Psych Exam 2
What percentage of adults in the United States experience restless legs syndrome?
15%
After a period of _____, most coma patients recover, move to a vegetative state, or die.
2 to 4 weeks
Which of the following would be characteristic of someone in Stage 1 N-REM sleep?
An EEG similar to that of a drowsy, waking person
What is a token economy?
An economy in which tokens take on value because they can be exchanged for valued goods
Consider the following scenarios. Which person displays characteristic signs of a persistent vegetative state?
Andrew is in a coma; his mother is hopeful because he occasionally opens his eyes and sometimes smiles or cries, but Andrew's doctors tell her that these actions are random.
Sam suffers from restless legs syndrome. From what other disorder is Sam likely to suffer?
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Which of the following statements describes a belief of the early behaviorists?
Behavior follows the same general rules across species.
Which of the following would be characteristic of someone in REM sleep?
Brain activity similar to that of an awake person but with the external appearance of deep sleep
An animal's light-dark cycle, which for humans is 24 hours, is otherwise known as its _____.
Circadian Rhythm
Zolpidem (Ambien) can help both onset and maintenance sleep, but it has significant side effects. Which of the following is a known side effect of Ambien?
Driving or walking while asleep
Varying states of awareness can be described using ____ recordings, which provide a general measure of overall brain activity.
EEG
The inhibition of which neurotransmitter contributes to the onset of seizure activity?
GABA
_____ waves accompany the processing of sensory input, particularly visual stimuli.
Gamma
Natalia, who suffers from epilepsy, experiences a seizure in which she completely loses consciousness, stops breathing, and thrashes about uncontrollably. Natalia experienced which type of seizure?
Generalized tonic-clonic
Internal biological clocks interact with external stimuli, referred to by the ____.
German term zeitgebers
Which scenario best illustrates the concept of a night terror?
Hector demonstrates acute distress even though he is asleep. When his roommate wakes him up, he is confused and does not remember being upset.
What is the evidence to suggest that sleep plays an important role in repairing the body?
Human growth hormone is released during Stages 3 and 4 of N-REM sleep.
What indicates that imitation provides adaptive advantages?
Imitation is frequently used in the animal world.
What is true of operant conditioning?
It generally involves voluntary behaviors.
Which of the following is a correct statement about the default mode network (DMN) in the brain?
It maintains unconscious activity that prepares the brain for conscious thought.
What is the relationship between caffeine and Parkinson's disease?
It negatively correlates with Parkinson's disease.
From an evolutionary perspective, why is the conscious awareness of ongoing sensations advantageous for animals?
It provides the opportunity to choose responses rather than to respond instinctively.
Which of the following statements is true of latent inhibition?
Learning associated with latent inhibition is slow, resulting in relatively poor learning.
What is observational learning?
Learning by watching someone else
What mechanism is responsible for the process of extinction?
New learning overrides old learning.
_____ is also known as social learning or modeling and occurs when one organism learns by watching the actions of another organism.
Observational learning
Being conscious means to know or be aware of _____, both internally and in the world around us.
Ongoing Experiences
Which of the following is a possible explanation for why animals have evolved to have various states of alertness?
Sleep allows animals to repair their bodies and conserve energy.
Approximately an hour after falling asleep, Daisy's roommate repeatedly shakes her shoulder and asks Daisy to move her car out of the driveway. Daisy takes several minutes to respond to her roommate and then opens the refrigerator to find her keys. Daisy was most likely in ____.
Stage 3 or 4 N-REM
Which of the following phrases describes the different mental states of students in your class, whether it be drowsy, full of energy, or somewhere in-between?
State of Awareness
Brain death is identified as _____.
a complete and irreversible lack of measurable brain activity
More than 8 million Americans have reported ____.
a near death experience
Sara allows her dog, Isabel, to run freely at a local park. When a truck drives by and its engine backfires loudly, Isabel quickly jumps up on her hind legs and barks loudly. Isabel's response illustrates ____.
a reflex
Jim and his father are watching the ball game on television. Jim's father starts to yawn and Jim soon follows. This is an example of ____.
an instinct
A reaction to a given stimulus that requires no previous experience is referred to as ____.
an unconditioned response
Keller and Marion Breland, two of B. F. Skinner's former students who used operant conditioning to train animals for entertainment, found that ____.
