PSYCH EXAM 2

The idea that memory formation is a simultaneous process is reflected in the __________.

Parallel distributed processing model

According to the semantic network model of memory, to which of the following statements might an individual correctly respond "true" or "false" in the LEAST amount of time?

"An orange is orange"

Humans have a total of _____ chromosomes in each cell of their bodies.

46

In real life, information that has just entered iconic memory will be pushed out very quickly by new information. Research suggests that after _________, old information is replaced by new information.

A quarter of a second

An unlearned, involuntary response, such as salivating when presented with food, is _________.

A reflex

In order to increase reading among the students in her class, Mrs. Gomez, a second-grade teacher, has students record their reading by placing stickers on a large chart. For every ten stickers, students receive a new book. Mrs. Gomez is using _____________.

A token economy

If your professor gives pop quizzes, this is an example of ________.

A variable interval schedule of reinforcement

Which is an example of a recognition task?

A word-search puzzle

Echoic memory lasts ____________ iconic memory.

About two to four seconds longer than

Research suggests a link between spanking and ________.

Aggression in children

The Brelands determined that most Skinnerian behaviorists made the false assumption that ___________.

All responses are equally able to be conditioned to any stimulus

Quincy had a terrifying experience in which he was attacked by a dog. This memory is likely stored in the ___________.

Amygdala

Psychologists consider memory to be _______.

An active system

During the embryonic period, the embryo ____________.

Becomes vulnerable to diseases the mother may have

For each day of the week that Tanya is good, she earns a fake dollar from her teacher. By the end of every week, Tanya has the option of using her dollars to buy something from the school store or saving them to buy something at a later time. The issue of fake dollars in response to good behaviors is an example of ___________.

Behavior modification

A researcher spends her entire career comparing the relative influences of heredity and environment on the development of alcoholism in men. This researcher works in the field of ________________.

Behavioral genetics

Birds, who find their food by sight, will avoid any object or insect that simply looks like the one that made them sick. This is a result of _________.

Biological preparedness

The mental events that take place inside a person's mind while behaving are known as __________.

Cognition

Carla was bitten by a dog when she was a toddler. She's older now, but still backs up in fear whenever a dog approaches her. This is an example of __________.

Conditioned emotional response

When a previously neutral stimulus, through repeated pairing with unconditioned stimulus, begins to cause the same kind of reflexive response, the neutral stimulus has become __________.

Conditioned stimulus

When the mass of cells does not completely split apart the result is ___________.

Conjoined twins

The heart of operant conditioning is the effect of ______ on behavior.

Consequences

When a memory is being formed, several changes take place in the brain in a process called __________.

Consolidation

An example of a conditioned taste aversion is when ________.

Coyotes ate sheep laced with lithium chloride, got extremely sick that one time, then stopped eating sheep meat

Dr. Austin is studying the effects of aging on memory. She gives an initial test of memory to a group of 40 year olds. Then she follows both groups of participants for a period of 5 years, regularly giving them memory tests during that time. Which research design is Dr. Austin using?

Cross-sequential

A _____________ will always be expressed in the observable trait.

Dominant gene

Studies related to improving or maintaining the health of a person's memory have shown that _________________.

Eating fish with a high DHA content improves memory function

One may transfer information from short-term memory (STM) into long-term memory (LTM) by __________________.

Elaborative rehearsal

The set of mental operations that people perform on sensory information to convert that information into a form that is usable in the brain's storage systems is called __________.

Encoding

______________ is the tendency for memory of any kind of information to be improved if the physical surroundings available when the memory is first formed are also available when the memory is being retrieved.

Encoding specificity

____________________ is the tendency for memory of any kind of information to be improved if the physical surroundings available when the memory is first formed are also available when the memory is being retrieved.

Encoding specificity

In classical conditioning, _______ is the disappearance or weakening of a learned response following the removal or absence of the unconditioned stimulus.

