, or frenzied energy, in which individuals have an exaggerated belief in their power, is characteristic of: A) mania. B) dysthymia. C) depression. D) cyclothymia.
A) mania
Cognitive-behavioral theorists explain depression in terms of a person's: A) negative interpretation of events. B) symbolic losses. C) decrease in positive activities. D) ethnic background.
A) negative interpretation of events
According to Beck, _____ are central to development of unipolar depression. A) negative thoughts B) underlying conflicts C) reduced social rewards D) losses in childhood
A) negative thoughts
Which finding would provide the BEST evidence for the cognitive-behavioral explanation for depression? A) People show negative thoughts before they become depressed. B) People show negative thoughts only after they become depressed. C) Biochemical imbalances lead to both depression and negative thoughts. D) Social rewards are not related to happiness.
A) people show negative thoughts before they become depressed
The clinician who would be MOST likely to say, "Tell me about any early losses you experienced," is a: A) psychodynamic clinician. B) biological clinician. C) cognitive-behavioral clinician. D) sociocultural clinician.
A) psychodynmaic clinician
The accidental discovery of drugs that increased serotonin and norepinephrine activity led to also effective treatments for: A) unipolar depression. B) bipolar I disorder. C) bipolar II disorder. D) posttraumatic stress disorder.
A) unipolar depression
Artifact theory differs importantly from other sociocultural theories of depression because it suggests: A) women and men are equally likely to develop depression. B) hormone changes mask the development of depression in women. C) concern about body weight can be both a cause and a result of depression. D) depression is caused by examining one's feelings too closely.
A) woman and men are equally likely to develop depression
The relationship between social rewards and depression is that: A) as one increases, the other tends to decrease. B) as one increases, the other remains unchanged. C) as one decreases, the other also decreases. D) as one decreases, the other remains unchanged.
A. as one increases the other tends to decrease
If people with unipolar depression were found to have lower levels of norepinephrine, such a finding would support which perspective? A) Biological B) Sociocultural C) Psychological D) Developmental psychopathology
A. biological
Unipolar depression is depression that: A) occurs without periods of mania. B) stems from a single event in one's life. C) includes only extreme sadness as a symptom. D) occurs only in polar regions due to the lengthy absence of sunlight during winter.
A. occurs without periods of mania
Based on demographic data alone, which person is MOST likely to develop severe unipolar depression? A) A teenage boy who lives with his wealthy parents B) A woman who lives in poverty C) An elderly man who lives in a low-income area D) A man who lives alone in his upper-middle-income home
B
Historically, peripartum depression has been labeled: A) peripheral depression. B) postpartum depression. C) posttraumatic stress disorder. D) premenstrual dysphoric disorder.
B
The experience of constant weeping would be considered a(n) _____ symptom of depression. A) cognitive B) emotional C) behavioral D) motivational
B emotional
One of the main problems in determining whether one's depression is endogenous or reactive is that: A) most people forget, or repress, the stressful events that may have led to their depression. B) it is unclear whether exposure to a stressor was a contributing factor or if it was a coincidence. C) people with depression often underreport being exposed to stressful events. D) it is virtually impossible to study endogenous factors that are linked to depression.
B
By regressing to the oral stage of development, mourners merge their identity with that of the person they lost, thereby symbolically regaining the person they lost. This statement defines the psychodynamic concept of: A) repression. B) introjection. C) introspection. D) projection.
B introjection
Mania is to _____ as depression is to _____. A) males; females B) excessive energy; lack of energy C) extreme emotions; lack of emotion D) accurate self-perceptions; distorted self-perceptions
B Mania is excessive energy and depression is lack of energy
Family pedigree and twin studies have been used to look for a genetic predisposition for unipolar depression. These studies have found: A) a lower rate of unipolar depression among children of parents with this disorder. B) a higher than chance rate of depression among the families of depressed patients. C) high rates of unipolar depression among dizygotic twins but not among monozygotic twins. D) no compelling evidence for depression among relatives of a depressed individual.
