psych chapters 9 12
Viktor Frankl emphasized importance of _____
Personal choice
people who are ____ (4 terms) are more likely to put themselves into unhealthy situations
angry, lonely, stressed, depressed ie psychologically disturbed
Life philosophies often change after
a serious illness or traumatic experience
Type A behavior pattern/personality
a tense, competitive style that is especially likely to be associated with coronary heart disease
male termtes who experenced mental health problems or difficulties in adjustment were
at increased risk for early mortality
What was frankls most famous book?
man's search for meaning
The american paradox refers to discrepancy between ___ and ____
material wealth and moral decline
What happened with knee surgery placebo?
people told they had knee surgery on painful knee experienced improved symptoms
According to maslow, humans ____
have higher needs which arise from within the individual
What does the behaviorist approach say implications for health are?
healthy and unhealthy habits are learned through conditioning reinforcement; health promotion involves changing reward contingencies
Research findings do not allow a simple interference that
personality causes disease
disease-prone personality
personality characteristics associate with an increased likelihood of becoming ill
Jung, trained in psychoanalysis, propounds many
humanistic notions
dialetical tension
idea that creative people tend to have traits that are contradictory but play a role in their creativity
Sexual and physical abuse as a child both pose risk for
later mental and physical health problem
From ted talk on positive psychology - what are three different happy lives?
pleasant life, life of engagement, meaningful life
Parental divorce during childhood remains a significant predictor of _______, suggesting it has some additional adverse consequences in adult hood
premature mortality
human termite study provided insight into which aspects of personality are related to
longevity
causes of borderline personality disorder
psychoanalytic (disrupted psychosexual development); neoanalytic (trust/attachment/relationship); biological (affective/emotional disorders in family); cognitive (distorted world view)
Humanistic and existential approaches are somwhat reminiscent of
psychoanalytic approaches as they derive from complex and dynamic inner motivations
Salvatore Maddi and suzanne kobasa's study of business execs under stress examined
psychological diffrerences between those who became ill and those who did not.
from martin seligman ted talk on positive psychology - Why is psychology today good?
psychological disorders are now treatable, can take fuzzy concepts and measure them
it is helpful to cultivate positive emotions to combat stress and build
psychological resiliency
Franz alexander was leading proponent of
psychosomatic medicine
Individuals with genetic markers for bipolar disorder are more prone to experiencing symptoms of biploar disorder when
stressful life events occur
symptoms of borderline personality disorder
sudden mood shifts, blow ups, suicide threats or attempts, emptiness, fear abandonment
What are the two types of self healing personalities?
the active healthy personality (functions best in a somewhat stressful environment, outgoing and spontaneous), The relaxed healthy personality (functions best in a low-stress environment, calm and philosophical)
rollo may focuses on
the anxiety that must accompany any attempt to live life to the fullest
positivism
the philosophical view of the world that focuses on the laws that govern the behavior of objects in the world
Risk taking is a _____ behavior
health
Victor frankl shower a persons sense of dignity has more than ethical importance- it is also an aspect of
health
Some personalities are prone to ____ and ____
health behaviors and illness
What does the interactionist approach say implications for health are?
health is optimized when the individual achieves a good match between self and environment, thus maximizing homeostasis
control, challenge, and commitment are all _____
health promoting
Abraham maslow made effort to study _____
healthy and well adjusted people
The purpose of many of the encounter groups, hippie communes, and meditation seminars in the 1960s and 1970s was to
help people realize their inner potentials.
Woman did not display heart arrhythmia when told she had cancer, but did when she was asked to discuss
her gay son
What are positive forces in life?
hope, creativity, wisdom, spirituality
Characteristics of self-actualizers
Efficient perception of reality, acceptance of themselves, others, and nature, a spontaneity, simplicity, and naturalness, a focus on problems outside themselves, a sense of detachment and need for privacy, a freshness of appreciation, mystical or peach experiences, social interest, profound interpersonal relations, a democratic character structure, creativeness, resistance to enculturation
Fromm maintains that love cannot exist apart from
a mature, productive personality
What does the biological approach say implications for health are?
