Psych Exam 3 (9,10,12)

Piaget Formal Operational Stage

(12 plus) More complex thought processes become evident and thinking becomes sophisticated - Consists of scientific, abstract, logical thinking

Autonomy vs. Shame

1-3 years: independence

BMI Normal

18.5-25

Piaget Preoperational Stage

2-6 years old - pretend, egocentrism, language development

BMI overweight

25-30

Initiative vs. Guilt

3-6 years old - initative

BMI Obesity

30 or greater

Generativity vs. Stagnation

30-64 years old - contribute to society and be part of a family

integrity vs despair

65+ meaning of life

Piaget Concrete Operational Stage

7-11 years old - Conversation, math

Industry vs. Inferiority

7-11 years old - confidence

BMI Underweight

<18.5

Stereotype

A generalized belief about a group of people

affective component of attitude

A person's feelings or emotions about an object, person, or event.

One-year-old Ainsley learned the schema for trucks because his family has a truck. When Ainsley sees cars driving on television, she says, "Look mommy, truck!" This exemplifies ________. A. Assimilation B. Dissimulation C. Maturation D. Normal Growth

A. Assimilation

Which statement about groupthink is correct? A. Group members modify their opinions to match what they believe is the group consensus. B. Group members will never agree if there is a minority influence present. C. Group members will use brainstorming to discover the solution that most group members agree on. D. Group members modify their opinion to go against what they believe is the group consensus.

A. Group members modify their opinions to match what they believe is the group consensus.

Which of the following statements is incorrect regarding social exchange theory? A. People are dissatisfied if their social exchanges create more costs than benefits unless the relationship is an example of consummate love. B. People prefer to have more benefits than costs or to have nearly equal costs and benefits. C. Most people are dissatisfied if their social exchanges create more costs than benefits. D. People are motivated to maximize the benefits of social exchanges, or relationships, and minimize the costs.

A. People are dissatisfied if their social exchanges create more costs than benefits unless the relationship is an example of consummate love.

Erikah has just arrived at the funeral of her friendâ s father. Even though Erikah is usually very outspoken and jovial, she keeps her voice down, expresses her sympathy to the family members, and sits quietly and respectfully during the religious service. Erikah is following the ________ of how to behave in this particular situation. A. script B. social norm C. heuristic D. social role

A. Script

Which theorist is credited with proposing the psychosexual stages of development? A. Freud B. Rogers C. Erikson D. Piaget

A. Sigmund Freud

What does nurture refer to in the nature vs. nurture debate? A. biology B. environment and culture C. genetics D. sexual preference

B. Environment and Culture

Grasping a toy, writing with a pencil, and using a spoon are all examples of ________ motor skills. A. Gross B. Fine

B. Fine

Balancing, running, and jumping are all examples of ________ motor skills. A. Fine B. Gross

B. Gross

Which parenting style is most encouraged in modern America? A. Permissive B. Authortarian C. Authoritative

C. Authoritative

Jory, a six year old, is picking out a card for his motherâ s birthday. He picks the card with a picture of Lightning McQueen, reasoning that since he loves Cars his mother does too. What does this exemplify?

Egocentrism

Lazarus Theory

Experience of emotion depends on how the situation is labelled. We label the situation, which then leads to emotional and physiological response

Maslow - Physiological

Food, Water, Shelter

Blooming

Forming

Maslow - Self-Actualization

Fulfillment

Between birth and one year, infants are dependent on their caregivers; therefore, caregivers who are responsive and sensitive to their infant's needs help their baby to develop a sense of the world as a safe, predictable place. In Erikson's developmental theory, what is the primary developmental task of this stage?

Trust v. Mistrust

Which theorist promoted the idea that development is fundamentally affected by one's culture as well as their interactions with their own environment?

Vygotsky

Pruning

When applied to brain development, the process by which unused connections in the brain atrophy and die.

Elroy decided not to cheat on the exam because he would fail the class if he was caught and he'd get punished by his parents. What stage of moral development does this exemplify? a. pre-conventional b. conventional c. sensational d. functional

a. pre-conventional

Early maturing girls are ________.

at a higher risk of depression, substance abuse, and eating disorders

central nucleus of the amygdala

attention, endocrine

Mitosis

cell division

disorganized attachment

characterized by the child's odd behavior when faced with the parent; type of attachment seen most often with kids that are abused. RUN AWAY.

Resistant Attachment

characterized by the child's tendency to show clingy behavior and rejection of the parent when she attempts to interact with the child. Not playful and disturbed.