B a higher then chance rate of depression among the families of depressed patients
Family pedigree and twin studies have been used to look for a predisposition for unipolar depression within families. Which theoretical framework encompasses these studies? A) Humanist B) Biological C) Behavioral D) Psychodynamic
B biological
Easton saw his best friend shot and killed by a gunman who was driving through his neighborhood. A month later, Easton is in a psychologist's office complaining that he cannot work; everything seems hopeless. He has several other symptoms consistent with these complaints. Based on these data, the diagnosis would MOST likely be: A) recurrent depression. B) reactive depression. C) endogenous depression. D) melancholic depression.
B reactive
According to the developmental psychopathology perspective, moderate and manageable adversities that occur during childhood may make a person more _____ when faced with stressful events during adulthood. A) dysphoric B) resilient C) regressive D) rebellious
B resilient
The average age of onset of unipolar depression is _____ years of age. A) 8 B) 19 C) 28 D) 45
B) 19
Which of these people is MOST likely to be diagnosed with depression? A) A man from Nigeria who is a new immigrant to the United States B) A woman from the United States who has lived in poverty all her life C) A boy from the United States in his early teens D) A girl from the United States who is of Hispanic descent
B) A woman from the United States who has lived in poverty all her life
The psychodynamic theory of depression based on the notion that a set of unconscious processes become engaged when a person experiences a loss was developed by: A) Beck and Seligman. B) Freud and Abraham. C) Dollard and Miller. D) Rogers and Maslow.
B) Freud and Abraham
Which statement about unipolar depression is TRUE? A) Most individuals with unipolar depression require more than one year of treatment before seeing improvement. B) The vast majority of individuals with unipolar depression recover within 6 months, sometimes without treatment. C) About half of the individuals who receive treatment for unipolar depression improve within the first 6 months; all individuals experience full recovery within one year, even without treatment. D) Treatment for unipolar depression is always required and is effective almost immediately in approximately two-thirds of all individuals.
B) The vast majority of individuals with unipolar depression recover within 6 months, sometimes without treatment.
Which statement is TRUE regarding people experiencing mania? A) They are acutely aware of their domineering, excessive behaviors. B) They want excitement and companionship. C) They enthusiastically long for new friends but ignore old friends. D) They enthusiastically look for old friends but ignore new friends.
B) They want excitement and companionship
The developmental psychopathology perspective of depression can be characterized as: A) the most influential perspective because it has generated the most research. B) a view that ties together many of the factors that are included in other theories. C) a modern formulation of Freudian psychoanalytic theory. D) a view that is likely to be abandoned in the future because it makes few testable predictions.
B) a view that ties together many of the factors that are included in other theories
Brody no longer enjoys his usual hobbies, talking to his friends, or even playing with his dog. In fact, Brody didn't even care when he learned that he was up for a promotion at work. This BEST describes someone with: A) fatalism. B) anhedonia. C) automatic thinking. D) dysregulation.
B) anhedonia (not caring)
If one assumes that the frequency of text messaging is positively correlated with psychological problems, then what would be the predicted relationship between the number of text messages people send and their self-reported levels of stress, unhappiness, and anxiety? A) As one increases, the others decrease. B) As one increases, the others also increase. C) As one increases, the others remain unchanged. D) There is no valid way to assess the relationships among these variables.
B) as one increases the others also increase
Sheryl views events as beyond her control, yet constantly asks herself why this is so. This is an example of: A) cognitive dissonance. B) attribution-helplessness. C) the cognitive triad. D) object relations.
B) attribution helplessness
According to Seligman's research, dogs that were initially exposed to inescapable electric shocks learned to _____ when given the opportunity to avoid subsequent escapable shocks. A) quickly escape B) do nothing C) engage in novel behaviors D) bark and whimper
B) do nothing
Which finding would MOST STRONGLY support the assumption that learned helplessness is a potential cause of depression? A) Evidence from archival records showing increases in the incidence of depression following natural disasters B) Evidence from a survey showing that most depressed people report prior exposure to uncontrollable negative events C) Evidence from an experiment showing that when people are exposed to uncontrollable negative events, depressive symptoms follow D) Evidence from a clinical interview in which a client reports being exposed to uncontrollable negative events prior to seeking therapy
B) evidence that most depressed people report prior exposure to uncontrollable negative events
Many victims of spousal abuse stay with their abusers, even though it is obvious to others that they should, and actually could, leave. A good explanation for their behavior is: A) symbolic (imagined) loss. B) learned helplessness. C) artifact theory. D) body dissatisfaction.