a person with stress or habits such as alcoholism seen as having disease; treatment usually involves administration of pharmaceuticals that affect hormones or neurotransmitters
Sense of coherence
a person's confidence that the world is understandable, manageable, and meaningful
humanism
a philosophical movement that emphasizes the personal worth of the individual and the importance of human values
Since personality can influence liklihood of engaging in behaviors such as smoking or drinking, personality can thus be considered
a risk factor for disease
Rollo may, as a young tuberculosis sufferer, was forced to spend several years in
a sanitarium
meta-analysis
a statistical technique for combining the results of multiple research studies
Type a behavior pattern
a tense, competitive style that is especially likely to be associated with coronary heart disease
organismic
a term sometimes used to describe theories that focus on the development that comes from inside the growing organism and that assume a natural unfolding, or life course, for each organism
What is a human termite?
people invovled in longitudinal study started by lewis terman in 1920s to present
victor frankl emphasized the benefits of
personal choice
Down syndrome affects both
personality and health
Sense of coherence is part of
antonovsky's salutogenesis
who made most significant contributions to understanding heart disease and treatment?
bernard lown, harvard cardiologist
therapy for borderline personality disorder
borderline difficult to understand or treat
Do people have free will, or are actions predetermined?
both are correct
Ted talk on vulnerability - connection between the people who have a strong sense of love and belonging believe they're worthy of love and belonging.
both embraced vulnerability.
components of physiology
breathing, food, water, sex, sleep, homeostasis, excretion
The self-healing personality is most characterized by
calm, well-modulated, even speech, symetrical hand gestures directed away from ones body, natural smiles and natural enthusiasm, open, relaxed body position, good mutual gaze with others, smooth ody movements, seems charismatic and optimistic
Self actualization was first proposed by
carl jung
What does the trait and skill approach say implications for health are?
certain traits such as conscientiousness are seen as healthy whereas others such as impulsivity, cynicism, and sensation-seeking can prove unhealthy
growth orientation
characteristics associated with self-actualization are related to the self-healing personality
What does the neo-analytic/ego approach say implications for health are?
child-rearing practices and resulting degrees of attachments and securities direct children towards healthy patterns or unhealthy patterns
What things do we control about whether we are healthy or ill?
choices within the framework of the things we have no control over
Oxygen deprivation results from chronic or serious illnesses, causes physical weakness, and can induce ______
chronic depression
Borderline personality disorder
combination of impulsive, self-destructive behavior, fragile self-identity, and moody, stormy relationships
what accomplishment made eleanor roosevelt become self-actualized?
concern for all humankind and worked to improve human lives
Carl rogers believed in importance of congruence, which is what?
congruence of therapist and client - accurate self-perception and communication
Humanistic approaches emphasize _____ (3 terms) nature of human beings
creative, spontaneous, active
Sense of alienation from modern society was forseen by
danish philosopher soren kierkegaard and friedrich nietzsche
A sexual orgasm is not a peak experience, but may lead to one if it opens a way to
deep spiritual love for another
personality disorder
deep-rooted, ongoing pattern or behavior that impairs the person's functioning and well-being
What factors in carl rogers life contributed to his way of thinking?
derived from religious perspective of evolutionary biology or neurological impairment, and lifelong concern with matters of the human spirit
johns hopkins precursors study - physicians who seemed to have social and emotional problems were more likely to
develop cancer
In the western electric company study, during the following 20 years the depressed men were more likely than other men to
die of cancer and noncancer causes
Termites whose parents divorced before they were 21 were more likely to:
die sooner, have their own marriages end in divorce
disease-caused personality changes the notion that
disease affects personality, rather than personality causing disease
individuals who are well adjusted and integrated into their communities are at lower risk for
disease and premature mortality
somatopsychic effect
disease or genetic predispositions to illness that affect personality
people with personality disorders may be (3)
emotional, suspicious, anxious
the most potent stress relates to the recall of
emotionally charged experiences
Synthetic happiness ted talk - a year after losing the use of their legs, and a year after winning the lotto, lottery winners and paraplegics are ____
equally happy with their lives.
dialetical humanism
eric fromms approach to personality, which tries to reconcile the biological, driven side of human beings and the pressure of societal structure by focusing on the belief that people can rise above of transcend these forces and become spontaneous, creative, and loving
What is behaviorist explanations for sick role?
