PSYCH EXAM 1 :)

___ 9. Ashya wants to focus on the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and other problematic patterns of behavior. What area of psychology should she work in? A) clinical psychology C) organizational psychology B) cognitive psychology D) social psychology

A

___ 21. The myelin sheath consists of a(n) ________. A) axon B) glial cell C) soma D) terminal button

B

___ 27. Psychotropic medications are drugs that treat psychiatric symptoms by restoring ________ balance. A) emotional B) GABA C) neurotransmitter D) serotonin

C

___ 18. Which of the following would be difficult to assess using empirical research? A) the abilities of non-human primates to use sign language B) the reaction time for participants to indicate they heard a ball drop on a table C) whether a baby is crying because he is sad, hungry, or in pain D) whether the id, ego, or superego is most responsible for emotional reactions

D

__ 7. Which kind of psychological area does the work of Jean Piaget exemplify? A) biopsychology C) personality psychology B) developmental psychology D) sensation and perception

B

___ 13. Researchers are conducting a study where they have concerns that the participant's beliefs and/or the experimenter's beliefs may skew the results. Therefore, they chose to conduct a ________ study. A) control B) double-blind C) double-control D) single-blind

B

___ 15. ________ refers to the ability to consistently produce a given result. A) generalizability B) reliability C) statistical significance D) validity

B

___ 30. Elaina has been diagnosed with a small brain tumor. She first went to see her doctor after experiencing symptoms such as feeling very cold, almost fainting, a reduced appetite, and reduced sexual desire. Which of the following structures is her tumor most likely affecting? A) Broca's area B) hypothalamus C) substantia nigra D) thalamus

B

___ 33. Physical dependence on a drug is indicated by the user experiencing ________ as a result of discontinuing use of the drug. A) a return to normal performance levels C) psychological distress B) changes in normal bodily function D) psychological stress

B

___ 34. Sleepwalking, night terrors, and restless leg syndrome are all examples of________. A) lucid dreaming B) parasomnias C) protoconsciousness D) somnambulism

B

___ 49. ________-frequency sound waves are perceived as high-pitched sounds, while ________-frequency sound waves are perceived as low-pitched sounds. A) condensed; sharp B) high; low C) low; high D) truncated; high

B

___ 51. Dave's boss told him that he doesn't have to attend the company picnic (which everybody dislikes) if Dave meets his sales quota this month. Dave's boss is using ________. A) negative punishment B) negative reinforcement C) positive punishment D) positive reinforcement

B

___ 40. Victoria has accumulated a large sleep debt. This means that she ________. A) falls asleep in the middle of the day B) sleeps more than 12 hours in a 24-hour period C) suffers from chronic sleep deprivation D) suffers from insomnia due to large amounts of debt

C

___ 52. Harold catches fish throughout the day at unpredictable intervals. Which reinforcement schedule is this? A) fixed interval B) fixed ratio C) variable interval D) variable ratio

C

___ 59. In classical conditioning, the ________ is an unlearned reaction to a given stimulus. For example, if you have an allergy to pollen and sneeze, sneezing is an unlearned reaction to the pollen (i.e., the stimulus). A) conditioned response C) unconditioned response B) conditioned stimulus D) unconditioned stimulus

C

___ 8. Oona wants to conduct research on personnel management, workplace environment, and what type of environment results in high levels of employee productivity and efficiency. Oona should conduct research in the area of ________ psychology. A) biological B) Gestalt C) industrial-organizational D) social

C

___ 1. For a scientific explanation to be testable, it must also be ________. A) conscious and unconscious C) hypothesized and theoretical B) experimental and provable D) perceivable and measurable

D

___ 45. Vinnie is standing on one leg with his arms in the air. The ________ sense helps keep him balanced so he has less chance of falling over. A) nociception B) proprioception C) somatosensation D) vestibular

D

___ 5. The cognitive revolution created an impetus for psychologists to focus their attention on better understanding ________. A) emotions and cultural norms that underlie emotional responses B) genetics and the evolutionary adaptations that underlie behavior C) stimulus-response and the instincts that underlie human reaction to pain D) the mind and mental processes that underlie behavior

D

___ 58. Mia is taught to go to sleep when the light is turned off. However, for many months Mia no longer falls asleep when the light is turned off. Later, Mia begins to fall asleep when the light is turned off again. This is an example of ________. A) classical conditioning B) higher order conditioning C) neutral stimulus D) spontaneous recovery

D

___ 14. Harrison et al. are conducting a study assessing the ability of depressed versus non-depressed participants to remember negative emotions in a short story about a family whose car breaks down. They plan to ask participants to read the story and then make a list of the emotions expressed in the story. Before beginning the study, they make a list of negative emotions (e.g., sadness and anger) that they will record from the participants' responses. In this example, negative emotions are the ________. A) dependent variable B) independent variable C) operational definition D) significant variable