B) learned helplessness
The perception, based on past experiences, that one has no control over the reinforcements in one's life defines: A) cognitive dissonance. B) learned helplessness. C) negative attribution theory. D) persistent depressive disorder with dysthymic syndrome.
B) learned helplessness
Your aunt says, "I know I'm depressed, and I think and worry about my depression constantly; however, I never actually do anything about it." She is: A) providing an example of the cognitive triad. B) making ruminative responses. C) committing errors in logic. D) regressing toward the oral stage of development.
B) making ruminative responses
One problem with animal studies of depression is that: A) animals have different brain structures compared to humans. B) one cannot be sure that depression-like symptoms in laboratory animals reflect human depression. C) it is much harder to control the environmental and genetic factors in animal studies than it is for human studies. D) animals cannot complete self-report instruments that are used to measure the symptoms of depression.
B) one cannot be sure that depression like symptoms in laboratory animals reflect human depression
Researchers have found that when an identical twin has unipolar depression, there is a 38 percent chance that the other twin has already had or will eventually have the same disorder. A fraternal twin is only 20 percent likely to have the same disorder. This finding: A) proves that unipolar depression does not have a genetic factor. B) supports the idea that people may inherit a predisposition for developing unipolar depression. C) shows that spending time with people who have unipolar depression increases an individual's own risk for developing the same disorder. D) demonstrates that if one sibling has unipolar depression, other siblings of the same sex are likely to develop the same disorder.
B) supports the idea that people may inherit a predisposition for developing unipolar depression.
Having a negative view of one's experiences, self, and the future is what Beck referred to as: A) learned helplessness. B) the cognitive triad. C) the three-factor theory. D) dysfunctional object relations.
B) the cognitive triad
A person suspected of having unipolar depression has a smaller-than-normal hippocampus, although it produces a normal number of new neurons. This is: A) normal. B) unusual; individuals with unipolar depression usually have a smaller-than-normal hippocampus, causing it to produce a low number of new neurons. C) unusual; individuals with unipolar depression usually have a normal-sized hippocampus, causing it to produce a low number of new neurons. D) very unusual; individuals with unipolar depression usually have a normal-sized hippocampus, causing it to produce a normal number of new neurons.
B) unusual; individuals with unipolar depression usually have a smaller then normal hippocampus causing it to produce a low number of new neurons
A defining characteristic of melancholic depression is: A) catatonia. B) anhedonia. C) mania. D) dysphoria.
B. anhedonia
Which disorder may be categorized as seasonal if it changes with the seasons? A) Persistent depressive disorder B) Major depressive disorder C) Premenstrual dysphoric disorder D) Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder
B. major depressive disorder
The theorist responsible for focusing attention on the negative aspects of thinking as an explanation of depression is _____ (last name only).
Beck
A woman who has just given birth is anxious, has trouble sleeping, and feels sad. These symptoms diminish over the next couple of weeks. What she has experienced is MOST likely: A) the "baby blues," something experienced by less than half of new mothers. B) the "baby blues," something experienced by more than half of new mothers. C) peripartum depression, something experienced by more than half of new mothers. D) peripartum depression, something experienced by less than half of new mothers.
C
Factors stemming from stressful life events are to reactive depression as factors stemming from no known stressful life events are to: A) catatonic depression. B) melancholic depression. C) endogenous depression. D) persistent depressive disorder with dysthymic syndrome.
C
How are the features of the "baby blues" different from the symptoms of peripartum depression? A) Both the "baby blues" and peripartum depression have the same symptoms. B) The symptoms of the two differ depending on the age of the mother and the number of children she has had. C) The symptoms of the "baby blues" are like those of peripartum depression, but are less severe and persistent. D) Unlike in peripartum depression, the symptoms of the "baby blues" persist for several months following the delivery of
C
Which statement is TRUE for women experiencing peripartum depression regarding psychotherapy for depression? A) Most women stop having depressive symptoms within 4 weeks after the birth of their child. B) A psychodynamic approach works particularly well. C) Many women with peripartum depression find self-help support groups particularly helpful. D) Such women should avoid antidepressant medications, because these medications work well for unipolar depression but not for peripartum depression.
