Psych Concept Practice Chapter 6-8

When Loftus and Palmer asked observers of a filmed car accident about how fast the vehicles were going when they smashed into each other, the observers developed memories of the accident that:

portrayed the event as more serious than it had actually been.

Behavior driven by rewards, rules, and responsibilities is to _____ motivation as behavior motivated by enjoyment, satisfaction, or challenge is to intrinsic motivation.

extrinsic

Behavior driven by rewards, rules, and responsibilities is to _____ as behavior motivated by enjoyment, satisfaction, or challenge is to _____.

extrinsic motivation; intrinsic motivation

Memories of emotional events are often initiated by activation of the:

amygdala.

We remember exciting or shocking events for a long time due to activation of the limbic system's:

amygdala.

Relative _____ refers to the amount of light an object reflects relative to its surroundings.

luminance

The concept of latent learning reveals that:

rewards affect performance of what has been learned rather than the process of learning itself.

Interpreting new sensory information within the framework of a past memory illustrates ______ processing.

top-down

The fact that perception involves more than the sum of sensations BEST illustrates the importance of _____ processing.

top-down

When Ryan arrived at the gym Tuesday morning, he noticed the musty odor of the showers in the locker room. As he finished changing, he did not notice the smell. This is probably the result of sensory _____.

adaptation

Robert Rescorla's research demonstrated the importance of _____ in classical conditioning.

cognition

Sensory adaptation can be defined as:

diminished sensitivity as a result of repeated stimulation.

In continuous reinforcement, an organism is reinforced _____; whereas in partial or intermittent reinforcement, an organism is reinforced _____.

every time the desired behavior occurs; sporadically when the desired behavior occurs

Railroad tracks appear to converge in the distance. This provides a cue for depth perception known as:

linear perspective.

Karl Lashley trained rats to solve a maze, and then removed pieces of their cortices. He reported that, no matter what part of the cortex was removed, the rats retained partial memory of how to solve the maze. This indicates that:

memories are not located in single, specific locations in the brain.

The hammer, anvil, and stirrup are three tiny bones that make up the _____ ear.

middle

Both Watson and Pavlov believed that psychology should study only _____ and _____ psychological phenomena.

objective; observable

John B. Watson believed that psychology should be the science of:

observable behavior.

Behavior that produces consequences is called _____ behavior.

operant

Racial and ethnic stereotypes can sometimes bias the way one sees others' behaviors. This BEST illustrates the impact of:

perceptual set.

In psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories is called _____.

repression

Operant behavior produces events in the environment, whereas _____ behavior occurs as an automatic response to a stimulus.

respondent

Retina is to _____ as _____ is to hair cell.

rod and cone; cochlea

The bones of the middle ear do NOT include the:

saddle

Aplysia is a(n):

sea slug.

Hermann Ebbinghaus observed that it is much easier to learn meaningful material than to learn nonsense material. This BEST illustrates the advantage of:

semantic encoding.

Noted social psychologist _____ published a journal article appearing to offer evidence for extrasensory perception.

Daryl Bem

John has been a coffee drinker since he started college three years ago. He finds that, anytime he smells coffee when he enters a nearby Starbucks, he starts to feel more alert and awake even before he takes his first sip of coffee. This is an example of:

classical conditioning

Our unconscious memory of learned skills is known as:

implicity memory.

Nociceptors initiate the sensation of:

pain.

Which statement BEST captures the basic idea of operant conditioning rather than classical conditioning?

Behavior is shaped and maintained by its consequences.

_____ occurs when the eardrum is punctured or if the tiny bones in the middle ear lose their ability to vibrate.

Conduction hearing loss

The number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time is known as _____.

frequency

According to _____, one reason that people forget is because they are repressing painful memories.

Freud

Mia is attracted to a man she is chatting with in a nightclub. What is probably happening to her eyes?

Her pupils are dilating.

_____ is to _____ as Bandura is to Tolman.

Observational learning; latent learning

_____ interference occurs when something you learned before interferes with your recall of something you learn later.

Proactive

_____ memory involves the immediate, very brief recording of stimulus information in the memory system.

Sensory

Which statement BEST expresses the essence of bottom-up processing?