animals tended to revert to instinctive behaviors even after they had acquired new (non-instinctive) behaviors
Sleep ________ is a sleep disorder in which a person stops breathing while asleep.
apnea
During ___ activity, a person is actively thinking and alert.
beta
Carlos stands in front of his Thursday night slam poetry group to recite his most recent work. He suddenly experiences temporary muscle paralysis but does not lose consciousness, a condition called ____.
cataplexy
The tendency to respond to stimuli that are similar to an original conditioned stimulus is called ____.
generalization
Sleep apnea can increase the risk for _____.
heart disease
Learning in which stimuli associated with a conditioned stimulus also elicit conditioned response is called ____.
higher-order conditioning
The Student Union is holding its weekly Friday night "De-stress 'til Dawn" mixer. Brandon is hungry, Shelby is tired, and Tina feels cold. Which brain structure controls the internal biological clocks responsible for regulating these processes?
hypothalamus
Patients with narcolepsy have damaged or missing cells in their ____, which disrupt the production of ________.
hypothalamus; orexin
Copying a behavior that is unlikely to occur naturally and spontaneously is referred to as ____.
imitation
In what process do mirror neurons play a key role?
imitation
Which process best illustrates the effect of development stages on the interaction between instinct and learning?
imprinting
Peter's mother normally arrives home from work in a terrible mood, causing Peter extreme anxiety. However, when Peter sees that his mother is wearing sweatpants, Peter feels at ease, knowing that she has been home from work for a while. Peter's recognition that the sweatpants indicate that there is no reason to feel anxious illustrates ____.
inhibition
When a conditioned stimulus can predict the nonoccurrence of an unconditioned stimulus, this is referred to as ____.
inhibition
The Brelands concluded that animals' strong instinctive behaviors predominated over behaviors that had been conditioned, which they described as ____.
instinctive drift
Undergraduate student Gabrielle is writing a research paper on the physiological effects of commonly used drugs, such as caffeine. As her well-informed friend, you tell Gabrielle that caffeine is known to ____.
interfere with adenosine-induced inhibition in the brain
Strong out-of-body sensations and other near-death phenomena occur in volunteers using _____.
ketamine
Learning that occurs in the absence of reinforcement is referred to as ____.
latent learning
Which process below is defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience?
learning
Dora has no problem falling asleep each night, but she wakes up frequently in the middle of the night and often cannot fall back asleep. From what type of insomnia does Dora suffer?
maintenance insomnia
Study participants who were selectively deprived of Stages 3 and 4 N-REM sleep reported ____.
muscle and joint pain
Consuela stands in front of her U.S. history class to give a presentation. She suddenly loses consciousness and suffers a sleep attack referred to as ____.
narcolepsy
Richard, who is 16 years old, misses his curfew and is grounded by his parents. He is not allowed to leave the house, see his friends, or use his cell phone for one week. His parent's actions illustrate ____.
negative punishment
The method for increasing behaviors that allow an organism to escape or avoid an unpleasant consequence is referred to as ____.
negative reinforcement
Learning that involves changes in the magnitude of responses to a specific stimulus is referred to as ____ learning. This type of learning does not involve the formation of connections between stimuli.
nonassociative
The activation-synthesis theory of dreaming suggests that the content of dreams reflects _____.
ongoing neural activity
After cardiac arrest, Teresa's father, Ike, is in a coma. Ike's doctor explains to Teresa that his brain activity shows ____.
only alpha waves that are distinct from those of a normal sleeping pattern
_____ insomnia is when a person lies in bed for a long period and is unable to go to sleep.
onset
The process of associating a behavior with its consequences is known as ____.
operant conditioning
The reinforcement of a desired behavior on some occasions, but not others, is called ____ reinforcement.
partial
A consequence that eliminates or reduces the frequency of a behavior by applying an aversive stimulus is referred to as ____.
positive punishment
Both Thorndike and Skinner agreed that ____ is a powerful tool for managing behavior.
positive reinforcement
Inevitable, involuntary responses to stimuli that are primarily controlled by circuits located in the spinal cord and brainstem are referred to as ____.
reflexes
Either past or anticipated ____ encourages us to model another person's behavior.
