PSYCH Exam 1 Cram Study Cards

Which of the following correlation coefficients represents the weakest negative correlation? -0.80 -1.01 0.10 -0.20

-0.20

William Wundt

1832-1920; Field: structuralism, voluntarism; Contributions: introspection, basic units of experience; Studies: 1st psychological laboratory in world at University of Leipzig

The scientific study of sleep began in the:

1950s

Hypothesis

A good theory that produces a testable prediction called a hypothesis

Which of the following is true about the link between thinking and learning and sleep? A. Interrupting a person's sleep to have him relearn information will enhance memory. B. Staying up late and cramming for exams is the best preparation for recalling the studied information. C. After people work on a task, then sleep on it, they solve difficult problems more insightfully than do those who stay awake. D. After learning something new, it is best for the person to put it out of his or her mind before going to sleep.

After people work on a task, then sleep on it, they solve difficult problems more insightfully than do those who stay awake.

We use retrieval cues to access target information. The best retrieval cues are the:

All of these things are effective retrieval cues for the memory.

Sigmund Freud

Austrian physician whose work focused on the unconscious causes of behavior and personality formation; founded psychoanalysis.

All of the following have been linked to sleep deprivation and health EXCEPT sleep deprivation: A. may help explain why people who sleep 7 to 8 hours a night tend to outlive those who are chronically sleep deprived. B. can lead to limbic brain responses that can contribute to the development of anorexia nervosa. C. slows reactions and increases errors on visual attention tasks and can lead to automobile or work-related accidents. D. can suppress immune cells that battle viral infections and cancer.

B. can lead to limbic brain responses that can contribute to the development of anorexia nervosa.

Who is MOST likely to have memory difficulties? A. John, who mentally recreates the situation in which he originally learned the material B. Jack, who studies one hour before bed C. Jane, who studies Spanish and French back-to-back D. Jasmine, who builds a network of retrieval cues

C. Jane, who studies Spanish and French back-to-back

Which of the following researchers determined the capacity of short-term memory? A. Richard Atkinson B. Richard Shiffrin C. Erik Erikson D. George Miller

D. George Miller

An electroencephalograph is also known as an:

EEG

Which of the following should Marquis do if he wants to improve his psychology exam scores? A. He should wait to study until late at night and study for 3 hours, then go to bed and sleep for 4 hours, wake up early, and study again. B. He should ponder what he studied just before bed and then sleep on it. C. He should study early in the day, take a nap, and then study again in the early evening. D. He should study early in the evening, then go to bed and get at least 8 hours of sleep.

He should study early in the evening, then go to bed and get at least 8 hours of sleep.

Jasper stays up very late most Saturday nights. He finds getting up on Monday mornings very difficult because he often sleeps until noon on Sunday and has trouble going to sleep at a reasonable time on Sunday night. What advice would you give him to help him with his Monday morning problem?

He should try to maintain the same bedtime throughout the week.

Intuition

Is often helpful, but we often think we know more than we do, and fall prey to faulty assumptions

Which of the following individuals is most likely to perform better on a newly learned task? A. Tonya, who stayed up all night after practicing the task B. David, who only slept 4 hours after practicing the task for 3 hours C. Joshua, who practiced the task then went to bed right after practicing and slept 8 hours D. Susan, who practiced the task early in the day, went to work, partied with friends after work, then slept 6 hours

Joshua, who practiced the task then went to bed right after practicing and slept 8 hours

Theory

Organizes facts to simplify information, provide an explanation for behavior, and by connecting the dots, can provide a deeper understanding of a phenomenon

Our ability to recognize material can make us feel _____, which might lead to poorer performance on certain tests.

Overconfident

Authority

Provides a mental shortcut and can be inaccurate

Angelina is working a lot and is only getting about five hours of sleep a night. Her ______ will be MOST affected by these shorter nights of sleep.

REM sleep

Who developed the Stage Model of Memory?

Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin

Samantha is taking a psychology course and wants to do well. Every day she reviews her notes from class and reads the textbook. When it is time to take the first exam Samantha has no problem retrieving the information and earns an A on the exam. How did Samantha answer the questions on the test correctly?

She transferred information from her long-term memory to her short-term memory.

One of the most popular models of how memory works is the:

Stage Model of Memory.

You are babysitting your 2-year-old nephew for the first time. While your back is turned, he touches the pan you just took out of the oven. He pulls his finger away quickly, and a few seconds later begins to scream. Why is his screaming delayed in comparison to his response of pulling away his finger?

The finger-withdrawal reflex involves only the spinal cord, so it takes time before the information about pain reaches the brain.

Professor Hartwick finds that people who tend to score low on one variable tend to score low on another variable. Professor Hartwick has found:

a positive correlation

Professor McManus shows a scatterplot of data that show that grades increase as the number of hours spent studying increases. Professor McManus has shown:

a positive correlation between studying and grades.

The amygdala plays a key role in:

aggression

When a person is awake and relaxed with their eyes closed an EEG will produce _____ waves.

alpha

Structuralism

an early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the elemental structure of the human mind. William Wundt

The cerebral cortex is about:

an eighth of an inch thick.

In terms of your heartbeat, digestion, and glandular functioning, your body is pretty much a well-oiled machine that works even when you are asleep. This is possible due to your __________ nervous system.

autonomic

An example of the interaction of the nervous and endocrine systems can be seen in our response to danger. The _______________ orders the adrenal glands to release the hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine, which act to provide a surge of energy.

autonomic nervous system

Studies show that chronic sleep deprivation is associated with all of the following EXCEPT: A. conflicts in friendships and romantic relationships. B. depression. C. better academic performance. D. obesity.

better academic performance

Which of the following does the autonomic nervous system most directly control?

bladder contractions

What are two types of measures numbers can be grouped into?

central tendency and variability

The mean, median, and mode are all measures of:

central tendency.

