psych chapter 8

Recalling your social security number and holding it in working memory would most clearly require activation of the:

left frontal lobe

Damage to the ________ is most likely to interfere with explicit memories of newly learned verbal information. Damage to the ________ is most likely to interfere with explicit memories of newly learned visual designs.

left then right hippocampus

Which type of memory has an essentially limitless capacity?

long term memory

Which of the following is believed to be the synaptic basis for learning and memory?

long term potention

The receptor sites of receiving neurons have been observed to increase following:

long-term potentiation.

The process in which memories registered in the hippocampus are transferred for long-term storage to other regions of the brain is called:

memory consolidation

Consciously recalling that Abraham Lincoln was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth best illustrates

semantic memory

Which of the following is most likely to be stored as an implicit memory?

a conditioned fear of guns

Tim, a third-grader, learns the sentence "George Eats Old Gray Rats and Paints Houses Yellow" to help him remember the spelling of "geography." Tim is using:

a mnemonic technique.

Long-term potentiation is believed to be

a neural basis for learning and memory.

Conscious memories of emotionally stressful events are especially likely to be facilitated by activation of the:

amygdala

Stress provokes the ________ to initiate a memory trace that boosts activity in the brain's memory-forming areas.

amygdala

The deep brain structure(s) involved in motor movement and the formation of our procedural memories for skills is (are) the:

basal ganglia

In the study led by Elizabeth Loftus, two groups of observers were asked how fast two cars had been going in a filmed traffic accident. Observers who heard the vividly descriptive word "smashed" in relation to the accident later recalled

broken glass at the scene of the accident.

The effortful processing of information:

can become automatic through practice.

Craik and Tulving experimentally demonstrated that people effectively remember seeing a specific word after they decide whether that word fits into an incomplete sentence. This research highlighted the effectiveness of:

deep processing

Encoding verbal information semantically involves:

deep processing

To remember the information presented in her psychology textbook, Susan often relates it to her own life experiences. Susan's strategy is an effective memory aid because it facilitates:

deep processing

Research on memory construction indicates that memories of past experiences are likely to be

distorted by our current expectations.

Annika has difficulty forming long-term memories of classroom lessons because she can't focus her attention long enough to mentally grasp what is being taught. Annika most clearly demonstrates difficulty with:

encoding

Deep and shallow processing refer to different types of:

encoding

Austin can't remember Jack Smith's name because he wasn't paying attention when Jack was formally introduced. Austin's poor memory is best explained in terms of:

encoding failure

Nancy was daydreaming about her college plans during a boring lecture on the history of computers. She doesn't remember that ENIAC was the first functioning digital computer because she wasn't paying attention. Nancy's poor memory is best explained in terms of:

encoding failure

Research on memory construction indicates that

false memories of imagined events are often recalled as something that really happened

Recalling information and holding it in working memory requires that many brain regions send input to your:

frontal lobes

The network that processes and stores explicit memories includes the:

frontal lobes and hippocampus

Chickadees and other birds who store food in hundreds of places cannot remember the food storage locations months later if their ________ has been removed.

hippocampus

Children reported false memories of taking a hot-air balloon ride after viewing digitally altered photos of themselves and other family members involved in such an event. The children's reports best illustrated

imagination inflation.

Mrs. Ramos claims to remember being sexually abused by her father when she was less than a year old. Her memory is NOT likely to be reliable because of:

infantile amnesia

Making up a story that involves associating mental images with facts you need to remember is an effective:

mnemonic device.

Memory aids that involve the use of vivid imagery and clever ways of organizing material are called:

mnemonics.

Compared with formerly depressed people, those who are currently depressed are more likely to recall their parents as rejecting and punitive. This best illustrates:

mood congruent memory

Whenever he feels sexually jealous, David is flooded with painful memories of instances when he thought his girlfriend was flirting with other men. David's experience best illustrates

mood-congruent memory.

Compulsive gamblers frequently recall losing less money than is actually the case. Their memory failure best illustrates

motivated forgetting

A sea slug releases more serotonin in order to promote the ________ necessary to learn a classically conditioned association.

neurotransmission

Previously learned information often facilitates our learning of new information. This phenomenon is called

positive transfer

Effective retrieval cues trigger the process known as:

priming

Hearing the word rabbit may lead people to spell the spoken word hair as h-a-r-e. This best illustrates the outcome of a process known as

priming

Ebbinghaus found the task of learning new lists of nonsense syllables increasingly difficult as his research career progressed. Which of the following best explains his problem?

proactive interference

The disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information is called:

proactive interference

Individuals who received ________ for 10 days following a traumatic experience subsequently showed fewer signs of a stress disorder.

propranolol

Which measure of memory retention assesses the ability to draw information out of storage and into conscious awareness?

recall

Ebbinghaus' retention curve best illustrates the value of:

rehersal

Although Yusef was having difficulty recalling the capital of Spain, he quickly and correctly identified it after being given a list of cities in Spain. Yusef's initial inability to recall the answer was due to a failure in:

retreival

Forming many conscious associations between new course material and facts you already know is an effective way to build a network of

retrieval cues

One reason adults typically recall little of their first three years of life is that during infancy they were unable to verbally label their experiences. This best illustrates that the formation of long-term memories often requires:

semantic processing

After hearing stories of things they both had and had not actually experienced with "Mr. Science," preschool children spontaneously recalled him doing things that were only mentioned in the stories. This best illustrates:

source amnesia

Encoding a word on the basis of its meaning produces a better memory of the word than encoding a word on the basis of its sound. This best illustrates the value of:

spacing effect

Many interesting details of Gwenda's once-vivid childhood memories have been lost because her memory trace has faded over the decades of her adult life. Her memory loss most clearly illustrates:

storage decay

The availability of glucose energy necessary for memory consolidation is most likely to be enhanced by:

stress hormones

Ebbinghaus' use of nonsense syllables to study memory led to the discovery that:

the amount remembered depends on the time spent learning.

Damage to the hippocampus would most likely interfere with a person's ability to learn:

the names of newly introduced people

Jamille is taking French in school. She gets her best grades on vocabulary tests if she studies for 15 minutes every day for 8 days than if she crams for 2 hours the night before the test. This illustrates what is known as:

the spacing effect

The experience of emotionally stressful events is especially likely to promote:

tunnel vision memory

Passing an electric current through the brain during electroconvulsive therapy is most likely to disrupt

very recent memories

Iconic memory is to echoic memory as ________ is to ________.

visual stimulation; auditory stimulation

The ability to retain more information after sleep and to be a creative problem solver has been found to be most closely associated with a large ________ memory capacity.

working

Forming conscious mental images of the location of your bedroom door requires:

working memory