C
What would be the most appropriate diagnosis for a person who experienced a major depressive episode, does not have any history of mania, and is either immobile or excessively active? A) Recurrent depression B) Seasonal depression C) Catatonic depression D) Melancholic depression
C Catatonic depression
A decrease in social rewards, especially a decrease in social support such as that found in a happy marriage, may precede the onset of depression, providing evidence for which theoretical perspectives? A) Psychodynamic and cognitive-behavioral B) Biological and psychodynamic C) Cognitive-behavioral and sociocultural D) Sociocultural and biological
C cognitive behavioral and sociocultural
Severe unipolar depression is less common in adults older than age 65. According to the text, one possible reason for this is that: A) older adults are less likely to seek medical help and, therefore, remain undiagnosed. B) depression in older adults is commonly misdiagnosed as an anxiety disorder. C) severe depression is associated with health problems that could prevent affected adults from living to an old age. D) the DSM-5 criteria to diagnose severe unipolar depression require that the condition present in childhood.
C
Since immediately after the birth of her son, Aubree has experienced a period of sadness that interferes with her ability to take care of him. She has never felt this way before, and this sadness has been going on for several weeks. With which type of major depression would Aubree MOST likely be diagnosed? A) Seasonal B) Catatonic C) Peripartum D) Melancholic
C peripartum
A clinician who looks at the influence of race, living conditions, marital status, and roles on the development of depression would MOST likely subscribe to which theoretical orientation? A) Cognitive-behavioral B) Humanistic C) Sociocultural D) Psychodynamic
C sociocultural
The loss of a valued object that is unconsciously interpreted as the loss of a loved one is referred to as: A) tertiary loss. B) projected loss. C) symbolic loss. D) indirect loss.
C symbolic loss
Which statement BEST describes what is known about the relationship between neurotransmitters and unipolar depression? A) Serotonin and norepinephrine work independently of each other. B) Serotonin has greater influence than norepinephrine in unipolar depression, but not in other disorders. C) The interaction between serotonin and norepinephrine is more influential than the activity of each of these neurotransmitters by itself. D) Studies have shown weak linkages between serotonin and norepinephrine activity regarding unipolar depression.
C the interaction between them is more influential than activity of each by itself
Considering that numerous chromosomes have genetic markers that are associated with unipolar depression, which inference may we draw about the link between genetic factors and depression? A) The genetic basis for depression is stronger than other factors that are linked to depression. B) Genetic screening should be used to identify those individuals who are at risk for developing depression. C) Genetic factors alone are insufficient to explain why some people become depressed during their lifetime. D) People with genetic markers for depression are destined to develop depression at some point in their lifetime.
C) Genetic factors alone are insufficient to explain why some people become depressed during their lifetime.
Which sociocultural theory does NOT attempt to explain the link between gender and depression? A) Artifact theory B) Life stress theory C) Interpersonal conflict theory D) Rumination theory
C) Interpersonal conflict theory
DSM-5 added premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) as a diagnosis for certain women who repeatedly experience clinically significant depressive and related symptoms during the week before menstruation. Why has this been an ongoing controversy? A) There has not been enough research about the diagnosis. B) It does not occur often enough to qualify for a diagnosis. C) The diagnosis pathologizes severe cases of premenstrual syndrome. D) There are not enough symptoms to qualify for a diagnosis.
C) The diagnosis pathologies severe cases of premenstrual syndrome
After a couple divorced, you learn that one of them is suffering from depression. It is MOST likely that: A) the man's depression led to the divorce. B) the woman's depression led to the divorce. C) a troubled marriage led to the depression. D) the depression developed after the divorce, due to the stress of starting to date again.
