Psych Exam 1

Josiah is trying to speak to his wife, but his speech is very slow and labored, often with jumbled sentence structure. Josiah may have damage to which area of the brain? a. Broca's area b. Parahippocampal place area (PPA) c. Extrastriate body area (EBA) d. Wernicke's area

a. Broca's area

According to signal detection theory, which of the following would be classified as a hit? a. A TSA agent notices a weapon in the screen in front of her, and then confirms its presence when the bag is checked by hand. b. A TSA agent notices a weapon in the screen in front of her, but no weapon is found when the bag is checked by hand. c. A TSA agent sees no weapon in the screen in front of her, but her colleague happens to find a weapon when he does a random search of the bag by hand. d. A TSA agent sees no weapon in the screen in front of her, and her colleague does not find a weapon when he does a random search of the bag by hand.

a. TSA agent notices a weapon in the screen in front of her and then confirms its presence when the bag is checked by hand

Which of the following reinforcement patterns in rats is unlearned most slowly? a. Fixed ratio b. Behavioral ratio c. Variable ratio d. Thresholded ratio

C. Variable ratio

The ability to focus on one stimulus while filtering out other stimuli is called a. code-switching b. sensory memory c. repetition suppression d. the cocktail party effect

D. cocktail party effect

Your text describes the occurrence of a "cognitive revolution" during which dramatic changes took place in the way psychology was studied. This so-called revolution occurred parallel to (and, in part, because of) the introduction of a. cognitive psychology textbooks b. computers c. Skinner boxes d. analytic introspection

B. Computers

Wundt's procedure in which trained participants describe their experiences and thought processes in response to stimuli presented under controlled conditions is known as a. functional analysis b. analytic introspection c. information processing d. behavioral analysis

B. analytic introspection

The "Little Albert" experiment involving the rat and the loud noise is an example of which of the following types of experiments? a. Unconscious inference b. Classical conditioning c. Reaction time d. Operant conditioning

B. classical conditioning

A bottom-up process is involved in fixating on an area of a scene that a. fits with the observer's interests b. has high stimulus salience c. is familiar d. carries meaning for the observer

B. has high stimulus salience

Regarding children's language development, Noam Chomsky noted that children generate many sentences they have never heard before. From this, he concluded that language development is driven largely by a. cultural influences b. classical conditioning c. operant conditioning d. an inborn biological program

D. inborn biological program

Which of the following is a key criticism of Gestalt principles? a. They are mostly descriptive, providing little insight into underlying mechanisms b. They have been disproven by recent laboratory experiments c. They do not explain human empathy d. They rely on the notion that sensations can be added up to create an experience

a. They are mostly descriptive, providing little insight into underlying mechanisms

A computational model trained to recognize objects based on input from a camera mounted to a toddler's head performed _________________ a model trained on input from a camera mounted to a parent's head (Bambach and colleagues, 2017). a. better than b. worse than c. the same as d. worse, then better than

a. better than

Early studies of brain tissue that used staining techniques and microscopes from the 19th century described the "nerve net." These early understandings were in error in the sense that the nerve net was believed to be a. continuous b. composed of cell bodies, axons, and dendrites c. composed of neurotransmitters rather than neurons d. composed of discrete individual units

a. continuous

What does feature integration theory (FIT) suggest? a. features are processed independently in the first stage, then attention integrate them in the second stage b. attention is deployed to an object in the first stage, then features become disintegrated in the second stage c. information is filtered out at the binging of the processing d. information is filtered out at the end of the processing

a. features are processed independently in the first stage, then attention integrate them in the second stage

People perceive vertical and horizontal orientations more easily than other orientations according to the a. oblique effect b. law of good continuation c. law of pragnanz d. principle of size constancy

a. oblique effect

The likelihood principle states that a. we perceive the object that is most likely to have caused the pattern of stimuli we have received b. we perceive size to remain the same size even when objects move to different distances c. it is easier to perceive vertical and horizontal orientations d. feature detectors are likely to create a clear perception of an object

a. we perceive the object that is most likely to have caused the pattern of stimuli we have received

Drew and colleagues (2014) were interested in whether expert searchers (like radiologists) were still vulnerable to inattentional blindness. To test this, they examined whether doctors would notice which object in CT scans of the lung? a. A banana. b. A gorilla. c. A blue dot. d. A hemorrhage.

b. A gorilla

Because of the feature detector work of Hubel and Wiesel, we have evidence that visual cortex is organized according to a. spheres b. columns c. rows d. circuits

b. columns

Which of the following is an experimental procedure used to study how attention affects the processing of competing stimuli? a. Filtering b. Dichotic listening c. Early selection d. Channeling

b. dichotic listening

Which of the following word strings all refer to the same pathway? a. what, action, dorsal b. dorsal, where, action c. where, ventral, perception d. perception, dorsal, what

b. dorsal, where, action

The Default Mode Network of the brain is defined by which of the following properties. a. Exhibits greater fMRI activation for implicit relative to explicit memory tasks. b. Exhibits greater fMRI activation when the brain is at rest relative to when it is performing a task. c. Is anticorrelated with mind-wandering. d. Is restricted to subcortical and cerebellar structures.

b. exhibits greater fMRI activation when the brain is at rest relative to when it is performing a task