We see what is there.

He referred to priming as the "wakening of associations."

William James

Respondent behavior is BEST described as:

automatic

Respondent behavior is to operant behavior as _____ is to _____.

automatic; deliberate

The axons of the _____ cells form the optic nerve.

ganglion

The processing of information into the memory system is called _____.

encoding

The _____ is the brain area involved in processing explicit memories for storage.

hippocampus

Psychologists define _____ as the process of acquiring new and enduring behaviors and information through experience.

learning

When bits of information do not compete with each other and actually facilitate memory, it is called:

positive transfer.

A one-hit wonder song popular 5 years ago comes on the radio. "I used to love this song!" Clyde exclaims. "Who sang it?" "Oh! I know! It's . . . it's . . . darn! It's on the tip of my tongue!" Ralph responds. Ralph is experiencing a failure of the memory process called:

retrieval.

In _____ interference, information learned recently disrupts the recall of information learned earlier.

retroactive

Dana is suffering from _____ when she fails to remember events preceding traumatic brain injury.

retrograde amnesia

The phenomenon of perceptual set underscores the contribution of _____ processes to perception.

top-down

According to the textbook, your eyes receive light energy and transform it into neural messages that your brain then processes into what you consciously see. Which choice correctly matches a phrase from this statement with the correct sensory or perceptual process?

your brain then processes into what you consciously see - perception

Imagine a study in which participants are shown 2,000 slides of houses and storefronts, each for only 10 seconds. Later these same participants are shown 300 of the original slides paired with slides they have not seen before. According to research, these participants would be able to recognize _____ percent of the slides they had seen before.

90

Violet is to red as _____ is to _____.

400 nanometers; 700 nanometers

In one study by Ceci and others, nearly _____ percent of preschoolers produced false memories of events that never happened.

60

Research discussed in the textbook suggests that it takes just over _____ days for a behavior to become a habit.

60

When two friends talk over lunch, the amplitude of their conversation is about _____ decibels.

60

Some individuals have an amazing ability to remember things. For example, Russian journalist Solomon Shereshevskii could remember up to _____ digits or words.

70

Adeline is worried because she knows that her work environment is very loud and that prolonged exposure to sounds of _____ decibels and above can produce hearing loss.

85

Which psychologist proposed a cognitive explanation of classical conditioning?

Robert Rescorla

_____ is the process by which we detect physical energy in the environment and encode that energy as neural signals.

Sensation

Which statement about sexual abuse is false?

A recognizable group of symptoms known as "survivor syndrome" has been identified.

In a typical experiment by Robert Rescorla and Alan Wagner, one group of rats experienced a tone just before each of 20 shocks. A second group of rats experienced the same number of tone-shock pairings plus an additional 20 shocks with no tone. Rescorla found that the rats in the first group showed a much stronger conditioned fear response than the rats in the second group. How did Rescorla explain this finding?

An animal can learn the predictability of an event.

Godden and Baddeley conducted a study using two groups of scuba divers. One group listened to a list of words while sitting on a beach. The other group listened to the same list of words while 10 feet underwater. What did the researchers discover about context and learning?

The greatest recall for the words happened when learning and testing were in the same context (for example, learn underwater, get tested underwater).

_____ memory is a newer understanding of short-term memory that involves conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, as well as information retrieved from long-term memory.

Working

How long does information last in sensory memory?

a fraction of a second to several seconds

A hypnotist instructed Juanita that when she came out of hypnosis she would be unable to spell her own name. This is an example of:

a posthypnotic suggestion.

Which course of forgetting BEST describes the typical forgetting curve?

a rapid initial decline in retention becoming stable thereafter

Talia is 45 years old. She has started to notice that newspaper print is too small for her to read. Talia needs reading glasses because the lenses of her eyes are less able to adjust, or _____.

accommodate

Solomon Shereshevskii, a Russian journalist, could remember and recite long strings of digits. When it came to recalling the situations in which he learned the digits, he would:

accurately describe the context in which he learned them.