reinforcement
Bandura identified four necessary cognitive processes in the modeling of others' behavior: attention, _____, reproduction, and motivation.
retention
In experienced meditators, EEG recordings of the frontal lobes of the brain during meditation feature increased levels of which type of brain waves?
theta waves
Which of the following may be an effective treatment for recurring, upsetting nightmares?
training in lucid dreaming
A stroke affecting a single hemisphere typically does not lead to coma.
true
Creative people form new associations with familiar stimuli faster than most people do.
true
The key to an effective token economy is to offer ultimate rewards that are valuable to the people you wish to motivate.
true
Vegetative state often follows a period of coma.
true
________ coined the term "stream of consciousness" to capture the moving, seemingly unbroken, flow of conscious awareness.
william james
_____consists of a set of behaviors that are the opposite of those produced by a drug.
withdrawal
Eli is afraid of bees, and has been ever since he was nearly stung by one a few months ago. Lately, his father has been very distressed to see that Eli is now afraid of any flying insect, even tiny ones like gnats. The fact that Eli gets terribly afraid and runs to another room whenever he sees a flying bug demonstrates _____.
generalization
If people are continuously exposed to an unchanging stimulus that they know will not cause them harm, they will most likely ____.
habituate to the stimulus
Sleeping better the second night in a hotel than the first night after adjusting to the environment is an example of ____.
habituation
What is true of opiates?
Opiates have legitimate medical purposes, such as the control of diarrhea
Which process gives organisms the flexibility to survive in a changing world?
learning
Aurora talks to her therapist about a recurring dream in which she encounters a ferocious lion that has just escaped from local zoo. She works with her therapist to learn how to form a conscious awareness of the dream and to control the dream by turning the lion into a kitten. What technique is Aurora using
lucid dreaming
Richard Dawkins referred to the basic unit of cultural transmission as a _____.
meme
_____ such as melodies and religious beliefs are transmitted by observational learning from one person to another.
memes
Why does associative learning provide an enormous survival advantage?
Organisms are able to predict the future and thus are given time to prepare for future events.
As Katie hears a song on the radio, she feels stressed: her heart races, her hands become clammy, and her breathing becomes rapid. The song is familiar because it was very popular at a time when her parents were going through a divorce that caused Katie intense anxiety. In this scenario, identify the unconditioned stimulus.
Parents fighting
Lucia, who experiences extreme anxiety when taking an exam, practices meditation breathing to reduce her anxiety before taking a test. Her meditation breathing is an example of ____.
negative reinforcement
Dreams of not being able to move in a dangerous situation might accurately mirror muscle paralysis present during the ___ state.
REM
Tao wakes up his roommate Don so that he doesn't miss his morning classes again. Don tells Tao, "I wish you hadn't woken me up, I was about to land on Mars after winning a fierce battle against flying jellyfish." Don was most likely in ____.
REM sleep
Learning is traditionally divided into three categories: associative, nonassociative, and ____.
observational
What physiological response may be responsible for the phenomenon of a near-death experience characterized by out-of-body experiences, the perception of light at the end of a tunnel, and the state of calmness?
Release of chemicals to minimize cell loss in the brain
What was a key finding of the Bobo doll experiment?
Reprimanding the adult for her aggressive behavior slightly reduced the children's aggressive behavior.
What brain structure is responsible for raising or lowering the thresholds of conscious awareness?
Reticular Formation
Tasha runs a day care center. She places birthday hats on a group of children to celebrate 1-year-old Chantal's birthday. Tasha notices that when Chantal passes by a mirror she grabs for the hat by reaching for the mirror instead of reaching for her own head. Tasha picks up the baby and helps her find her hat. What aspect of consciousness has Chantal not yet reached?
Self Awareness
Dr. Goddard is studying the behavioral effects of MDMA (Ecstasy) using a rat model. He would measure increased release of which hormones in response to MDMA treatment?
Serotonin and oxytocin
Debi lights up a cigarette before her creative writing class. How is the nicotine in the cigarette likely to affect Debi?
She will be more alert and more relaxed.
According to the Turing Test, if a human had a conversation with two other beings, one human and one machine, without being able to distinguish between them, then the machine would have _____.
passed the test
Carl's wife, Juanita, is unhappy that her husband's new shift as a security guard is from 11:00 p.m. to 8:00 a.m. She complains to her husband that since he started his new job, he has been having health, personality, mood, and interpersonal problems. What condition might Carl have?