The goal of hospice care is to provide _________

death with dignity and pain management in a humane and comfortable setting.

psychosocial development

emotions, personality, and social relationships

Maslow - Security

safety, employment, assets

William James

instinct

amygdala and nucleus accumbens

involved in motivation for sexual behavior

BMI morbidly obese

over 40

fatuous love

passion + commitment

Romantic Love

passion + intimacy

Avoidant Attachment

slow to positive reaction

Britta knows that it is wrong to break into a store that is closed, but there is a medical emergency and she has no cell phone with her. Her date has collapsed on the street and is having a seizure. Britta breaks the window of a local store, unlocks the door, and lets herself in to call the police. She stays behind to explain her behavior to the store owner, who shows up shortly after he is called. Britta is operating at the ________ level of Kohlberg's theory of morality.

post-conventional

Which of the following is not one of the reasons for the new lifespan development category called emerging adulthood?

younger average age for marriage

What is Prader-Willi syndrome? A. a genetic disorder that results in persistent feelings of intense hunger and reduced rates of metabolism B. an eating disorder characterized by an individual maintaining body weight that is well below average through starvation and/or excessive exercise C. a condition that involves an absence of interest in sexual fantasy or behaviors. D. an emotional dysregulation disorder that causes people to have the wrong emotion to a precipitating stimulus

A. a genetic disorder that results in persistent feelings of intense hunger and reduced rates of metabolism

Which of the following is the best example of peripheral route persuasion? A. anti-smoking advertisements that rely on celebrity spokespeople advocating for reduction in cigarette use B. encouraging your parents to quit smoking by switching to chewing tobacco, then convincing them to chew less tobacco each week C. supporting your sister who has decided to go cold turkey in order to quit smoking D. anti-smoking advertisements that use charts and graphs to show how many people die from smoking-related causes each year

A. anti-smoking advertisements that rely on celebrity spokespeople advocating for reduction in cigarette use

Dr. Korkolos is a surgeon who conducts procedures that modify a patient's gastrointestinal system so that they can only eat or absorb a limited amount of food. Dr. Korkolos's expertise is in ________ surgery. A. bariatric B. abdominoplasty C. hepatic rerouting D. colonic resection

A. bariatric

The ________ complex is the part of the brain with dense connections with a variety of sensory areas of the brain; it is critical for classical conditioning and attaching emotional value to memory. A. basolateral B. hippocampus C. cerebellum D. amygdala

A. basolateral

Research has found that the nucleus accumbens and the amygdala, both of which are part of the ________, are brain areas that are particularly important in sexual motivation. A. limbic system B. reward pathway C. hindbrain D. corpus callosum

A. limbic system

Within the field of social psychology, a script is defined as a ________. A. person's knowledge about the sequence of events in a specific setting B. written record of a person's history, including their actions and qualities C. set of instructions to be carried out without deviation D. prescription for psychotropic medicine

A. person's knowledge about the sequence of events in a specific setting

According to the Schachter-Singer two-factor theory of emotion, emotions consist of two factors: ________. A. physiological and cognitive B. physiological and arousal C. time and fear D. stimulus and appraisal

A. physiological and cognitive

A negative attitude and feeling toward an individual that is based solely on that person's membership in a specific group is called ________. A. prejudice B. discrimination C. conformity D. a stereotype

A. prejudice

What is a main feature of the jigsaw classroom? A. students work together with others who are of different racial backgrounds or different ability sets B. people work together toward a superordinate goal that cannot be achieved without cooperation C. participants are required to express at least one of their own held biases or prejudices D. adults are forced to work together to solve a puzzle but does not know that there are pieces missing

A. students work together with others who are of different racial backgrounds or different ability sets

Hypothalmus

Ability to have sex

18-month-old Gordon learned the schema for apples. When Gordon sees tomatoes at the grocery store, he says, "Look mommy, apples!" His mother tells him that the food he sees at the store is a tomato, not an apple. He now has separate schemata for tomatoes and apples. This exemplifies ________.

Accommodation

What does set point theory suggest about the probable results of bariatric surgery? A. It is impossible to use set point theory to predict anything about the results of bariatric surgery. B. It will not result in long term weight loss because the body will resist change and seek its initial set point. C. It has guaranteed that recipients will eventually reach their ideal weight. D. It will result in successful weight loss for men but not for women because men have a lower set point.

B. It will not result in long term weight loss because the body will resist change and seek its initial set point.

According to the ________ theory of emotions, one's physiological arousal precedes the cognitive experience of a feeling. A. Cognitive mediational B. James-Lange C. Schachter and Singer D. Cannon-Bard

B. James-Lange

Which of the following is an example of self-efficacy? A. Stacia thinks that Tammy underestimates her abilities. B. Naomi believes that she can successfully complete law school. C. Tony knows that Yancy frequently brags about his accomplishments. D. Judd does not believe that he is good at math.