Henry, a heavy smoker, is interested in quitting. Given what you know about the cognitive processes involved in classical conditioning, what is the MOST likely reason he still has trouble quitting after he is treated with a drug that induces nausea when he smokes a cigarette?

He realizes his nausea is due to the drug, not simply the cigarette.

In classical conditioning, _____ is associating events where the conditioned stimulus announces the unconditioned stimulus; whereas in operant conditioning, it is associating a response with a consequence (reinforcer or punisher).

acquisition

_____ is the ability to learn new behaviors that helps one cope with new or changing circumstances.

adaptability

In the classic Bobo doll research, Bandura and his colleagues (1961) demonstrated that _____ may be acquired through observational learning.

aggressive behavior

_____ is a loss of memory, often due to brain trauma, injury, or disease.

amnesia

We remember exciting or shocking events for a long time due to activation of the limbic system's _____.

amygdala

Janet suffers from arthritis and is in constant pain. It is likely that her nociceptors:

are always turned on.

Classical and operant conditioning involve learning through _____, whereas observational learning involves learning through _____.

association; imitation

Every time Martin opens the cabinet door where he stores his dog's treats, his dog begins to bark in anticipation of getting a treat. This is an example of:

associative learning.

Through direct experience with animals, we come to anticipate that dogs will bark and that birds will chirp. This BEST illustrates:

associative learning.

Hearing, or _____, is the result of the transduction of air pressure waves into neural messages that are interpreted by the brain.

audition

Marina feels a rush of love and nostalgia at the scent of honeysuckle; the fragrant scent is similar to that of the perfume her mother wore when Marina was little. The perfume's fragrance is a(n):

conditioned stimulus

Pavlov noticed that dogs began salivating at the mere sight of the person who regularly brought food to them. For the dogs, the sight of this person had become a(n):

conditioned stimulus.

The process for when memories that are temporarily stored in the hippocampus migrate for storage elsewhere in the brain is called memory _____.

consolidation

Six-year-old Davey developed a fear of going down steps after falling down the steps in his house several times. When he was at his grandmother's house he demonstrated no fear of climbing the steps to her front door. Unlike Little Albert's fear of white rats and other furry objects, Davey was demonstrating:

discrimination.

Freddy met a woman in the library and immediately thought he knew her. He asked, "Have I met you before?" She replied, "No." She walked away assuming he was trying to ask her out. This could have been an example of:

déjà vu.

As opposed to automatic processing, _____ processing refers to encoding that requires attention and conscious work.

effortful

Gestalt psychologists were fond of saying that, in perception, the whole may _____ the sum of its parts.

exceed

Obi always gives his cats treats before he goes to work each morning. When he is gathering the things he takes to work, his cats begin to circle around him and cry. Robert Rescorla and Allan Wagner would say this is occurring because Obi's cats have developed a(n) _____ for the treats.

expectation

Our memory of facts and experiences that we consciously know and can easily recite is known as _____ memory.

explicit

Our memory of facts and experiences that we consciously know and can easily recite is known as:

explicit memory.

In Watson and Rayner's experiment with Little Albert, the _____ was the unconditioned response.

fear of a loud noise

How many basic types of taste are there?

five

Many people in the United States can easily recall exactly what they were doing when they heard the news of the attacks on September 11, 2001. This BEST illustrates _____ memory.

flashbulb

Secondary reinforcers are powerful tools for shaping behavior because they have become associated with primary reinforcers. Which reward is NOT a secondary reinforcer?

food

The retina's central focal point where cones are heavily concentrated is called the:

fovea.

The network that processes and stores explicit memories includes the _____ and _____.

frontal lobes; hippocampus

Long-term potentiation (LTP) is enhanced by the neurotransmitter:

glutamate.

Shaping is a method used by Skinner to:

guide an organism to exhibit a complex behavior using successive approximations.

Most hearing loss is a result of damage to the:

hair cells.