Shift maladaption syndrome
Patti finds her husband, Derek, asleep in his recliner. She gently touches his shoulder and says, "Derek, wake up; the dog needs to go out." Derek abruptly responds, "Patti, I am awake!" Derek was most likely in ____.
Stage 1 N-REM sleep
Fifteen minutes after falling asleep, Duke is not awakened by the refrigerator cycling on. He is, however, awakened by his roommate opening the refrigerator door. Duke is most likely in ____.
Stage 2 N-REM
Consciousness requires complex interactions between the cerebral cortex and the ____.
Thalamus
How much more activity does the brain exhibit when it is focused on an activity?
The brain exhibits about 5% more activity when a person is focused compared with when they are unfocused.
What did the children in Bandura's study on aggression do after they observed adults hitting a doll, then being reprimanded?
The children hit the doll themselves.
In Garcia and Koelling's taste-aversion study, why were the rats unable to associate a bright noisy stimulus with feeling ill?
The rats relied more on taste and smell than on vision and hearing to identify food.
What was a key implication of Garcia and Koelling's classic taste-aversion studies?
The studies challenged Pavlov's views on the interchangeability of stimuli and brought up new information about different organisms' predispositions to learn things.
What is the physiological basis for night terrors?
The transition from Stage 4 N-REM sleep upward into REM goes awry.
Which of the following would decrease the likelihood of acquisition?
The unconditioned stimulus is presented long after the conditioned stimulus.
Vanessa crams for her anatomy and physiology final by staying up the entire night before the exam. What is a likely consequence of Vanessa's actions?
Vanessa will likely perform significantly below her fullest potential because she decreased her capacity to remember the material.
Preeti discovers that her roommate Shari recently experimented with methamphetamine. Preeti, worried about her roommate, informs Shari that there are risks associated with methamphetamine use, such as the induction of symptoms associated with ____.
psychosis
Thorndike and Skinner were in agreement about the relative weakness of ____ as a means of controlling behavior.
punishment
Why do scientists believe a human infant spends about half of his or her sleep time in REM?
Why do scientists believe a human infant spends about half of his or her sleep time in REM?
Based on his experiments with rats in mazes, Edward Tolman believed that ____.
rats developed a cognitive map for where they could find food
Among the brain structures that are believed to participate in consciousness are the cerebral cortex, thalamus, and _____.
reticular formation
_____ are uncontrolled electrical disturbances in the brain that are often correlated with changes in consciousness.
seizures
After a devastating fire that destroyed her home, Lisbeth finds that she is startled by the sound of car horns and sirens, the smell of smoke, and loud noises. This is an example of ____.
sensitization
Some cases of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) may include biological vulnerabilities in the function of which neurotransmitter?
serotonin
Patients who recover after a cardiac arrest or some other life-threatening condition often report _____.
similar experiences
A modified cage containing levers or buttons that can be pressed or pecked by animals and is used to investigate operant conditioning is called a ____.
skinner box
Michael sleeps every night with a loud and somewhat disruptive machine that uses a mask to regulate airflow into his lungs. Which diagnosis might Michael have received?
sleep apnea
Twin studies suggest that there is a genetic predisposition to _____.
sleep terrors
_____ during the cycle for which animals are poorly equipped for activity might contribute to survival.
sleeping
In humans, most reflexes are controlled by nervous system circuits located in the ____.
spinal cord and brainstem
Greg, who mainly smoked cigarettes when out with friends, recently quit smoking. However, each time he visits a bar or restaurant with his friends, he has the strong urge to light up a cigarette. This is an example of ____.
spontaneous recovery
The reappearance of conditioned responses after periods of rest between sessions of extinction training is called ____.
spontaneous recovery
Thorndike's law of effect states that behavior is ____.
stamped into an animal relative to the consequences of the behavior
Alicia is fascinated to learn about the Native American practice of vision quests in her Native American cultures class. She learns that to initiate an altered state of consciousness, Native Americans would engage in ____.
starvation and sleep loss
____ occurs when a healthy infant simply dies while asleep.
sudden infant death syndrome
A reaction to a given stimulus that is learned or acquired over time is referred to as ____.