C) a troubled marriage led to the depression
If we ultimately find that people with unipolar depression have certain biochemical characteristics that predispose them to certain cognitive characteristics that are exacerbated by certain life stressors, then we will have evidence that: A) a single factor causes depression. B) different factors cause depression in different people. C) an interaction between factors causes depression. D) different factors are related to the cause, course, and treatment of depression.
C) an interaction between factors causes depression
The clinician who would be MOST likely to ask, "Do you believe you will always feel like this in all situations?", is a(n): A) psychodynamic clinician. B) existential clinician. C) cognitive-behavioral clinician. D) sociocultural clinician.
C) cognitive behavioral clinican
Françoise is depressed. Her therapist asks her about her daily experiences, focusing on how often people say nice things to her. Her therapist MOST likely has a: A) humanistic orientation. B) biological orientation. C) cognitive-behavioral orientation. D) biochemical orientation.
C) cognitive behavioral orientation
Which brain structure or region is NOT part of the brain circuits involved in unipolar depression? A) Prefrontal cortex B) Hippocampus C) Corpus callosum D) Subgenual cingulate
C) corpus callosum
The evidence MOST problematic for the psychodynamic explanations of depression is that: A) studies have shown a link between neurotransmitters and depression. B) dogs that had learned to be helpless displayed symptoms of depression. C) depression affects people who had their childhood needs met and who did not suffer a loss early in life. D) infant monkeys that were "raised" by a surrogate mother covered in terry cloth showed depressive symptoms when separated from the "mother."
C) depression affects people who had their childhood needs met and did not suffer a loss early in life
Which perspective assumes that the likelihood of depression is increased by the presence of several factors and the sequence in which they unfold? A) Multicultural B) Family-social C) Developmental psychopathology D) Psychodynamic
C) developmental psychopathy
When interacting with their children, depressed parents are more likely than nondepressed parents to: A) restrict computer time. B) read to them. C) get frustrated with them. D) enforce a bedtime.
C) get frustrated with them
A woman in a middle-level manager's job is repeatedly not promoted, no matter how hard she tries, even though she seems as qualified as the men who are promoted. If she develops depression because of her work experiences, the theory that BEST explains the onset of her depression is: A) artifact theory. B) hormone theory. C) lack of control theory. D) cognitive triad theory.
C) lack of control theory
Which of the following is referred to as the "Dracula hormone"? A) Cortisol B) Testosterone C) Melatonin D) Estrogen
C) melatonin is Dracula hormone
A person experiencing mania goes out with friends, looking for adventure. In addition, the individual talks loudly, runs rather than walks, and gives away a lot of money to random people on the street. These symptoms are primarily: A) emotional and cognitive. B) physical and cognitive. C) motivational and behavioral. D) motivational and emotional.
C) motivational and behavioral
According to psychodynamic theory, depression results in part from: A) learned helplessness. B) irrational expectations. C) regression to the oral stage. D) learned anxiety turned inward.
C) regression to the oral stage
Ruminative responses are defined as: A) losing the ability to make rational decisions. B) failing to act because a person perceives no control over the outcomes that follow his or her actions. C) repeatedly mentally dwelling on one's mood without acting to change it. D) behaviors that occur frequently for a period of several months.
C) repeatedly mentally dwelling on one's mood without acting to change it.
The person associated with the learned helplessness theory of depression is: A) Beck. B) Freud .C) Seligman. D) Lewinsohn.
C) seligman
An important difference between mood disorders and normal mood fluctuation is the: A) particular medication used to treat the problem. B) cause of the problem. C) severity and duration of the problem. D) demographic characteristics of the person.
C) severity and duration of the problem
Regarding the symptoms of depression, a motivational symptom like the lack of desire to get out of bed is different from its companion behavioral symptom, such as: A) waking up with a headache and nausea. B) thinking that nothing good will happen if one gets out of bed. C) staying in bed all day. D) waking up feeling sad and miserable.