One main difference between punishment and reinforcement is that the goal of reinforcement is to _____ a behavior, while the goal of punishment is to _____ a behavior.

increase; decrease

In vision, the amplitude of a light wave relates to people's perception of the brightness of a stimulus. To which perceptual dimension does the amplitude of a sound wave correspond in hearing?

loudness

Some birds can detect the ultraviolet radiation reflected from feathers of potential mates. As compared with humans, then, these birds can see _____ wavelengths.

lower

Fergus Craik and Endel Tulving found that deep processing, by an item's _____, produced better recognition.

meaning

Some therapists suggest that clients have repressed memories of childhood victimization. In other words, therapists attribute clients' inability to remember the victimization to:

motivated forgetting.

Matt regularly buckles his seat belt simply because it turns off the car's irritating warning buzzer. This BEST illustrates the value of _____ reinforcement.

negative

_____ reinforcement involves the removal of an aversive stimulus after a response. It serves to strengthen the response.

negative

In classical conditioning, the _____ stimulus elicits no response before conditioning begins.

neutral

One chimpanzee watches a second chimp solve a puzzle for a food reward. The first chimp then imitates how the second chimp solved the puzzle. This BEST illustrates _____ learning.

observational

Bart was struck by a two-by-four to the back of his head. He is having severe difficulties with his vision because the injury he sustained was to his _____ lobe.

occipital

If Jamal wants to train his dog to sit and lie down when he commands the behavior, which type of conditioning should he utilize to train his dog?

operant conditioning

Many business organizations effectively use _____ to train communications, sales, and customer service skills. Trainees gain skills faster when they are not only taught the needed skills in a classroom or lecture setting, but also are able to see the skills being practiced effectively by experienced workers.

operant conditioning

Which of these is NOT one of the three general memory processes identified in the textbook?

perception

_____ refers to the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information.

perception

"Believing is seeing." This reversal of a familiar saying BEST reflects the influence of _____ on sensation and perception.

perceptual set

Both _____ and _____ indicate how experiences help to construct perception.

perceptual set; context

Both _____ and _____ indicate how our experiences help us to construct perception.

perceptual set; context

Once John learned of Sara's past history of being an abuse victim, he began to view her cautious behavior around men as more self-protective rather than rude. This BEST illustrates the impact of:

perceptual sets.

The famous Bobo doll study showed that:

performance of a behavior was affected by the cognitive expectation of reinforcement or punishment.

You have been working nights and weekends to get a project completed at work. You are successful, and a couple of weeks later you come into work and your boss presents you with a bonus check. This BEST illustrates the value of _____ reinforcement.

positive

_____ reinforcement involves any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response.

positive

A psychic claims he can predict the future. This is known as _____.

precognition

Psychologists use the term _____ to refer to a biological predisposition to learn particular associations.

preparedness

In the process of retrieving a specific memory from a web of associations a person needs to activate one of the strands that leads to it. This is known as:

priming.

Studying the relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli (for example, intensity) and the psychological experience of them involves the field known as:

psychophysics.

The adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters is called the _____.

pupil

Findings from Garcia's research on taste aversion in rats indicate that:

rats are more likely to develop aversions to taste than they are to sights or sounds.

A fill-in-the-blank test is a good example of testing retention using _____.

recall

Classical conditioning focuses on _____ behavior, whereas operant conditioning focuses on _____ behavior.

respondent; operant

According to the social influence view of hypnosis, hypnotized subjects are:

responding to the social demands of the situation.

A famous Hollywood director has decided to present his latest film in 3-D. This will create a great movie-going experience for viewers, as 3-D movies exaggerate:

retinal disparity.

Carlos was just touched on his cheek, which is a(n) _____. In order for Carlos to know if he was kissed or slapped, Carlos needs a(n) _____.

sensation; perception

Experiencing sudden pain is to _____ as recognizing that one is suffering a heart attack is to _____.

sensation; perception

Marc is driving his 12-year-old car. He notices a sound coming from the engine, which involves _____ processing. He immediately starts thinking that the sound is similar to the sound his car made the last time he had it repaired, which involves _____ processing.

sensation; perception

When learning occurs in the Aplysia slug, the slug releases more of the neurotransmitter _____ at certain synapses.

serotonin

How many bits of information did George Miller propose that humans can store in their short-term memory at a given time?

seven, plus or minus two

Animals can be trained to perform many behaviors through _____; that is, by providing well-timed rewards as the animals progressively better approximate the desired behaviors.

shaping

The ability to accurately perceive distances MOST clearly underlies our capacity for:

size constancy.

