Psych Exam 2

clive wearing was a choral director who contracted ciral encephalitis that destroyed part of his brain. as a result, he developed ___________ amnesia

anterograde and retrograde

piaget's cognitive theory of development and erikson's psychosocial theory of development are similar in that

both view developmental as universal and discontinuous

Zeke has just realized that subtraction is simply the opposite or reverse of addition, so 2 + 2 = 4 is closely related to 4 - 2 = 2. Wow! What stage of cognitive development is Zeke going through?

concrete operational

because she is so cute, elise's neighbor gives her a king size hershey's bar on halloween. her brother, jack, is extremely jealous so he offers her a trade: two tootsie rolls for her hershey bar. she gladly accepts because she doesn't yet understand

conservation

Dr. Wilkinson, a pediatric doctor, tells her patients: "it's really about following a child over time and making sure that they're making progress in skills, rather than asking whether they have a skill at an exact time point." based on this quote, dr. wilkinson most likely believes that development is

continuous

rhonda, mother of three, insists that development happens in distinct stages. rhonda argues for __________ development but carolyn sees development as _________

continuous; discontinuous

daniel excitedly yells from the backseat of the car to his mom, telling her to look at the bug crawling on his seat. he doesn't yet understand that his mom can't see his carseat while she's driving. this inability to see from another perspective is known as

egocentrism

study is to ________ as tests are to ________

encoding; retrieval

those long term memories which we are consciously aware of and can actively retrieve from memory are called

explicit memory

when a previously learned behavior disappears because the conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus, we call it

extinction

using algorithms to solve problems can be compared to

following the instruction manual

you have a very fragile glass vase that you need to ship to your mother for mother's day but you have no packing materials. all you have is popcorn that you are eating. you don't see that you can use popcorn as packing material. this is best explained by

funtional fixedness

according to Vygotsky, the zone of proximal development refers to the level of development or amount of knowledge

just above a learner's current abilities, reached with help from another

acquiring knowledge and skills through experience is called

learning

throughout his psychosocial theory of development, erik erikson proposed that at each stage of development there is a

milestone or skill that we work to achieve

bandura argued that classical conditioning and operant conditioning approaches could not explain why learning can take place in the absence of external reinforcement. thus, an important step in his social cognitive learning theory is __________, during which an organism decides whether they will imitate a model

motivation

wendys belief that rabbits are cute, fun, and intelligent animals is an example of a

natural concept

a light is turned on in front of a hungry dog a few seconds before it is given a small piece of meat. the first time this happens in an experiment like the one that pavlov conducted, the light is considered to be

neutral stimulus

developmental psychologists study the _________ that occurs throughout life

physical, cognitive, and psychosocial changes

janelle gets a dollar from her mom every time she learns a song on the piano. this increases her desire to practice the piano and is an example of

positive reinforcement

arianna was an accomplished gymnast in her youth but hasn't been to the gym for nearly 10 years. despite this, with some prompting from her old coach, she's able to do almost her entire uneven bar routine. this is an example of

procedural memory

For categories such as "shirt" or "bookshelf", which are larger since we encounter instances more frequently, we are most likely using the ___________ representational approach

prototype

you are watching a movie and recognize an actor. even though you know the person's name, you're struggling to identify their name. this is an example of

retrieval failure

demarcus suffered a concussion in his first lacrosse match, causing him to forget everything that happened prior to the match. he has

retrograde amnesia

a child sees a guinea pig for the first time and says, "rabbit." after explanation that it is fact not a bunny rabbit, the child modifies her _______ of rabbits to include only animals with long years. this is an example of

schemata; accommodation

according to the principles of social learning theory, claire is likely to demonstrate aggressive behavior if she

sees a character on t.v. get rewarded for being violent towards another character

memory of brief events, like the smell of french fries you pass on the way to the corner store, are stored in __________ memory

sensory

jarren wants his dog to play dead when he says "bang bang" so he begins by giving him a treat each time that he crouches down after giving the command. eventually he'll get him to roll over and then lay on his back with his legs outstretched. this is an example of

shaping

you are about to take an exam, and you spend a few extra minutes going over your notes. you understand certain topics well, but you are not so sure about others. as soon as the professor hands out the test, you scribble down those few terms you are not very confident about before you forget them. you likely stored these terms in

short term memory

you arrive at the local shopping mall to pick up a few things. the parking lot is crowded, but you find a spot toward the back. while in the mall, you do not think about your parking spot, but you have no trouble remembering where you parked when it is time to leave. this scenario illustrates your brain's ability to ________________ information

store

how does someone who has never been to starbucks before know to order and pay at the counter then wait for their food to be ready

the individual already has a concept for coffee shops and can apply this concept to starbucks

you are trying to enter a prize drawing at the ratio station but the lines are busy. you continue to call every 1-5 minutes hoping to get on the air. which reinforcement schedule is this

variable interval

when retrieving memory...

