psych exam 2

Manipulation of the Independent Variable

In psychology an experiment depends on two components: random assignment of participants and:

beginning to cry

Shelby was stung by a bee once and began to cry/ experience pain. Now, when she sees a bee, she panics and begins to cry. What is the CR?

seeing a bee

Shelby was stung by a bee once and began to cry/ experience pain. Now, when she sees a bee, she panics and begins to cry. What is the CS?

experiencing pain

Shelby was stung by a bee once and began to cry/ experience pain. Now, when she sees a bee, she panics and begins to cry. What is the UR?

bee sting

Shelby was stung by a bee once and began to cry/ experience pain. Now, when she sees a bee, she panics and begins to cry. What is the US?

external validity

The extent to which one can generalize research findingsto the real world is referred to as:

calms you down and nourishes the body

The sympathetic nervous system readies your body for action and spends energy whereas the parasympathetic nervous system_________.

Relays signals from peripheral senses to the brainand conveys messages from the brain to the rest ofthe body

What does the spinal cord do?

Made of glial cells, Insulates the axon, Makes travel of the impulse through the neuron faster

What is the myelin sheath and why is it so important?

the axon's threshold is met

What needs to happen to create an action potential?

receive chemical signals

dendrites are projections from the soma that are built to?

Often learned through CC (veterans can show intense fear response to trauma-related stimuli for years)

how are phobias connected to classical conditioning ?

neural transmission

how does the brain communicate?

four

how many lobes does the cerebral cortex have?

100 trillion

how many synapses are in the brain?

soma

is the ___ is damaged the cell will die

1. Light passes through the cornea, then the pupil which is behind the cornea 2. Iris constricts or dilates the pupil to adjust amount of light allowed in 3. Cornea and lens are bent so they bend light rays which helps us sharpen images on the retina 4. The image comes in upside down, but your brain turns it right side up

light energy --> neural activity

thalamus

the hindbrain contains the following except?

somatic and autonomic nervous systems

what are located in the peripheral nervous system?

Teaches what not to do (but not what to do instead), Learn to avoid getting punished

what are the issues with punishment?

Red-green, Blue-yellow, Complete color blindness

what are the three general types of color bilndess?

show that the left hemisphere is better at language and the right hemisphere is better with spatial, artistic and musical abilities

what do lateralization studies show?

the synaptic vesicles that release neurotransmitters into the synapse for communicating with other neurons

what does the axon terminal contain?

Size nor shape is correlated to any traits

what is false about phrenology?

saliva (response)

what is the CR of pavlov's experiment?

bell

what is the CS of pavlov's experiment?

treat

what is the UCS of pavlov's experiment?

the operant influences the environment

what is the difference between operant conditioning and classical conditioning?

cerebral cortex

what is the outer surface of the forebrain?

function is localized within the brain

what is true about phrenology?

locus coeruleus

what part of the brain had ADHD and PTSD been linked to?

neuron

where are dendrites located?

brainstem

where are pons and the medulla located?

hindbrain

where are reticular formation, Locus coeruleus, and the Cerebellum located?

limbic system

where are the thalamus, hypothalamus, amygdala, and hippocampus located?

nervous system

which system is possible thanks to communication between neurons and glial cells?

Franz Joseph Gall

who was phrenology founded by?

allows people to take the sensory information and make it into something meaningful

why is perception important?

Helps us remember that threats caused us fear in the past so we remember to avoid them in the future to survive

why is the limbic system important from a survival standpoint?

positive punisher

A child must do extra chores for being mean to theirsibling.

positive reinforcer

A doctor gives a child a piece of candy for being still during vaccinations.

negative reinforcer

A person puts on sunscreen to avoid sunburn

correlational design

A research design that examines the extent to which two variables are associated is an:

negative punisher

A teacher takes five minutes off of a student's recess time for talking without permission in class.

50%

Absolute threshold is the minimum amount of energy that can be detected _______ of the time.

biological

Brody believes that his depression might be caused by a decrease in serotonin levels. This is an explanation given by which perspective of psychology?

true

T or F: Generalization is when a similar stimulus elicits the same response as the CR and Discrimination is a less pronounced (or different) CR to a different stimulus.

true

T or F: Reinforcers are more effective when they are delayed.

True

T or F: biological particlescan have a positive or negativecharge

a campus map

The CNS is often compared to a computer processor but instead it should be compared to...

reinforcers

Which is more effective in influencing behavior, reinforcers or punishments?

amygdala

Which part of the brain is activated by an effective jump scare?

learned helpnessness

a tendency to give up on efforts to control the environment

learn new things by making neural connections

neutral plasticity is important because it allows us to?

Pseudoscience

phrenology is an example of?

Positive and negative reinforcement increase the frequency of a response BUT punishments reduce the frequency of an operant behavior by presenting an unpleasant stimulus or removing a pleasant one

punishment vs reinforcement