If you just had an argument with your significant other, you are likely to view him or her very negatively as a person. This is BEST seen as reflecting:

state-dependent memory.

Any event or object that evokes a response is called a(n) _____.

stimulus

Four-year-old Katie observed Maggie, two years younger, begin to cry when she fell down. Katie immediately ran over to Maggie, patted her on the back, and told her everything would be all right. She even began to cry herself. Katie's ability to infer Maggie's mental and emotional state is an example of:

theory of mind.

Which statement BEST explains why psychics are sometimes able to make accurate predictions?

they make lots of guesses.

_____ refers to the conversion of one form of energy into another.

transduction

The local fire department sounds an alarm. The conversion of the siren's sound waves into neural impulses exemplifies the process of:

transduction.

People can recognize about 1 _____ different odors.

trillion

If the functioning of your cerebellum is impaired, you would have trouble:

tying a knot.

Monosodium glutamate (MSG) activates _____ taste receptors.

umami

Carla had leukemia as a child and had to undergo numerous bouts of chemotherapy. The chemotherapy always made her nauseous. As she underwent a year of treatment, the waiting room started to make her nauseous. The nausea from the chemotherapy is the:

unconditioned response.

In classical conditioning, an event that naturally and automatically triggers a response is called a(n):

unconditioned stimulus.

Researchers conditioned a flatworm to contract when exposed to light by repeatedly pairing the light with electric shock. The electric shock is a(n):

unconditioned stimulus.

Because she is responsible for overseeing the servicing and repair of her company's fleet of cars, Rhonda frequently calls the garage mechanic to inquire whether service on various cars has been completed. Because service completion times are unpredictable, she is likely to be reinforced with positive responses to her inquiries on a _____ schedule.

variable-interval

Jay is 48 years old. He recently had his sight restored after 45 years of blindness. He could associate people with their distinct features (for example, hair color) but could not recognize their faces. He was also not good at judging the size of objects as their distance from him changed. His case suggests that:

vision is partly an acquired sense.

The MOST common response to a traumatic experience involves:

vivid and persistent memories.

Which list contains an item that does NOT fit?

voluntary, respondent behavior, classical conditioning

_____ memory can be thought of as the workshop of consciousness and memory.

working

Regarding long-term memory, which statement is accurate?

The capacity of long-term memory is essentially limitless.

The idea that an animal's natural behavior patterns did not matter and had little or no effect on the effectiveness of operant conditioning principles was challenged by research conducted by:

Keller and Marian Breland.

_____ learning is not demonstrated until one is motivated to perform the behavior.

Latent

_____ occurs below the absolute threshold for conscious awareness.

Subliminal stimulation

Events that are forgotten are like books that cannot be found in a library. Which scenario is MOST similar to encoding failure?

The book was never purchased.

If the eye takes in an inverted image of the world, how do humans see the world correctly?

The brain reassembles the image.

Which statement about the skin is true?

The skin is receptive to a mix of four basic and distinct skin senses.

Which statement is true?

There is no clear boundary between the processes of sensation and perception as we experience them.

_____ is an auditory phantom limb sensation.

Tinnitus

Deep brain structures involved in movement and the formation of our procedural memories for skills are the:

basal ganglia.

When people are told that a bottle of wine is much more expensive than it really is, they are likely to:

believe it tastes better than it would otherwise.