C) staying in bed all day
Which structure is a distinct part of the depression-related brain circuit? A) Hippocampus B) Amygdala C) Subgenual cingulate D) Prefrontal cortex
C) subglenual cingulate
Compared with people in untroubled marriages, people in troubled marriages are _____ to have a depressive disorder. A) equally likely B) somewhat more likely C) substantially more likely D) guaranteed
C) substantially more likely
The two most influential cognitive explanations for unipolar depression are: A) psychodynamic theory and object relations theory. B) object relations theory and the theory of negative thinking. C) the theory of negative thinking and the theory of learned helplessness. D) the theory of learned helplessness and object relations theory.
C) the theory of negative thinking and the theory of learned helplessness
Which is the MOST accurate description of the symptoms of mania? A) They are highly correlated with positive life events. B) They are the same as the symptoms of depression (e.g., sadness) but accompanied by aggressiveness. C) They don't include a sense of the impact of one's actions on others. D) They very seldom include physical activity, instead usually including only mental activity.
C) they don't include a sense of the impact of one's actions on others
A woman experiences recurrent thoughts of suicide, great sadness, and sleep disturbances. These symptoms began a week after she gave birth and have lasted more than 6 months. This woman is experiencing: A) the "baby blues." B) postpartum psychosis. C) hormone withdrawal syndrome. D) peripartum depression.
D
An example of a behavioral symptom of depression is: A) not wanting to eat. B) having a negative view of oneself. C) feeling sad and angry. D) staying in bed for hours during the day.
D
Which of the following is NOT a physical symptom of depression? A) Sleeping poorly B) Eating less frequently C) Experiencing frequent headaches D) Feeling sad and dejected
D
Most individuals feel "depressed" at some point in time. Which statement BEST describes the difference between this depression and a depressive disorder? A) General "depression" is the first stage of a depressive disorder, termed a preclinical disorder. B) "Depression" in the general sense refers to pain brought about due to a biological cause, whereas depressive disorders have many causes. C) General "depression" refers strictly to clinical unipolar depressive disorder, whereas depressive disorder is a broader category of depression. D) Periods of general "depression" are shorter lived, whereas those with depressive disorders experience severe and long- lasting psychological pain.
D
Sophie stated that she is deeply saddened by the recent death of her grandmother. José thinks that Sophie is suffering from unipolar depression because of this event. Which statement MOST strongly refutes José's assumption? A) Unipolar depression is rarely triggered by uncontrollable losses. B) Unipolar depression is often accompanied by periods of mania after someone loses a loved one. C) Unipolar depression is often diagnosed shortly after a person experiences the loss of a loved one. D) Unipolar depression differs from the relatively short-lived sadness we fell from the loss of a loved one.
D
To receive a diagnosis of melancholic major depressive episode, an individual must display: A. repeated depressive episodes. B. fluctuations in mood during the year. C. motor immobility or excessive activity. D. almost no emotional response to pleasurable events.
D
Which statement BEST reflects the gender differences seen in unipolar depression? A) Men and boys are almost twice as likely as women and girls to have unipolar depression. B) Men are at least twice as likely as women to have unipolar depression, but girls are twice as likely as boys to develop unipolar depression. C) Women are at least twice as likely as men to have unipolar depression, but boys are twice as likely as girls to develop unipolar depression. D) Women are at least twice as likely as men to have unipolar depression, but prevalence among boys and girls is similar.
D
Damian is experiencing a major depressive episode that appears to have begun 3 weeks ago. He is miserable and suffers from at least five symptoms of depression. No unusually stressful events have occurred in the past year. Based on these data, the diagnosis would be: A) postpartum depression. B) reactive depression. C) exogenous depression. D) endogenous depression.
D endogenous
In general, object relations theorists follow which theoretical perspective? A) Cognitive-behavioral B) Humanistic C) Existential D) Psychodynamic
D psychodynamic
The neurotransmitters associated with unipolar depression are: A) dopamine and acetylcholine. B) dopamine and glutamine. C) serotonin and GABA. D) serotonin and norepinephrine.