A

___ 41. Sarit is at a bar full of music, chatter, and laughter. He gets involved in an interesting conversation with a woman named Mona, and he tunes out all the background noise. Sarit's friend, Karen, taps him on the shoulder and asks what song just played on the jukebox. Sarit says he doesn't know, even though he is sitting right next to the jukebox and is familiar with popular music. This illustrates the role that ________ plays in what is sensed versus what is perceived. A) attention B) friendship C) habit D) mood

A

___ 42. Sariah enters a room with several chirping crickets in it. Upon first entering the room, Sariah can hear the chirping; however, as she begins to talk to her friends, she is no longer aware of the chirping even though it is still there. The fact that Sariah no longer perceives the chirping sound demonstrates sensory ________. A) adaptation B) formation C) regression D) revision

A

___ 16. Which of the following is not part of obtaining informed consent? A) explaining the hypothesis to the participants B) letting participants know that participation is voluntary C) obtaining the participant's signature or a signature from the parent or guardian if the participant is a minor D) reviewing that data is confidential

A

___ 17. ________ research uses past records or data sets to investigate research questions or to look for patterns or relationships. A) archival B) correlational C) experimental D) survey

A

___ 23. Human eggs and sperm each contain 23 ________, which are composed of long strands of ________. A) chromosomes; DNA B) chromosomes; genes C) DNA; genes D) genes; DNA

A

___ 25. Twin boys both have a gene associated with aggressive tendencies. What is the most likely outcome to be observed in their behavior as they grow up? A) It is not possible to determine the twins' behaviors based on having this single gene. B) It is unlikely that either will show aggressive tendencies. C) The chances of significant aggressive tendencies are about 50:50, so one of the twins will likely show these behaviors. D) The twins both have the gene, so they likely will be aggressive in some way.

A

___ 26. ________ is a state of equilibrium, in which biological conditions (such as body temperature) are maintained at optimal levels. A) homeostasis B) resting potential C) reuptake D) synergy

A

___ 28. A ________ scan involves taking a number of x-rays of a particular section of a person's body or brain. A) computerized tomography (CT) scan C) magnet resonance imaging (MRI) B) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) D) positron emission tomography (PET)

A

___ 3. A series of dots arranged in the shape of a face will be perceived as a face, not a series of dots. A psychologist studying this phenomenon is applying the principals of ________. A) Gestalt psychology B) humanism C) psychoanalytic theory D) structuralism

A

___ 36. While ________ is generally achieved through the interaction of a therapist and the person being treated, an individual can perform ________ alone. A) hypnosis; meditation C) meditation; somnambulism B) meditation; hypnosis D) somnambulism; meditation

A

___ 37. After Omar falls asleep he feels a sense of panic, screams, and attempts to escape from his room. Which parasomnia does Omar have? A) night terrors B) REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) C) restless leg syndrome D) sleep apnea

A

___ 4. Which of the following exemplifies the unconditional positive regard component of client-centered therapy? A) Abby tells her therapist that she tripped a small child who got in her way, and her therapist accepts this information without judgment. B) Boris tells his therapist that that he needs stronger medication and his therapist prescribes it. C) Natasha is late for her therapy session and her therapist believes she did this because she unconsciously dislikes therapy. D) Xavier receives a hug from the doctor when he arrives on time; he does not get a hug when he arrives late.

A

___ 44. Which of the following exemplifies the sense of audition? A) hearing a song on the radio C) smelling lilacs B) petting a cat D) tasting warm bread covered in pumpkin butter

A

___ 47. Felix is riding his bicycle. His ability to sense how his torso is adjusting to the speed of his cycling and how his legs are pumping up and down is called ________. A) kinesthesia B) nociception C) olfaction D) thermoception

A

___ 48. Suppose you are watching a movie on a large screen. For a fraction of a second, the words "Drink Cola" flash on the screen. You do not perceive the words "Drink Cola" because it is beyond your absolute threshold. In this example, the message "Drink Cola" is an example of ________. A) a subliminal message B) bottom-up processing C) sensory adaptation D) top-down processing

A

___ 50. Akeelah extended her arm in front of her and then extended one of her fingers. She focused on that finger. Next, she closed her left eye without moving her head; then she opened her left eye and closed her right eye without moving her head. She noticed that her finger seemed to shift as she alternated between the two eyes because of the slightly different view each eye had of her finger. What is illustrated by this example? A) binocular disparity B) bottom processing C) monocular disparity D) top-down processing

A

___ 53. Which of the following is an example of instinct: unlearned knowledge that involves complex patterns of behavior? A) baby seeking food by rooting and suckling C) teacher demonstrating algebra to students B) believing that nudity is wrong D) toddler who is toilet training

A

___ 56. Kieran is attempting to condition a parrot to greet him when he enters the room. He repeatedly pairs his entry to the room with a treat for the parrot. Kieran can say that ________ has occurred as soon as the parrot greets him in response to his entry. A) acquisition B) extinction C) secondary conditioning D) stimulation

A

___ 57. Dimitri and Rita eat some donuts for breakfast and then spend the morning at an amusement park. After a few hours of riding the Super Looper Double Twist Dimitri feels nauseous and regurgitates the donuts. Rita is fine, but Dimitri has developed a ________, and the next time they stop for donuts, Dimitri immediately feels ill. A) taste aversion B) taste response C) unconditioned aversion D) unconditioned response