Psychologist John Garcia found that rats did not learn to associate a taste with flashing lights and noise. However, rats do learn to associate a taste with getting ill. Which concept BEST accounts for this observation?

biological preparedness

Receptor cells for the vestibular sense send messages to the _____ in the brain.

cerebellum

Dora found the serial number of the used car she wanted to purchase online. To remember the 11-digit number, 19801776317, she thought of the number as the year she was born (1980), the date of the Declaration of Independence (1776), and the area code of her home phone number (317). Dora was using the strategy of _____ to help her remember the car's serial number. Please type the correct answer in the following input field, and then select the submit answer button or press the enter key when finished.

chunking

Mrs. Costello lives in Florida. She is gripped by a vision of her sister, gravely injured in a car wreck happening at that very moment in Pennsylvania. Mrs. Costello is inconsolable. Her husband calmly disproves Mrs. Costello's vision by calling his sister-in-law; her cheery voice greets him on the phone. Cleary, Mrs. Costello does not have the ability of _____ that she believes she possesses.

clairvoyance

Research with the sea slug Aplysia has contributed to psychologists' understanding of not only long-term potentiation, but also:

classical conditioning.

People and animals learn the association between two stimuli through _____; however, they learn the association between a behavior and a consequence through _____.

classical conditioning; operant conditioning

Which choice correctly pairs a type of learning or conditioning with a closely related concept?

cognitive learning - observational learning

Sensory adaptation helps people:

concentrate on more important things.

Jonas, a veteran of the war in Iraq, suffers from posttraumatic stress disorder. Now back home in a quiet California neighborhood, he jumps when he hears a firecracker or a car backfire. In the terminology of classical conditioning, these sounds are BEST thought of as _____ stimuli.

conditioned

Sandra is at a social gathering with a lot of good friends. She will likely feel that the temperature in the room is warmer than her friend who is feeling excluded. This phenomenon is called _____.

embodied cognition

You are looking for a new roommate. You invite a person you hope will agree to be your new roommate to meet you in your apartment. Your mother, who is a real estate agent, tells you to bake cookies and make hot tea just before your prospective roommate arrives. She explains that the hot drink and smell of the cookies will affect this person's judgment of you. This is an example of:

embodied cognition.

From first to last, which sequence BEST reflects the order in which memory processes occur?

encoding > storage > retrieval

Denise wears an extremely bright safety yellow sweatshirt when she cycles to the gym after dark. The sweatshirt's brightness reflects the _____ of the light it reflects.

high amplitude

Snakes can detect infrared waves radiated by the bodies of their prey. As compared with humans, snakes can see _____ waves.

higher-wavelength

Lily is riding her bicycle and, after the fortieth mile, she has one last hill to climb. As compared with the other hills she has climbed on her ride, Lily is likely to perceive this last hill as:

higher.

Having read a story once, certain amnesia victims will read it faster the second time, even though they can't recall having read the story before. They have MOST likely suffered damage to the _____.

hippocampus

Some patients suffering from amnesia are incapable of recalling events. Yet they can be conditioned to blink their eyes in response to a specific sound. They have MOST likely suffered damage to the brain's _____.

hippocampus

Some patients suffering from amnesia are incapable of recalling events. Yet they can be conditioned to blink their eyes in response to a specific sound. They have MOST likely suffered damage to the:

hippocampus.

Nine-year-old Jade has just discovered something very interesting. She can look at a picture in a book and, when she closes her eyes, she can still see the picture very clearly for a few tenths of a second. Jade is experiencing _____ memory.

iconic

Juan easily taught his cat to jump through a hoop for the reward of food, but could not get his cat to fetch a ball and return the ball to him. The cat would chase the ball but use his paws to roll the ball so he could chase the ball again. The reason the cat had difficulties with fetching the ball was because of:

instinctive drift.

Marty and Becky are in the mood to have a hamburger for lunch. Marty wants to grill the hamburger outside instead of cooking it on top of the stove because he says he likes the taste of a grilled hamburger more than one cooked on top of the stove. The difference in taste Marty prefers is actually caused by the smell of the charcoal embedded into the hamburger. This is an example of sensory _____.

interaction

An experimenter visits a preschool with a big box of markers and paper. The children are told that they can draw as many pictures as they want. The children enjoy the task very much. On another visit, the children are told that for every picture they draw they will earn a prize. Two weeks later when the experimenter returns, he offers the markers and paper for drawing but says that no prizes will be given. The children draw very little with the markers because extrinsic rewards can undermine _____ motivation.

intrinsic

The Federal Bureau of Investigation is considering a new identification method. Instead of using old-fashioned fingerprints, they have decided to scan the eye's _____ to confirm people's identity.

iris

The ring of muscle tissue that controls the pupil's size is called the:

iris

Whenever Valerie experiences intense feelings of fear, she is overwhelmed with childhood memories of her abusive parents. Valerie's experience BEST illustrates:

mood-congruent memory.