escaping from stressful situations by becoming sick is rewarding - sick pay, day off, sympathy from friends. thus exemplifies the behaviorist view that personality can be 'located' in the environment
Rogers urged experiencing or getting in touch with our feelings, but then using our _____ to take responsibility and not led angry feelings lead to aggressive behaviors
ethical standards
existentialist approach is deterministic - true or false
false, its non deterministic
Erich fromm advised the best way to improve ones personality is to
fight lonliness and isolation by working in a loving way to help others
existentialism argues that it is an oversimplification to view people as controlled by
fixed physical laws
In 20's and 30's, many interesting ideas about psychosomatic medicine grew out of the psychodynamic theorizing of _____
freud
components of love/belonging
friendship, family, sexual intimacy
Dan Gilbert synthetic happiness ted talk - When brains grow, they dont just grow but also _______
gain new structures
What things do we not control about whether we are healthy or ill?
genetics, prenatal life, early childhood experiences, temperament, basic personality
Example of self-healing person
ghandi
What university did carl rogers graduate from?
graduated from university of wisconsin,
what accomplishment made george washington carver become self-actualized?
great creativity and achievement, in the face of discrimination
diathesis
the often hereditary predisposition of the body to disease or disorder
Ted talk on vulnerability - only one variable that separated the people who have a strong sense of love and belonging and the people who really struggle for it.
the people who have a strong sense of love and belonging believe they're worthy of love and belonging.
Synthetic happiness ted talk - impact bias
the tendency for the experience simulator to work badly. For the simulator to make you believe that different outcomes are more different than in fact they really are.
Subscales of zuckerman's sensation-seeking scale
thrill and adventure seeking, experience seeking, disinhibition, boredom susceptibility
Psychosomatic medicine
treatment based on the idea that mental health affects physical health
in the 198 western electric company, 2000 men were studied. what were characteristics who scored high on depression and poor social relations?
unhappy, sensitive to criticism, unsociable, prone to disturbed sleep, felt low self-worth
Family stress predicts
unhealthy behaviors ie smoking, drug use in adolescence, and poor psychological adjustment
Ted talk on vulnerability - Shame is ______
universal
Debate between B F skinner and rollo may focused around
whether people have free will or their actions are predetermined
What did abraham maslow think was important in people?
wisdom, creativity, insight, communion
Can stress cause a heart attack? can you die from broken heart?
yes
Is existentialism nondeterministic?
yes. because argues against viewing people as controlled by fixed physical laws
From ted talk on positive psychology - To test treatments, psychologists did what?
test them rigorously, in random assignment, placebo controlled designs, throw out the things that didn't work, keep the things that actively did.
phenomenological
the concept that people's perceptions or subjective realities are considered valid data for investigation
according to viktor frankl, the difference between people who can get over lifes problems vs those who arent?
the decisive factor is freedom of choice - i would like to become this way or another in spite of conditions, i wish to act freely
Maslow pointed out that science does not exist outside
the humans who create it
teleology
the idea that there is a grand design or purpose to ones life
What fraction of americans report being unhappy?
2/3s
From ted talk on positive psychology - experience of positive emotion is about
50% heritable
Self-actualized people are
spiritually fulfilled, comfortable with themselves, loving, ethical, creative, productive
What are the four ways which mind and body are connected?
Conversion disorder, placebo affect, somatopsychic/psychosomatic, faith healing
what accomplishment made Abraham lincoln become self-actualized?
Fought for a moral idea of freedom, at a great personal cost
Type t theory
Frank H. Farley's theory that suggests a psychobiological need for stimulation due to an internal arousal deficit; type t stands for "thrill seeking", seek activities that are thrills but do not pose threats to safety
Self-actualization
the innate process by which one tends to grow spiritually and realize ones potential
What is the weakness of the existential-humanistic approach?
Its extent of scientific varifiability
this Allows us to overcome isolation but maintain individual integrity - is an art - needs to be developed over time - requires knowledge, effort, and experience
Love
What area have existential-humanistic approaches had good effect in?
People facing life threatening illnesses
Risk taking, thrill seeking, and sensation seeking are known to be ______ personality characteristics
Relatively stable
Viktor frankl describes despair how?
Suffering without meaning
Nondeterministic
The idea that it is an oversimplification to view people as controlled by fixed physical laws
Stressed termintes
Usually decreased longevity
In a study by Furnham and Saipe, it was found that fast, reckless drivers scored higher than "good drivers" on __________.
Zuckerman's sensation-seeking and Eysenck's psychoticism
Rollo may saw anxiety as triggered by
a threat to ones core values of existence
peak experiences
according to abraham maslow, powerful, meaningful experiences in which people seem to transcend the self, be at one with the world, and feel completely self-fulfilled; time may appear to stop (FLOW) and the immediate environment may recede.
research suggests people who reach a mature state of personality are more likely to
act in self-actualized ways.