we piece together the parts of the memory which were encoded and stored separately

mental sets occur

when you approach a problem the same way, even if it is ineffective

"success" is an example of a

abstract concept

allien understands that his introduction to psychology course, he will be learning about the mind and behavior. importantly, he understands that we can understand and explain mental processes without being able to physically observe those processes. thus, he has developed

abstract reasoning

officially, insects are a class of invertebrates a three part body, three pairs of jointed legs, compound eyes and one pair of antennae. this description is

an artificial concept

which is an example of classical conditioning a) being afraid of thunder and lightning because the last two times you were in a thunderstorm, there were also tornadoes b) blindfolding someone and timing him to see how long he takes to find a button hidden in a room c) telling students they fill up a jar with tokens for good behavior, then they will get a pizza party at the end of the year

a

which of the following is an example of fixed ratio reinforcement schedule a) getting five bucks from your parents every time you learn 3 new songs on the violin b) playing the slot machine c) feeding your fish every day at 8 am d) checking facebook for new posts and notifications

a

negative punishment refers to a situation where

a behavior decreased because something desirable was eliminated through engaging in the behavior

according to erikson, which conflict might 14 year old hannah face in her development stage a) intimacy vs isolation b) identity vs role confusion c) trust vs mistrust

b

which of the following is an example of an ill-defined problem a) converting temperature from celsius to Fahrenheit b) designing a new all electric SUV c) this homework question

b

which is an example of operant conditioning a) the Dragon guarding the vaults at gringotts widarding bank is trained to fear a clanking noise because it associates the noise with an electric shock b) exam anxiety in response to testing conditions c) giving yourself one piece of candy after you complete one math problem

c

which of the following is an example of a reflex a) feeling anxious about having to speak in front of the class b) becoming bored during a movie c) quickly removing your hand when it's pricked with a wooden splinter d) becoming defensive if you feel like someone is upset with you

c

Marilyn is interested in how memory evolves throughout a lifetime; her main research focus is how the different types of memory evolve in childhood and throughout adulthood. marilyn focuses on which domain of development

cognitive

working memory is

distinct from short term memory in that we use our working memory to both store and manipulate information

madison needs to wrap a present but doesn't have any wrapping paper. she quickly searches the apartment and finds a brown grocery bag to use instead. this is an example of

divergent thinking

how does the ability to categorize help humans

if we know something belongs to a certain category, we do not need to relearn the properties of that category for that item

which is the faster technique for solving a problem

heuristics

the standard model of consolidation emphasizes the importance of the __________, which is extremely active when memories are first formed and then later less active once the information to be remembered has been consolidated

hippocampus

based on changes in the weather, bears typically hibernate for half the year. this is an example of an innate behavior, known as

instinct

michelle is struggling with graphing quadratic equations in her college algebra class. in particular, she keeps confusing how to find the x and y intercepts. her memory errors are most likely caused by

interference

what is erikson's primary developmental conflict of early adulthood

intimacy vs isolation

the prototype and exemplar representational views of concepts suggest that novel objects in the environment are classified based on

their similarity to a stored category representation

Brad and Angie fell in love one summer when Brad used to bring his golden retriever to play in the park where Angie liked to jog. The sight of a golden retriever always makes her think about Brad. But today, as Angie ran in the park, she saw a Labrador retriever, and she immediately thought about Brad. What happened?

this is an example of stimulus generalization

tyler and eric agree that spiders have eight legs, but tyler thinks spiders are scary and gross, while eric finds them nice and interesting. what explains the differences between what tyler thinks and what eric thinks

tyler and eric have different concepts of spiders

theories which propose that the sequence of development is the same for everyone regardless of their specific environmental or biological factors are considered

universal

long term memory storage appears to be

unlimited