A

___ 19. An intelligence test yields the same results when administered on three separate occasions. However, the test's results are more strongly correlated with hours spent doing homework than they are with other standardized intelligence tests. This test has________ reliability and ________ validity. A) high; high B) high; low C) low; high D) low; low

B

___ 24. ________ is a neurotransmitter involved in mood, reward, addiction, and motor behavior. A) acetylcholine B) dopamine C) glutamate D) serotonin

B

___ 54. Julian watches his grandfather repair watches. As Julian matures he imitates what his grandfather does, and then his grandfather shows him more complicated techniques. Eventually, Julian is as proficient at repairing watches as his grandfather. This exemplifies ________. A) instinct B) learning C) reflex D) stimulus

B

___ 6. Lucy wants to study changes in cognitive skills, moral reasoning, and social behavior across the lifespan. Lucy should specialize in ________ psychology. A) cognitive B) developmental C) personality D) social

B

___ 10. Select the correctly ordered list of psychological perspectives, with the earliest perspective listed first. A) humanism, behaviorism, structuralism, functionalism B) humanism, structuralism, functionalism, behaviorism C) structuralism, functionalism, behaviorism, humanism D) structuralism, functionalism, humanism, behaviorism

C

___ 11. The belief that strange behavior is linked to the occurrence of a full moon is an example of a(n) ________. A) correlation B) fact C) illusory correlation D) opinion

C

___ 12. A group of preschool-age children are enrolled in a study that plans to follow them over time in order to assess behaviors and other characteristics that may predict later development of schizophrenia. This is an example of a(n) ________ design. A) cross sectional B) experimental C) longitudinal D) survey

C

___ 2. Functionalist psychologists focus on the function of behavior and ________. A) explaining the subconscious B) the operation of individual parts of the mind C) the operation of the whole mind rather than the individual parts D) understanding the id, ego, and superego

C

___ 31. Which psychological perspective might advance the argument that our sleep patterns evolved as an adaptive response to predatory risks, which are higher during periods of darkness? A) cognitive behavioral B) dependent C) evolutionary D) Freudian

C

___ 32. Bev likes to be up late at night and sleep in; Caleb likes to wake up with the sun and go to bed early. A psychologist would say they have different ________. A) chromotropes B) chronologies C) chronotypes D) chromatins

C

___ 35. Nancy is aware that she is dreaming when she has a nightmare, so she concentrates and changes her dream from bad to good. This is a good example of ________ dreaming. A) external B) internal C) lucid D) stage 1

C

___ 38. When Brady is hot he sweats. When Brady is cold, he gets goose bumps on his skin so he will warm up more quickly. This is an example of how the body tries to achieve ________. A) circadian rhythms B) heterostasis C) homeostasis D) internal-external stimulus

C

___ 39. Seeing the light from the sun, feeling the warmth of a room, and hearing the voice of a friend are all examples of ________ stimuli. A) conscious B) epidermal C) external D) peripheral

C

___ 46. Which of the following exemplifies olfaction? A) feeling the warmth of the sun C) smelling cookies in the oven B) hearing an airplane fly overhead D) tasting white chocolate fudge

C

___ 55. Dymesha watches her older sister do headstands. Dymesha falls over when she attempts to do a headstand herself. She watches her older sister more carefully, and she notices that her sister leans backward slightly to complete her headstand. Dymesha is then able to do headstands herself. Which type of learning is this? A) classical B) conditioning C) observational D) operant

C

___ 20. American researchers studying the effects of physical attractiveness on compliance wish to expand the cross-cultural generalizability of their findings to a Lebanese population. They travel to Lebanon and recruit local residents, whom the American researchers rate as attractive or unattractive, to act as experimental confederates. However, they are unable to replicate their research findings. What is a potential problem with this research? A) Inter-rater reliability has not been assessed. B) Language barriers will prevent successful research from occurring. C) The study may not be reliable due to differences in expectations for compliance between cultures. D) The study may not be valid due to differences in standards of attractiveness between cultures.

D

___ 22. Rosemary had a stroke about a year ago and now she cannot understand what people are saying to her. This is embarrassing for her, so she responds using vague language and tries to make it appear as though she understands. Which area of Rosemary's brain was likely damaged by the stroke? A) Broca's area B) occipital cortex C) prefrontal cortex D) Wernicke's area

D

___ 29. The ________ is the deep groove that separates the brain into two halves. A) central gyrus B) central sulci C) hemisphere D) longitudinal fissure

D

___ 43. Catherine is at a crowded baseball game when she loses track of her son, Nick. Despite the loud cheering and noise of the crowd, she can pinpoint his location when he calls for her because she can distinguish the sound of his voice from the all the other voices. This illustrates ________ theory. A) absolute threshold B) just noticeable difference C) sensory adaptation D) signal detection

D

___ 60. Gambling at a slot machine is an example of which reinforcement schedule? A) fixed interval B) fixed ratio C) variable interval D) variable ratio

D