What are the two major types of self-healing personalities?
active zealous type, and calmer more relaxed type
philosopher jean jacques rousseau thought what kind of activity would take place in a gathering of children?
all kinds, bc each child has own specific interests which ought to be encouraged and fostered
When a person is in a sitation where they cannot control the outcome, they learn to
be helpless
abraham maslow was initially trained in
behavioralism
What does maslows B-motive stand for?
being level
In sartre's play no exit, he shows us hell is
being trapped in a room with people we hate - ie, our own perceptions
From a rogerian perspective, it is of the utmost importance that we
come to terms with our own nature
Rollo may, like other founders of existential-humanistic approaches to personality, recieved both
divinity training and psychoanalytic training
Happy indiiduals are less bothered when their peers
do better than they do
Why do only some people drop dead from emotional shock? (lowns 3 part model)
electrical instability (diathesis/presdisposition), pervasive negative emotional state (diathesis), trigering event (Stress)
Who is dialtical humanism attributed to?
erich fromm
being-in-the-world
existential idea that the self cannot exist without a world and the world cannot exist without a person or being to perceive it
From ted talk on positive psychology - what are the drawbacks of a pleasant life?
experience of positive emotion is about 50% heritable
Dan Gilbert synthetic happiness ted talk - What is one of the most important things the pre-frontal cortex does?
experience simulator
A young woman's anxiety could be engendered by her being
ignored by her parents, alienated from her religion, or treated as object by peers.
Experiencing person
in carl rogers phenomenological view, important issues are defined by each person for himself or herself in the context of the total range of things the person experiences
Negative moods such as depression increase the liklihood of defining symptons as ____
indicative of illness
Frankl, despite being in concentration camp, went on to be come
one of most influential existential psychologists
Who was jack lalanne?
one of the first fitness gurus, opened first health and fitness club
Describe the case of ginny and celia, two breast cancer patients
one year after mastectomies, ginny was dying but celia was back at her job - ginny ostentatiously brave and asserted she was going to get well, but seemed unable to face disease or feelings about losing breast. celia, neither excessively optimistic or full of despair, admitted lsoing breast was hard and tried to find out how to adjust
What did terman study look at to study stress?
parental divorce
Rogerian therapy
the client-oriented psychotherapy developed by carl rogers in which the therapist tends to be supportive, nondirective, and empathetic, and gives unconditional positive regard
Many victims of serious illness have changed
their philosophies of life after brushes with death
For constructive personality change during psychoterapy, rogers said there is two necessary conditions
therpaist demonstrates unconditional positive regard for client, and experiences an empathic understanding of clients frame of reference and communicatres this experience to the client
What did philosopher jean jacques rousseau think about children??
they are basically good
According to philosopher jean jacques rousseau, why do we end up with problems with children?
we require them to fit a mold
Associations between personality and cancer have been found to be
weak
Some questions asked by positive psychology
what does it mean to be happy? is it important? who is happy and who is not? how can i be happier? does it matter?
subjective well-being
what individuals think of their own level of happiness or their quality of life
"Life develops as people create worlds for themselves. This view moves from humans "being" to humans ____
"becoming"; that is, there is an active movement toward self-fulfillment in the healthy personality"
Name two of 7 suggestions for pursuing happiness
1. Help others 2. Monitor one's wealth-seeking 3. Seek spiritual or awe-inspiring experiences in life 4. Keep lists or journals of your accomplishments 5. Avoid television 6. Set LT goals & move on quickly after any ST failure 7. Recognize that many people have tendencies to be relatively unhappy, due to a combination of biology, early experiences, thoughts and abilities, and current situations
Maslows hierarchy of needs, top to bottom (triangle)
1. transcendence 2. Self-actualization 3. aesthetic needs 4. need to know and understand 5. esteem needs 6. belongingness and love needs 7. safety needs 8. physiological needs
What were the findings of diathesis-stress study?