D serotonin and norepinephrine
Which piece of evidence, if found, would MOST STRONGLY refute Beck's assumptions about depression? A) A cross-cultural study showing that the symptoms of depression differ across cultures B) A study from molecular biology showing that specific genes are linked to depression C) A case study about an individual who is depressed but does not engage in negative thinking D) An experiment showing that people who engage in negative thinking do not become depressed
D) An experiment showing that people who engage in negative thinking do not become depressed
A good way to describe a typical manic episode would be to say that it is like a: A) roller coaster—up and down, up and down. B) meteorite—a sudden burst of energy that is quickly gone. C) power plant's output—steady, regular energy being produced. D) flash flood—spreading out wherever there is room for it to go.
D) a flash flood-spreading out wherever there is room for it to go
Compared with African Americans, non-Hispanic white Americans are: A) substantially less likely to be diagnosed with depression and about as likely to have recurrent episodes. B) substantially less likely to be diagnosed with depression and less likely to have recurrent episodes. C) about as likely to be diagnosed with depression and about as likely to have recurrent episodes. D) about as likely to be diagnosed with depression but less likely to have recurrent episodes.
D) about as likely to be diagnosed with depression but less likely to have recurrent episodes
"Men and women are equally prone to depression, but clinicians often fail to detect depressive symptoms in men." This statement reflects the _____ theory. A) life stress B) lack-of-control C) rumination D) artifact
D) artifact theory
Martin Seligman developed a theory based on the idea that depression results from: A) the loss of a loved one, real or symbolic. B) negative thinking and maladaptive thoughts. C) a decrease in the number of positive reinforcements. D) a belief that one has no control over the events in one's life.
D) belief that one has no control over the events in ones life
The belief that the prefrontal cortex has a very important part to play in the development of depression is probably: A) wrong; current studies focus on the hypothalamus. B) correct, although researchers have not identified the specifics of the relationship. C) wrong; activity in the prefrontal cortex is the same in those persons with depression compared with those persons who are not diagnosed with depression. D) correct; unusually high activity in some parts and unusually low activity in other parts of the prefrontal cortex are associated with depression.
D) correct; unusually high activity in some parts and unusually low activity in other parts of the prefrontal cortex are associated with depression
Which assumption is shared by both the cognitive-behavioral perspective and the family-social perspective regarding the roots of depression? A) Genetic predispositions that are linked to depression B) Unconditional positive regard for individuals suffering from depression C) Unconscious processes stemming from early childhood experiences D) Depression as a product of the social rewards a person receives from others
D) depression as a product of the social rewards a person receives from others
Which statement is the BEST example of a claim that would be made by a developmental psychopathology theorist? A) "Depression during childhood is the best predictor of depression in adulthood." B) "Depression stems from exposure to pathogens that occur during prenatal development." C) "Depression is normal during early development and becomes a disorder during late adolescence." D) "Depression is triggered by many factors that operate together in a developmental sequence."
D) depression triggered by many factors that operate together in a developmental sequence
Both of Nolan's parents suffered from depression and were generally unresponsive to his needs when he was a child. When Nolan was 9, his house burned down due to an electrical problem, but he blamed himself for the event. As a young adult, Nolan was diagnosed with depression shortly after his divorce. This example illustrates the _____ perspective. A) biological B) psychodynamic C) sociocultural D) developmental psychopathology
D) developmental psychopathy
If a study demonstrated that depression is caused by concerns about one's weight, that finding would provide strong evidence: A) against the hormone explanation. B) for the hormone explanation. C) against the body dissatisfaction explanation. D) for the body dissatisfaction explanation.
D) for the body dissatisfaction explanation
Which theoretical model is supported by the finding that losses that happen early in life, such as the death of a father, are associated with depression later in life? A) Humanistic B) Biochemical C) Cognitive-behavioral D) Psychodynamic
D) psychodynamic
The type of clinician who would be MOST likely to say, "Tell me about the quality of mutual support you receive from your marriage," is a: A) psychodynamic clinician. B) biological clinician. C) cognitive-behavioral clinician. D) sociocultural clinician.
D) sociocultural
Which statement MOST accurately reflects the connections among stress, immune function, and unipolar depression? A) Unipolar depression disrupts immune function, which then produces stress. B) Stress produces unipolar depression, which then may lead to a dysregulated immune system. C) A dysregulated immune system produces unipolar depression, which may then produce stress. D) Stress disrupts immune functioning, which may then produce unipolar depression.
