Psych Chapters 4, 5, 6, & 7

What phrase best describes memory and aging?

"Use it or lose it"

List Bandura's four primary processes in observational learning

-Attention -Retention -Motor reproduction -Reinforcement

Schedules of reinforcement

-Fixed interval -Fixed Ratio -Variable interval -Variable ratio

What are the 3 separate systems

-Sensory Memory -Long-term Memory -Working Memory

List the steps to problem solving

1. Find and Frame Problems 2. Develop good problem solving skills 3. evaluate solutions 4. rethink and redefine problems and solutions over time

Guarantee a solution go problems

Advantages

States of self-consciousness that can range from losing one's self-consciousness to hallucinating. These states are produced by drugs, trauma, fever, fatigue, sensory deprivation, and possible hypnosis.

Altered states of consciousness

A memory disorder that affects the retension of new information and events

Antereograde

Refers to a prediction about the probability of an event based on the case of recalling or imagining similar events

Availability heuristic Ex: Plans crashes

A theory of learning that focuses on observable behaviors

Behaviorism

Creative thinking

Brainstorming

The learned response to the conditioned stimulus that occurs after CS-US pairing.

CR

A previously neutral stimulus that eventually elicits a conditioned response after being paired with the unconditioned stimulus

CS

Which stimulants are most widely known?

Caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, and cocaine

Grouping or packing information that exceeds the -+2 memory span

Chunking

Responsible for sleep/wake cycle, body temp, and blood sugar levels

Circadian rhythms

Organisms learn the association between 2 stimuli. As a result, organisms learn to anticipate events. Ex: lightning is associated with thunder and regularly precedes it

Classical Conditioning

The study of the way in which information is processed and manipulated in remembering, thinking and knowing

Cognitive Psychology

Mental categories that are used to group objects, events and characteristics

Concepts

A type of learning associated with classical, operant and observational learning

Conditioning

The tendency to search for and use info that supports our ideas

Confirmation bias ex: politicians

Ability to create, design, invent, originate and imagine

Creative intelligence

The conscious recollection of memories

Declarative

From a general case that we know to be true to a specific instance

Deductive reasoning

The need/strong desire for something physical or psychological

Dependence

psychoactive drugs that slow down mental and physical activity. Ex: alcohol, barbiturates, tranquilizers and opiates

Depressants

Takes a long time

Disadvantages

Claims that memory for pictures is better for words

Dual-Code Hypothesis

Refers to auditory and sensory memory

Echoic

Change in body weight, the amount consumed, individual differences in the way the body metabolizes alcohol, and the presence or absence of tolerance.

Effects of Alcohol

Information gets into memory storage

Encoding

When information was never entered into long term memory

Encoding failure

Episodic and semantic memory are the subsections of what type of memory

Explicit Memory

The weakening of the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is absent. Associated with the US and CS

Extinction

Reinforces the first behavior after a fixed amount of time has passed

Fixed interval

Reinforces a behavior after a set number of behaviors

Fixed ratio

The tendency of a new stimulus that is similar to the original conditional stimulus to elicit a response that is similar to the conditioned response

Generalization

Area of the brain that is involved in awareness and involves various brain areas working in parallel

Global brain workspace

An altered state of consciousness or a or a psychological state of altered attention and expectation in which the individual is unusually receptive to suggestions

Hypnosis

Refers to visual and sensory memory

Iconic

Involves reasoning from specific observations to make generalizations

Inductive reasoning

The inability to sleep. Can involve problems in falling asleep, waking up during the night or waking up too early

Insomnia

An all-purpose ability to do well on cognitive tasks, to solve problems and learn from experience

Intelligence

Unreinforced learning that is not immediately reflected in behavior

Latent learning

To think deeply or focus on ones mind for a long period of time

Meditation

The retention of information or experience over time

Memory

A condition of limited mental ability in which an individual has a low IQ and difficulty adapting to everyday life

Mental retardation

Being alert and mentally present for everyday activities

Mindfulness

Which of Bandura's processes determines if an imitated or modeled act will be repeated?

Motor Reproduction

The sudden overpowering urge to sleep. The urge is so uncontrollable that the person may fall asleep while talking or standing up

Narcolepsy

A sudden arousal from sleep and intense fear. Accompanied by rapid heart rate, loud screams, heavy perspiration and movement

Night terrors

Non-consciously remembering skills

Non-declarative

Name the negative effects of sleep deprivation

People who are sleep deprived will have trouble paying attention to tasks and solving problems and it can even influence moral judgement

A language sound system

Phonology

Ability to use, apply, implement and put ideas into practice

Practical intelligence

Better recall for items at the beginning of a list

Primacy Effect

Innately satisfying. Ex: food, water, and sexual satisfaction

Primary reinforcer

different from negative reinforcement where stopping an undesired behavior brings in praise or stops undesired reactions from others

Punishment

Stage 5 in the sleep cycle where dreaming occurs

REM

The person has to retrieve previously learned information. Ex: Essay Tests

Recall

The phenomenon that when people are asked to recall in any order the items on a list, those that come at the end of the list are more likely to be recalled than the others

Recency effect

A memory task in which the person has to identify learned items. Ex: multiple choice test

Recognition

The process by which a stimulus or event following a particular behavior increases the probability that the behavior will happen again

Reinforcement

The extent to which a test yields a consistent

Reliability

States that if 2 Neurons are activated at the same time, the connection between them may be strengthened

Retrieval

Memory loss of the past but not for new events

Retrograde Amnesia

Acquires it's positive value through experience. Ex: getting an A on a test

Secondary reinforcer

The meanings of words and sentences in particular languages

Semantics

Not much longer than the brief time it is exposed to the senses

Sensory Memory

Rewarding successive approximations of a desired behavior

Shaping

A sleep disorder in which individuals stop breathing because the windpipe fails to open, or because brain processes involved in respiration fail to work

Sleep apnea

What is an innate stimulus-response connection?

Sneezing in response to sniffing pepper

psychoactive drugs that increase the central nervous systems activity. Ex: caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines and cocaine

Stimulants

What causes a change in operant conditioning?

The consequences of a behavior changes the probability of the behaviors occurrence

Why do people repress memories?

To protect an individual from remembering threatening info

The need to take increasing amounts of a drug to get the same effect

Tolerance

An unlearned reaction that is automatically elicited by the US. Ex: Salivating in response to sniffing food

UR

A stimulus that produces a response without prior learning

US

Behaviors are rewarded an average number of times but on an unpredictable basis

Variable Ratio

A timetable in which behavior is reinforced after a variable amount of time elapsed

Variable interval

The symptoms such as physical pain and a craving for a drug when it is discontinued

Withdrawal

Allows you to hold information temporarily while performing cognitive tasks

Working Memory

What 2 components are necessary to define consciousness?

awareness and arousal

Relatively permanent; stores information for a long time

long-term memory