1/2 study participants developed serious heatl problems. 77% of moody ones developed serious disorder
I-thou dialogue
A phrase used by philosopher martin buber to describe a direct, mutual relationship in which each individual confirms the other person as being of unique value
Personal Orientation inventory
A self-report questionnaire that asks people to clasify themselves on a number of dimensions for the various characteristics of self-actualization or mental health
Sick role
A set of societal expectations about how a person should behave when ill
Synthetic happiness ted talk - psychological immune system
A system of largely non-conscious cognitive processes that help them change views of the world, so that they can feel better about the worlds in which they find themselves.
salutogenesis
Aaron antonovsky's theory of how people stay healthy; according to this approach, the world must not necessarily be controlled or ordered for the healthy individual, but the individual must have a sense of coherence
Deficiency needs
According to Abraham Maslow, needs that are essential for survival including physiological, safety, belonging, love, and esteem needs
What did philosopher jean jacques rousseau think about optimal growth in children?
Actualized when children are able to learn in their own way
In abraham maslows hierarchy of needs, which are deficiency needs (d-needs)
All except self-actualization
Human potential movement
An existential-humanistic movement beginning in 1960s in which people are encouraged to realize their inner potentials through small group meetings, self-disclosure, and introspetion.
Existentialism
An area of philosophy concerned with the meaning of human existence
what accomplishment made albert einstein become self-actualized?
Applied creative genius to rethink fundamental assumptions
What does the cognitive approach say implications for health are?
As a function of how people process information, they come to understand how their behavior affects their health, and how to best maintain health
Synthetic happiness ted talk - a recent study showing how major life traumas affect people suggests that if it happened over three months ago, it has no impact on your happiness. Why?
Because happiness can be synthesized
What did carl rogers think therapy needed to be successful?
Communcation with the clients internal frame of reference understanding of client demonstrate unconditional positive regard empathize with client.
Argument is that being deprived of_______ or _____ for ones life can be just as terrifying and deadly as being deprived of food.
Companionship or meaning
According to frankl, how to turn tragedies into personal triumph?
Find meaning in tragedy
From ted talk on positive psychology - during ____ time stops, you have intense concentration
Flow
What is the humanistic and existential view of personality?
Humans inherently good - environment may be toxic- therapy designed to promote growth
Emphasized responsibility
Inherent tendency towards growth and maturation, must strive to take responsibility for ourselves. Like planting a seed in a garden - what difference in productivity does tending it do?
What is cognitive explainations for sick role?
Interpret bodily sensations as symptoms
What does frankl say about personal freedom?
It is finite, but personal choice is powerful and may be all you have
Who, other than carl jung, explored concept of self-actualization? (2)
Maslow and rogers
Positive psychology
Modern approach by marty sligman, the movement in modern psychology to focus on positive attributes rather than on pathology
from ted talk on positive psychology - what are some of the problems with the disease model? (3)
Moral issues, forgetting people (improving people's normal lives), in rush to do something to help people, never occured to psychologists to develop positive interventions
Components of self-actualization
Morality, creativity, spontaneity, problem solving, lack of prejudice, acceptance of facts
Synthetic happiness ted talk - natural happiness vs synthetic happiness
Natural happiness is what we get when we get what we wanted, and synthetic happiness is what we make when we don't get what we wanted.
What term did franz alexander coin?
Organ neurosis
Martin Buber perspective -
Our existence comes from our relations with others
Why are termites whose parents divorced before they were 21 likely to die sooner and have own marriages end in divorce?
Parental divorce means more likely to divorce>more likely to divorce means increased mortality rate
What are most common forms of severe stress faced by children?
Physical and sexual abuse
Result of cultivating human potential is
Positive social change
What does the psychoanalytic approach say implications for health are?
Repressed conflict in unconscious can show in medical symptoms; this idea was basis for development of psychosomatic medicine
in abraham maslows hierarchy of needs, which is at the being level (b-motive)
Self-actualization
name two famous termites
Shelly smith mydans, journalist for life magazine, jess oppenheimer, creater of i love lucy
what did jack lalanne promote?
Strength-building (when doctors said it would make you muscle bound), vegetables and vitamins (while doctors promoted milk, cheese, meats), happiness and enthusiasm (while doctors focused on blood tests)
What kind of household did carl rogers grow up in?
Strict christian household
In maddi and kobasa's study of business execs, characteristics of those who remained healthy
THose who do not feel powerless in face of external challenges, people who were commited to something meaningful, and responded to life with excitement and energy
What did abraham maslow call humanistic psychology?
The "third force" in psychology
American Paradox
The contemporary situation where we have material abundance co-occurring with social recession and psychologial depression
What is Viktor Frankl's Logotherapy?
The search for meaning of existence, emphasizes importance of choosing to find meaning in life.
What did maslow say about the lower needs on hierarchy of needs?