Extinction

The most likely time for a miscarriage is in the _______________.

First 3 months

After she had used "maintenance rehearsal" many times, Eve's Social Security number _______________.

Found its way into her long-term memory

Which of the following describes the relationship between heredity and environmental factors in determining development?

Genes and experience can affect each other

The placenta begins to form during the _______________ period.

Germinal

In his classical conditioning experiment, Pavlov's dogs were conditioned to salivate when they _________.

Heard the sound of the metronome

The ________ is the part of the brain that is responsible for the formation of new long-term declarative memories.

Hippocampus

Which of the following is a feature of the storage stage of memory?

Holding information just long enough to work with it

In John Watson's experiment with "Little Albert", he demonstrated that _________.

Human emotional responses could be conditioned

Eduardo is watching people walk down the street, and all of a sudden, he thinks, "Was that man wearing a bright purple suit?" As a result of this thought, he looks back at the man to see if it is true. Which type of memory is responsible for Eduardo's behavior?

Iconic sensory

Donyelle find that she performs better on the exams that are given in her regular psychology classroom than in the large lecture room that is used to give midterms and finals to several sections at once. Donyelle's experience illustrates the _____________.

Importance of retrieval cues in memory

In Broadbent's filter theory, only a stimulus that is _____________ enough will be passed on to be analyzed for meaning in short-term memory (STM).

Important

If in Kohler's experiment, Sultan the chimp first used just one stick that was lying in his cage to rake the banana into the cage, and then he learned to fit two sticks together to reach a banana placed farther away. This was an example of __________.

Insight

What are two kinds of behavior that all organisms are capable of?

Involuntary and voluntary

Ebbinghaus found that forgetting ________________.

Is greatest just after learning

Research suggests that once people learn something _______.

It is always present somewhere in memory

The constrictive processing view says that every time a memory is retrieved _________.

It may be altered or revised in some way

In Seligman's study on dogs, the dogs that were not conditioned to fear the tone _________.

Jumped over the fence when the shock started

Learning that remains hidden until its application becomes useful is called _______.

Latent learning

The learning/ performance distinction is a kind of ____________.

Latent learning

____________ memory is like a giant filling system in which the "files" are individual bits and pieces of memories stored in a highly organized and interconnected fashion.

Long-term

A research design in which one participant or group of similar participants is followed and studies over a long period of time is called a ____________ design.

Longitudinal

While hypnosis may make it easier to recall some memories, it also ___________.

Makes it easier to create false memories

Changes such as an increase in height or the size of the brain are called ___________.

Maturation

Which of the following is one of Bandura's elements of observational learning?

Memory

Which of the following best describes memory schema theorist Sir Frederic Bartlett's conception of memory?

Memory is more like making up a story than it is like reading a book.

A(n) _____________ is a memory expert or someone with exceptional memory ability.

Mnemonist

__________ is learning new behavior by watching a model perform that behavior.

Observational learning

A research study found that people who look at real visual images and then are asked to simply imagine looking at visual images are _________________.

Often unable later to distinguish between the images they had really seen and the imagined images.

In most employment situations, people are paid ________.

On a fixed interval schedule of reinforcement

A teacher has decided to give "caught being good" tickets to her students when they behave according to class rules. This teacher also rewards students with gold stars each time they improve their math speed. This teacher is using __________________.

Operant conditioning

Doretha eats all of her dinner knowing that afterward she will get a bowl of ice cream. Doretha's behavior is best explained by what type of learning?

Operant conditioning

The ______________ is derived from work in the development of artificial intelligence.

Parallel distributed processing model

________ is more resistant to extinction than __________.

Partial reinforcement; continuous reinforcement

A behavior is more resistant to extinction if it is _______________?

Partially reinforced

According to Bandura, to learn anything through observation, the learner must first ___________.

Pay attention

The behavior of infants and animals can be easily reinforced using _______.