What do we learn from Balint's syndrome? a. an object can be perceived without knowing its specific features (color, shape,..) b. features of an object floats independently before they reach into perceptual level c. patients with Balint's syndrome have a very fragile short-term memory d. studying patients with Balint's syndrome helped to confirm Broadbent's model

b. features of an object floats independently before they reach into perceptual level

Broadbent's Filter Model is called an early selection model because a. incoming information is selected by the detector b. the filter eliminates unattended information at the beginning of the information flow c. the filtering step occurs before the information enters the sensory memory d. only a select set of environmental information enters the system

b. filter eliminates unattended information at beginning of information flow

You look at a rope coiled on a beach and are able to perceive it as a single strand because of the law of a. simplicity b. good continuation c. familiarity d. good figure

b. good continuation

In Bayesian inference, the prior refers to: a. The extent to which available evidence is consistent with an outcome b. Our initial belief about how probable an outcome is c. The forward probability of an event d. Evidence of sampling bias

b. initial belief about probable outcome is

A schema is a. short pauses of the eyes on points of interest in a scene b. knowledge about what is contained in a typical scene c. how attention is distributed throughout a static scene d. rapid movements of the eyes from one place to another in a scene

b. knowledge about what is contained in a typical scene

While fMRI has excellent spatial resolution, it is considered to have fairly poor temporal resolution. That is because oxygenated blood only reaches its peak around ________ after the start of neuronal activity. a. 10 minutes b. 500 milliseconds c. 6 seconds d. 40 seconds

c. 6 seconds

Which of the following terms refers to neurons that respond similarly whether a monkey is carrying out an action itself or it is watching a human carry out that same action? a. Premotor neurons b. Haptic neurons c. Mirror neurons d. Sparse neurons

c. Mirror neurons

Which of the following is involved in the attentional salience? a. P: parietal cortex b. DFC: Dorsal Frontal Cortex c. TP: Temporo-Parietal Junction d. Non of the above

c. TP: temporo-parietal junction

Brain imaging techniques like fMRI have made it possible to a. view individual neurons in the brain b. view propagation of action potentials c. determine which areas of the brain are involved in different cognitive processes d. show how environmental energy is transformed into neural energy

c. determine which areas of brain are involved in different cognitive processes

David Marr argued that the brain/ cognition should be studied at the computational, algorithmic, and ______________ levels. a. circuit b. statistical c. implementational d. observational

c. implementational

Statistical learning experiments show that humans use peaks and dips in _________________ to segment words from continuous speech. a. pitch b. Bayesian statistics c. transition probabilities d. single syllable frequency

c. transition probabilities

Specificity coding is most closely associated with the concept of a. The Jennifer Aniston Neuron b. The Grandmother Cell Hypothesis c. Experience-Dependent Plasticity d. A and B

d. A and B

What is Capgras delusion? a. A congenital form of prosopagnosia b. An acquired aphasia c. A form of locked-in syndrome d. A disorder in which loved ones are accurately recognized, but believed to be "impostors"

d. A disorder in which loved ones are accurately recognized but believed to be "impostors"

Which of the following is a limitation of lesion-based insights from the field of neuropsychology? a. Experimenters usually have to rely only on case studies. b. It's difficult to be sure what a person's cognitive functioning was prior to brain damage. c. It's rare for brain damage to be restricted to a specific area. d. All of the above.

d. All of the above

Ramon is looking at photos of athletes in a sports magazine. He is focusing on their body parts, particularly their chest and legs. Which part of Ramon's brain is most likely activated by this viewing? a. Functional magnetic area (FMA) b. Fusiform face area (FFA) c. Parahippocampal place area (PPA) d. Extrastriate body area (EBA)

d. Extrastriate body area (EBA)

The results of Gauthier's "Greeble" experiment (in which she trained participants to discriminate novel, face-like objects) illustrate a. that training a monkey to recognize the difference between common objects can influence how the monkey's neurons fire to these objects b. that neurons specialized to respond to faces are present in our brains when we are born c. that our nervous systems remain fairly stable in different environments d. an effect of experience-dependent plasticity

d. an effect of experience dependent plasticity

If kittens are raised in an environment that contains only verticals, you would predict that most of the neurons in their visual cortex would respond best to the visual presentation of a a. face b. brick wall c. pointillist painting d. picket fence (upright fence posts)

d. picket fence (upright fence posts)

You are at a parade where there are a number of marching bands mixed together in a huge group. You perceive the bands that are all in the same uniforms as being grouped together. The red uniforms are one band, the green uniforms another, and so forth. You have this perceptual experience because of the principle of a. pragnanz b. simplicity c. familiarity d. similarity

d. similarity

Edgar Adrian studied the relationship between nerve firing and sensory experience by measuring how the firing of a neuron from a receptor in the skin changed as he applied more pressure to the skin. He found that a. the rate of nerve firing decreased as he increased the pressure b. the shape and height of the action potential increased as he increased the pressure c. the shape and height of the action potential decreased as he increased the pressure d. the rate of nerve firing increased as he increased the pressure

d. the rate of nerve firing increased as he increased the pressure

According to Treisman's attenuation model, which of the following would you expect to have the highest threshold for most people? a. The word "home" b. Their child's first name c. The word "money" d. The word "platypus"

d. the word "platypus"