Which of the following was NOT recorded on early sleep physiographs? A. breathing rate B. muscle tension C. consciousness D. heart rate

consciousness

operational definitions

describes the procedure (operations) used to test the theory, so they can be replicated

Early sleep research began when researchers noted that physiological changes create _______ that can be measured during sleep.

electrical changes

If the top of the spinal cord is severed, a person would:

exhibit a knee-jerk reflex response without feeling the tap.

internal validity

extent to which we can draw cause-and-effect inferences from a study

external validity

extent to which we can generalize findings to real-world settings

Most people are able to remember between:

five and nine items.

Ashley has brain damage but her memory has not been affected. It is UNLIKELY that Ashley sustained damage to her:

hippocampus

A positive correlation:

indicates that as one variable increases, the other variable increases.

The thalamus:

is the brain's relay system.

Logical Positivism

knowledge generated by: -empirical observation -tightly controlled experiments -logical analysis of data (Apparently) scientist is disinterested

Humanistic Perspective

knowledge is produced to: -serve the people -people best studied in natural environments Scientist is empathetic & intuitive

When researchers looked at EEG patterns across a whole night's sleep they noted that:

lower frequency waves are associated with greater relaxation.

The average score is also called the:

mean

measures of central tendency

mean, median, mode

The _____ is the score that is located in the middle of all scores.

median

The base of the brainstem is the:

medulla.

The _____ is the score that occurs most often in a data set.

mode

Dr. James found a correlation of -0.63 between exercise and weight loss in men over 40. This would be considered a __________ correlation.

moderately negative

Those suffering from depression are more likely to have their memories affected by priming negative associations. This is known as:

mood-congruent memory.

Information from the peripheral nervous system is carried to the central nervous system by neural "cables" called:

nerves

While listening to recordings of operatic solos, musicians process the lyrics and the music in separate brain areas. This most clearly illustrates the functioning of different:

neural networks.

This sleep disorder, which occurs within two to three hours of falling asleep, is characterized by a high arousal and a feeling of being petrified.

night terrors

The visual cortex is located in the:

occipital lobe

A chart showing changes in electrical activity in the body is called a:

physiograph

Which of the following correlation coefficients would you expect to see between month of birth (1 through 12) and scores on an intelligence test? r = 0.52 r = 0.72 r = -0.62 r = -0.02

r = -0.02

What are two common measures of variability?

range and standard deviation

Researchers have found that short-term memory lasts about 20 seconds, unless the information is _____ in some way.

rehearsed

If you gently wake your friend whose eyes are closed but you see movement under her eyelids, there is about an 80 percent chance she will:

report she was in the midst of an interesting dream.

Our tendency to recall the last and first items in a list is known as the __________ effect.

serial position

Where does memory go in the second stage of the Atkinson-Shiffrin model of memory?

short-term memory

Maintenance rehearsal can be used to keep information in:

short-term memory.

Which of the following muscles are controlled by the somatic nervous system?

skeletal muscles, such as muscles of the arm and hand

You know that turning the pages of a book, using your pen to take notes, or raising your hand are all possible due to your ___________ nervous system.

somatic

Anna is sleeping and is easily awakened. She is MOST likely in _____ of sleep.

stage 1

Except for just prior to waking in the morning, REM sleep always occurs immediately after a period of:

stage 2 sleep

If you learn a list of chemistry terms while you are in a great mood, you have a better chance of recalling that list if you are in the same kind of mood when you take the exam. This is known as:

state-dependent memory.

Dr. James found a correlation of +0.81 between obesity and the consumption of fast foods. This would be considered a __________ correlation.

strong positive

David's wife wakes him from a peaceful slumber to tell him that she heard a noise. As he slowly gets up to investigate, his heart begins to race, his mouth is dry, and he begins to sweat. Clearly, David's _____________ has been activated.

sympathetic nervous system

Neuroplasticity

the ability of the nervous system to change in response to experience or the environment

Priming

the activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one's perception, memory, or response

There was a major break in sleep research when researchers discovered that:

the brain gives off electrical signals.

This brain structure helps coordinate movement and enables a type of nonverbal learning.

the cerebellum

Which brain area is named for the Latin term for "little brain"?

the cerebellum

Weber's Law

the principle that, to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage (rather than a constant amount)

Professor Zhang found a correlation of -0.76. What data could this correlation represent?

the relationship between antidepressant dose and depressive symptoms

What part of the brain is associated with alertness and attention?

the reticular formation

What is psychology?

the scientific study of mind and behavior

Hindsight bias

to believe an event was predictable, despite a lack of objective basis for predicting it

Dr. Velasquez found a correlation of r = 0.02 in a recent study. The two variables in his study are:

uncorrelated

Measures of _____ describe whether the values in a data set are spread out or clumped together.

variability

A scatterplot is a graph that is used to illustrate correlations. On a scatterplot, each point plots the values of two variables. If the points on the scatterplot show no pattern or relationship, the correlation is: not able to be determined. weak, or approaching 0.00. a perfect negative (-1.00). negative.

weak, or approaching 0.00.

New memories are _____; they need to be _____ if one wants to remember them.

weak; exercised