They must be satisfied so the higher needs can become more important
From ted talk on positive psychology - how do extremely miserable people differ from the rest?
They're extremely social
a Mature and Healthy Personality
Transcends everyday life and is productive, creative, respectful and loving of others
Income doubled in past 40 years, but many people still _____
Unhappy
What questions does the humanistic and existential aspects of personality attempt to address? (6)
What is the nature of human spirit? Why are we here? what is love/ why are we born and why must we die? how do we measure success? what is the path to happiness?
What factors or ingredients go into psychological health?
What the experiencing person thinks important issues are
From ted talk on positive psychology - pursuit of pleasure has _____ contribution to life satisfaction
almost no
From ted talk on positive psychology - in the last 50 years, psychologists were able to
invent drug treatments and psychological treatments.
cheerfulness of termites -
inversely related to longevity - cheerful kids grew up to be adults who died somewhat sooner, grew up more likely to smoke, drink, take risks plus side - good for handling stress, downside - careless or carefree behavior
how does parental divorce affect future mental health
lack of social dependability or ego control (impulsivity and non-conformity) and often neuroticism (low emotional stability)
What is problem with victim blaming?
lacks compassion for those suffering, may lead to further problems and suffering for victim
I-it monologue
martin buber - ultilitarian relationship in which a person uses others but does not value them for themselves
Diathesis stress model
model of disease that suggests that although a predisposition to illness exists because of genetics or upbringing, the illness itself will not appear unless or until it is elicited by the environment
In the last years of his life, maslow became
more philosophical in his thinking, more realistic in his insights
Dan Gilbert synthetic happiness ted talk - In two million years, the human brain has ____ in mass
nearly tripled
Research confirms that happy people, who feel mildly or moderately happy most of the time are
not enthralled by acquiring material goods
from martin seligman ted talk on positive psychology - what was three words to describe state of psychology today?
not good enough
Sociability of termites -
not related to longevity
broaden and build model
positive emotions broaden modes of thinking and acting, brings more possible actions to mind, allows building greater social resources
Rogers viewed responsibility in a
positive, self liberating, self enhancing light.
fromms idea of a healthy and fully human person is idealized in the
productive character, who endeavors to transcend biology and use brain to love and create in uniquely human ways
broaden-and-build model
proposes that experiences of positive emotions, such as joy, interest, pride, contentment, and love can broaden people's modes of thinking and responding, bringing more possible actions to mind
How can the impact of the human potential movement be seen in mainstream society?
protecting humans' relations with an unsullied, unpoluted natural eco-sphere is now a major political force worldwide
If humanistic psychology is 3rd force, what are 1st and second?
psychoanalysis and behaviorism
From ted talk on positive psychology - what are 3 aims of positive psychology?
psychology should be just as concerned with human strength as it is with weakness, It should be just as concerned with building strength as with repairing damage. It should be interested in the best things in life. And it should be just as concerned with making the lives of normal people fulfilling, and with genius, with nurturing high talent.
What trends support fromms ideas?
rate of depression rising as society becomes more materialistic
Self-actualized people have
realistic knowledge of themselves and accept themselves
The q sort is well suited to a _____ perspective
rogerian
Components of safety
security of body, employment, resources, morality, the family, health, property
What are things people do if they embody the sick role?
see doctor, stay at home, act moody
What does the humanistic-existential approach say implications for health are?
self-actualization, personal growth, and sense of coherence are related to self healing. good, altruistic social relations are integral to health.
Peak experiences are common to people who are
self-actualized
Components of esteem
self-esteem, confidence, achievement, respect of others, respect by others
termites who were prudent, conscientious, truthful, and free from vanity lived
significantly longer lifespan, less likely to suffer early, 30% less likely to die in any given year, less likely to engage in unhealthy habits
What are the three temperaments in the diathesis-stress study?
slow and solid (wary, self reliant), rapid and facile (cool, clever), irregular and uneven (moody, demanding)
People with personality disorders have impared
social learning and maladaptive social interactions, biological predisposition, disturbed childhood, all leading to chronic life difficuties
Fromm would be distressed with a scoiety that has replaced communal activities with
solitary tv viewing
How would carl rogers describe a psychologically healthy person?
someone having a broad self-concept capable of understanding and accepting many feelings and experiences
Furnham and saipe study explored
speeding or reckless driving, were they convicted or not?
a fully functioning person leads a
spiritually enriching, exciting, courageous life.