Learning that occurs internally and is expressed behaviorally only when there is sufficient incentive to do so is called _____ learning.

latent

A rat is allowed to explore a maze for several trials. On the last trial, it finds a piece of food at the end of the maze. On the following trial, its speed through the maze increases dramatically. This is an example of:

latent learning

Watson and Pavlov agreed that:

laws of learning are the same for all animals.

Conditioning is the process of:

learning associations

Researchers often find it more challenging to train dolphins rather than dogs even though dolphins are smarter. One of the reasons for this difficulty is that dolphins have _____ shared evolutionary heritage with humans than dogs, so they condition to stimuli that are different than what will affect dogs and humans.

less

Relative luminance MOST clearly contributes to:

lightness constancy.

You read about an accident at a railroad crossing and wonder about the cause. Perhaps the car's driver overestimated the distance of the train because the parallel tracks stimulated the monocular depth cue of _____.

linear perspective

Bees can see ultraviolet light, but cannot see the color red. This means that bees cannot see:

long wavelengths.

_____ memory is a relatively permanent and limitless storehouse in one's memory system.

long-term

This prolonged strengthening of potential neural firing is believed to be the basis for learning and memory and is known as _____.

long-term potentiation

Which factor is believed to be the synaptic basis for learning and memory?

long-term potentiation

The hippocampus and brain cortex display simultaneous activity rhythms during sleep. This supports the process of:

memory consolidation.

An empathic husband who observes his wife in pain will exhibit some of the same brain activity she is showing. This BEST illustrates the functioning of:

mirror neurons.

Joella watches her older brother brush his teeth and then attempts to brush her teeth on her own. Joella's older brother is serving as a _____ for Joella.

model

Relative size, interposition, relative motion, and relative height are examples of _____ cues to depth perspective.

monocular

Whenever Sunny gets blue, she immediately is flooded with thoughts of failed relationships and missed chances. Sunny's experience BEST illustrates:

mood-congruent memory.

A multiple-choice test is a good example of testing retention using _____.

recognition

If one has NOT studied well for a test, in which format is one likely to get a higher score?

recognition

Imagine one has to pick the correct answer from a displayed list of options. This type of memory test is known as:

recognition.

Hermann Ebbinghaus found that the more times he practiced the nonsense syllables on Day 1, the fewer repetitions he needed to relearn the information on Day 2 because he had increased his _____ time.

rehearsal

Mila sees the sound of a drum as a large round shape. Mila's experience BEST exemplifies a conditioned called _____.

synesthesia

Coyotes that have been fed sheep carcasses that have been laced with a nausea-inducing poison are less likely to prey on sheep in the wild. This phenomenon is BEST explained by the classical conditioning phenomenon called _____.

taste aversion

"We can practically read each other's minds and feel each other's emotions!" Tim exclaims in describing his relationship with his longtime partner. Tim is attributing the extrasensory perception ability of _____ to the relationship.

telepathy

The three-stage model of memory developed by Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin has been criticized because it does not take into account:

that some information is processed into long-term memory without our conscious awareness.

Frank takes his 1-year-old son Jaleel out for a walk. Jaleel reaches over to touch a red flower and is stung by a bumblebee sitting on the petals. The next day, Jaleel's mother brings home some red flowers. She removes a flower from the arrangement and takes it over for her baby to smell. Jaleel cries loudly as soon as he sees it. According to the principles of classical conditioning, what is the unconditioned stimulus in this example?

the bee sting

Memory can be formally defined as:

the mental processes that enable us to learn, store, and retrieve information.

An attorney uses misleading questions to distort a court witness's recall of a previously observed crime. This BEST illustrates:

the misinformation effect.

When psychologists refer to the visible part of the light spectrum, they mean:

the narrow range of wavelengths in the electromagnetic spectrum that can be detected by the human eye.