a conditioned response
An environmental cue or event whose significance is learned is referred to as ____.
a conditioned stimulus
When experienced practitioners are asked to describe the subjective experience produced by meditation, they describe ____.
a conscious state without thought, accompanied by a blissful emotional state
As Angel speeds down Elm Avenue, he suddenly slams on his brakes to avoid a collision with another car. Angel's response is an example of ____.
a learned behavior
According to Rescorla and Wagner, the association between a conditioned stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus is strongest when the association is ____.
surprising
Counterconditioning, in which people relax while being exposed to stimuli that elicit fear, is referred to as ____.
systematic desensitization
Kendyl was born with a congenital disorder that prevents her eyes from sensing light; her fraternal twin brother, Gabe, was born with normal vision. Compared with Gabe, Kendyl will likely have ____.
a longer circadian cycle
Based on the work of Richard Dawkins, the basic unit of cultural transmission is known as ____.
a meme
In a person with sleep apnea, breathing can stop for _____ during sleep, leaving the sleeper gasping for air.
a minute or two
Regina wakes her husband in the middle of the night and asks, "Where am I? This isn't our bedroom." After a visit to the emergency department, Regina learns that she likely suffered a partial seizure originating in her ____ lobe.
temporal
The major psychoactive chemical in marijuana is ____.
tetrahydrocannabinol
Exposure to ____ is a known risk factor for Sudden Infant Death Syndrome.
tobacco smoke
When Gregg first started drinking alcohol, he needed only one or two beers to feel "buzzed"; now he needs at least four or five beers before he feels anything. What process describes Gregg's need for more alcohol before feeling its effects?
tolerance
Muscle paralysis that lingers with narcolepsy once the person awakes can be resolved by _____.
touching the person
What type of stimulus elicits a response without prior experience—that is, without learning having taken place?
unconditioned
The development of a conditioned response is called ____.
acquisition
In contrast to patients in a coma, patients in a vegetative state look _____.
unhealthy
A schedule of partial reinforcement in which the first response after a specified period of time will be reinforced is called a ____ schedule.
variable ratio
Children are most likely to pattern their own behavior on the ____ of their parents.
actions
A person showing _____ activity is awake but relaxed.
alpha
Jordan typically has at least three cups of coffee throughout the day. She decides to cut her coffee habit cold turkey but experiences severe lethargy despite having a good night's sleep. Jordan is experiencing ____.
withdrawal symptoms
Which condition is characterized by a lack of back-and-forth imitation of gestures and facial expressions during infancy and deficits in empathy and social skills later in life?
autism
One of the most dramatic applications of behavior therapy is the treatment for _____ pioneered by O. Ivar Lovaas.
autism spectrum disorder
Imaging studies using functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) suggest that meditation represents a voluntary regulation of attention and ____ functions.
autonomic
Ira has a problem wherein he tends to speak without thinking, and this has caused him to lose friends and damage relationships at work. To reduce the frequency of this behavior, Ira wears a rubber band that fits loosely around his wrist. Whenever he begins to speak without thinking, he snaps himself with the rubber band just hard enough to sting a little bit. This is an example of ______ therapy.
aversion
The formation of associations between two stimuli that occur sequentially in time is referred to as ____.
classical conditioning
Although tolerance and withdrawal are two hallmark symptoms of physical dependence on a drug, not all addictive drugs display these features. For example, _____ is quite addictive despite its lack of withdrawal symptoms.
cocaine
Since seizures are correlated with changes in consciousness, they provide evidence that _____.
cortical activity is correlated with consciousness
Tim, who suffers from alcoholism, is prescribed disulfiram by his doctor to help him halt his alcohol consumption. Disulfiram works by causing unpleasant physiological effects when even small amounts of alcohol are consumed. This type of treatment is best described as ____.
counterconditioning
Rates of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome in the United States were cut in half between 1992 and 2003, when the American Academy of Pediatrics began telling parents to put infants to sleep on their ____.
backs
Restless legs syndrome (RLS) results from a gene variant that is active only during early prenatal development in the _____.
basal ganglia
Sam has recently been given a prescription for a mild opiate medication by her physician. This drug is most likely being used to help control which of the following ailments?