Primary reinforces

Marcia dated Davio for several years. They recently broke up and Marcia went out on a date with a man named Oliver. While on the date, Marcia mistakenly called him Davio. This is an example of _____________.

Proactive interference

Severe punishments, such as hitting, _________.

Provide a successful model for aggression

A student in fourth-grade class keeps talking out of turn, no matter how many times the teacher tells her to stop. Finally, in desperation, the teacher sends the student to the principal's office. This action of sending the student to the principal's office is a form of _________.

Punishment

Anna's mother scolds her for lying. Anna's mother is using __________.

Punishment by application

Eight-year-old Matthew has just has his favorite video game taken away from him by his mother because he was not listening when she asked him to stop playing and clean up his room. This is an example of ________________.

Punishment by removal

One of B.F. Skinner's famous experiments involved teaching ___________.

Rats to learn how to obtain food

To answer the questions in this test, which type of memory recall will you most frequently use?

Recognition

In defining learning when "_________" refers to the fact that when people learn anything, a part of their brain physically changed to record what they have learned, and that change remains even if the behavior does not.

Relatively permanent

Ruth was in a car accident that resulted in a head injury. She cannot remember the events that occurred several hours prior to the accident. Ruth is experiencing _______________.

Retrograde amnesia

Your mother tells you, "You could be in a room filled with noise, but you always hear what you want to hear." This statement best reflects which of the following concepts related to short-term memory?

Selective attention

Dr. Raime asked his students, "Who was the 'Father of Psychology' and why?" Kanye responsed , "Wilhelm Wundt, who in 1879 was credited as developing the first psychology laboratory in Leipzig, Germany," The information that Kanye was able to recall reflects which type of long-term memory?

Semantic

_____________ memory refers to the awareness of the meanings of words, concepts, and terms as well as names of objects, math skills, and so on.

Semantic

Mrs. Tuttle was 97 years old and suffered from forgetfulness and mental confusion. She was probably experiencing ______________.

Senile dementia

In the information-processing model, the first stage of memory is ___________ memory.

Sensory

The central idea of toilet training a cat is breaking down the process into a series of small stages. This is an example of ___________.

Shaping

The system of working memory processes the information in ___________.

Short-term memory

Chris learns her vocabulary words while listening to upbeat, happy music, and is then better able to remember them later if she is happy. This is called _________________.

State-dependent learning

What is the best way for a person to overcome the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon?

Stop trying to remember the information you are trying to retrieve.

Small steps in behavior that are reinforced, one after the other, to create a particular goal behavior are known as _________.

Successive approximations

Higher false recall and recognition response can be predicted by ________.

Symptoms of depression

The cognitive perspective of classical conditioning involves _________.

The mental activity of consciously expecting something else to occur.

Kevin was in a study room during which he was shown a photo of a man with straight hair. Later, he was asked if he noticed the man;s curly hair. Kevin was the convinced that the man in the photo had curly hair. This is an example of _____________.

The misinformation effect

Carl is able to remember the names of the first three presidents before he begins to have difficulty. This is _________________.

The primary effect

The information-processing model assumes that the length of time a memory will be remembered depends on __________.

The stage of memory in which it is stored

A naturally occurring stimulus that leads to an involuntary response is a/an __________.

Unconditioned stimulus

___________ is the classical conditioning of a reflex response or emotion by watching the reaction of another person.

Vicarious conditioning

Operant conditioning relies on ___________.

Voluntary behavior

In operant conditioning, responses are ___________, whereas in classical conditioning, responses are ______.

Voluntary; involuntary

Elizabeth Loftus' research determined that ______________.

What people see and hear about an event after the fact can easily affect the accuracy of their memories of that event.

Most of the time, punishment _______________.

Will only temporarily suppress a behavior

Research on __________ has implications for understanding learning and attention disorders as well as various dementia-related memory problems.

Working memory

The cell resulting from fertilization is called a(n) __________________.

Zygote