D) stress disrupts immune functioning, which may then produce unipolar depression
All the following are part of Beck's theory of depression EXCEPT: A) the cognitive triad. B) automatic thoughts. C) maladaptive attitudes. D) symbolic loss.
D) symbolic loss
A man diagnosed with unipolar depression exhibited his first diagnosable symptoms when he was about 40 years old. Among those experiencing unipolar depression, his case is: A) common; the average age of diagnosis is middle age and depression is more common in men. B) uncommon; the average age of diagnosis is middle age but depression is more common in women. C) uncommon; although more common in men, the average age of diagnosis is early adulthood. D) uncommon; the average age of diagnosis is early adulthood and depression is more common in women.
D) uncommon; the average age of diagnosis is early adulthood and depression is more common in women.
The BEST example of a motivational symptom of unipolar depression is a: A) man who feels no pleasure from the things he used to enjoy. B) woman who thinks that her sadness will never go away. C) man who stops cleaning his apartment and even stops showering. D) woman who loses all interest in running, something she used to do daily.
D) woman who loses all interest in running, something she used to do daily.
If neurotransmitters are linked to depression, which of the following would be LEAST likely to be observed in a study? A) Lower levels of certain neurotransmitters in people who are depressed compared with those who are not depressed B) An increase in depressive symptoms after a person take a drug that blocks the effects of certain neurotransmitters C) A decrease in depressive symptoms once certain neurotransmitter levels in people with depression have been restored D) A near-zero correlation between certain neurotransmitter levels and the number or severity of depressive symptoms a person reports
D. a near zero correlation
Juan is currently experiencing a period of sadness that has resulted in almost total immobility. He sits in a chair all day and almost never moves. His wife has to assist him in getting into bed at night. Which type of major depression would he MOST likely be diagnosed with? A.Seasonal B. Catatonic C. Recurrent D. Melancholic
D. catatonic
Unipolar depression and bipolar disorder share all of the following characteristics EXCEPT: A) problematic emotional extremes. B) periods of severely or mildly depressive episodes. C) significant distress or impairment. D) inappropriate rises in mood.
D. inappropriate rises in mood
An older person retires and begins experiencing health problems. Consequently, the person loses contact with old friends and becomes unpleasant to be around. A cognitive-behaviorist would explain the resulting depression in terms of: A) learned helplessness. B) object relations loss. C) sociocultural changes. D) loss of positive social rewards.
D. loss of positive social rewards
A person who alternates between periods of depression and mild mania has _____ disorder.
bipolar II disorder
A person displaying sadness, lack of energy, headaches, and feelings of low self-worth is showing all of the following symptoms EXCEPT: A) emotional symptoms. B) motivational symptoms. C) behavioral symptoms. D) cognitive symptoms.
c
A woman being treated for peripartum depression after the birth of her first child is most likely to: A) experience peripartum depression after her first birth but rarely experience it again. B) experience peripartum depression only after the birth of a first child. C) have a 25 to 50 percent chance of experiencing peripartum depression with her next child. D) have a 100 percent chance of experiencing peripartum depression with her next child.
c
A state in which a person feels low and life seems bleak with overwhelming challenges is called _____.
depression
The cognitive triad refers to individuals repeatedly interpreting (1) their _____, (2) themselves, and (3) their futures in negative ways that lead to feeling depressed.
experiences themselves thier futures
The state of frenzied energy in which people have an exaggerated belief that the world is theirs for the taking is called _____.
mania
Peripartum is experienced by ____ of new mothers
more then half of new mothers
Toreceive a diagnosis of major depressive episode, catatonic, an individual must display: repeated episodes. fluctuation in mood during the year. motor immobility or excessive activity. onset within 4 weeks of giving birth.
motor immobility or excessive activity
When a stressful event appears to be responsible for the onset of a major depressive episode, clinicians refer to it as a(n) _____ or exogenous depression.
reactive depression
One theory to explain the possible gender differences in unipolar depression is that women tend to think about events long after they happened. This is called the _____ theory.
rumination theory