A persistent, nagging cough
Which is NOT true of a person in a state of coma?
A person may respond to pain and light.
Nicotine mimics the action of which neurotransmitter?
Acetylcholine
What distinguishes a reflex from an instinct?
An instinct is a more complex behavior than a reflex.
Which of the following is an example of nonassociative learning?
Andrea recently learned how to drive a car. At first she found merging into highway traffic very stressful, but now she can do it with ease.
Recent research focusing on morning people (larks) and night people (owls) suggests that ________.
being a lark or an owl may be due to genetic influence
What type of brain waveforms does a person in REM sleep display before being awakened?
beta waves
What is the evidence to suggest that abrupt changes to one's daily schedule are detrimental to human behavior?
Changing to daylight savings time correlates with increased automobile accidents.
What is a key distinction between classical conditioning and operant conditioning?
Classical conditioning generally works best with involuntary, reflexive behaviors; operant conditioning involves voluntary behaviors.
What is a key distinction between classical conditioning and operant conditioning?
Classical conditioning makes associations between two stimuli; operant conditioning associates a behavior with its consequence.
Corrina finds a quiet cubicle at the library and prepares for a long night of studying. While she studies, she is also aware of the conversation taking place at the next table. What aspect of consciousness describes Corrina's awareness of both her textbook material and the other conversation?
Content of Awareness
Activity in the ________ of the brain corresponds to mind wandering, thinking about the self, and preparing for conscious thought.
default mode network (DMN)
Which condition does NOT have to be met for punishment to have observable effects on behavior?
delayed response
Which of the following individuals is likely to have a longer than usual circadian rhythm?
Dan, who has worked on a submarine far below the surface of the water for the past 3 months.
The recognition that two different stimuli call for two different responses is known as ____.
discrimination
RLS is characterized by differences in _____ functioning.
dopamine
Which of these would be characteristic of someone in Stage 4 N-REM sleep?
Deep sleep with disorientation before waking
Psychologist Dr. Martinez uses systematic desensitization to help his client Catherine address her extreme fear of heights. What technique is Dr. Martinez likely to use?
Dr. Martinez teaches Catherine relaxation techniques then gradually, through guided imagery, asks her to imagine herself in a high place. If she starts to feel anxious, they temporarily return to the relaxation techniques.
The part of the brain that has been found to be most active during lucid dreaming is the ________, which suggests that such dreams occur when this brain area just wakes up during sleep.
dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
____ is NOT a common cause for maintenance insomnia.
eating late at night
Tim would like to stop drinking alcohol, but he is finding it difficult to resist the urge to drink when he meets up with friends. Tim's therapist assures him that if he can resist the urge to drink during these social events, his cravings for alcohol will diminish even further, eventually fading away. What process is Tim's therapist describing?
Extinction
All of us respond positively to token economies, but they are especially useful in ____ settings.
educational and institutional
People who appear to be high in the area of ____ show stronger activation than other people in identified mirror systems in the human brain.
empathy
Why is observational learning advantageous?
It allows you to learn without experiencing negative consequences.
Megan is contemplating trying lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) at a party. As her friend, what warning would you give her?
It can cause hallucinations days after using the drug.
Why is the process of sensitization advantageous?
It improves reaction time.
What is a disadvantage of continuous reinforcement?
It is not convenient to do so for an extended time period.
Some researchers restrict the possibility of self-aware consciousness to species that ____.
exhibit complex social behavior
When Roxie was a puppy, she would jump excitedly on anyone who entered the house, receiving praise for her actions. Now that Roxie weighs 65 lb, Roxie's owner has asked everyone who enters the house to ignore the dog until she settles down. This scenario illustrates the use of ____.
extinction
Which of the following is a primary advantage of observational learning?
It transmits information across generations within families and cultures.
The imitation of ____ might serve as a building block on the road to achieving empathy.
facial expressions
A person in a vegetative state is not responsive to pain.
false
Technologies do NOT artificially maintain certain bodily functions such as respiration and blood circulation.
false
A schedule of partial reinforcement in which the first response after a specified period of time will be reinforced is called a ____ schedule.
fixed interval
A schedule of reinforcement in which reinforcement occurs after a set number of behaviors is called a ____ schedule.
fixed ratio