B. Naomi believes that she can successfully complete law school

Carissa's parents let her stay up as late as she wants. She is allowed to pick out her own clothes and decide when and what she wants to eat. Her parents act more like her friends than authority figures. What kind of parenting style is this? A. Dissmissive B. Permissive C. Authoritative

B. Permissive

________ development involves growth and changes in the body and brain, the senses, motor skills, and health and wellness. A. Mental B. Physical C. Sexual D. Hormonal

B. Physical

A(an) ________ begins as a one-cell structure that is created when a sperm and egg merge. A. Telemere B. Zygote C. RNA Cell C. DNA Cell

B. Zygote

According to the Yerkes-Dodson law, when is the most efficient time for Carl to mow the lawn? A. immediately after his calming afternoon nap B. after he has received some exciting news C. after he is relaxed from finishing his daily meditation D. during a period of tranquility

B. after he has received some exciting news

Anasophia binges on chocolates, then makes herself vomit so that she won't retain any of the calories she just ingested. When she is not doing this she regularly abuses laxatives in the hope that she will not absorb calories and gain weight. Anasophia has a normal body size, but has a great fear of gaining weight. It would be a good idea for Anasophia to be evaluated to see if she is suffering from ________. A. binge eating disorder B. bulimia nervosa C. Prader-Willi syndrome D. anorexia nervosa

B. bulimia nervosa

Rhona and Jerome share each other's thoughts and feelings and are prepared to support each other, but they do not feel any real passion toward each other. They have a relationship based on ________ love. A. romantic B. companionate C. consummate D. fatuous

B. companionate

Ashley and Mikhail share their intimate thoughts and emotions, are physically attracted to each other and have an active and satisfying sex life, and are each deeply committed to supporting each other. They share ________ love. A. fatuous B. consummate C. companionate D. romantic

B. consummate

When Jacob came home from work upset about a disagreement he'd had with his boss, his wife Jodi sat down to listen to him. She imagined the argument that had occurred, and tried to understand how her husband was feeling. Jodi is demonstrating a high level of ________. A. sympathy B. empathy C. infatuation D. instrumental support

B. empathy

Orlando shares with a friend that he does not like people who are homosexual, and that he goes out of his way at work to avoid helping customers who he suspects are gay. His friend says to him, "man, that isn't a cool way to be. You do realize that you're expressing a form of prejudice called ________, don't you?" A. gender dysphoria B. homophobia C. asexuality D. Transphobia

B. homophobia

Which option is best described as a hormone that induces feelings of satiety, or fullness when eating? A. estrogen B. leptin C. cholecystokinin D. polypeptide Y

B. leptin

Greg is 5 feet three inches tall and weighs 260 pounds. His body mass index, or BMI, is 42.7. According to the standards set by the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), Greg is ________. A. normal B. obese C. anorexic D. overweight

B. obese

When a person is making a persuasive argument that utilizes the ________ route, they rely on factors unrelated to their actual message to persuade their listener. The hope is that these factors will encourage positivity with the message itself. A. compliance B. peripheral C. central D. haloed

B. peripheral

Which choice would you not expect to occur during the excitement phase of the sexual response cycle? A. expansion of the vaginal canal B. reduction in pulse and blood pressure C. erection of a penis D. lubrication of the vagina

B. reduction in pulse and blood pressure

What is the single most important fact that predicts the person with whom you will become friends or have a romantic relationship? A. your physical attractiveness B. the amount of contact you have with people C. your financial wellbeing D. your similarity to others you meet

B. the amount of contact you have with people

What is the main point of the textbook discussion of Milgram's obedience study?

Individuals will obey authority to the point of potentially causing serious harm to another person.

What is the primary distinction between bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder? A. Binge eating disorder involves inappropriate purging behaviors while binge nervosa does not. B. Those with binge eating disorder are typically very overweight while those with bulimia nervosa are typically very underweight. C. Bulimia nervosa involves inappropriate purging behaviors while binge eating disorder does not. D. Those with bulimia nervosa are typically very overweight while those with binge eating disorder are typically very underweight.

C. Bulimia nervosa involves inappropriate purging behaviors while binge eating disorder does not.

Which individual produced volumes that discussed sexual behavior among Americans in a way that had never before been made public, research that was not happily received by all who read it? A. Rockefeller B. Johnson C. Kinsey D. Masters

C. Kinsey

Who was the first theorist to explore the idea that the way we appraise a situation would influence the type of emotion that we'd experience in response to that event? A. Arnold Lazarus B. Walter Cannon C. Magda Arnold D. Stanley Schachter

C. Magda Arnold

The behavior of soldiers who abused prisoners at the Abu Ghraib facility during the Iraq war was predicted by the Stanford Prison Experiment that was overseen by social psychologist ________. A. John Cacioppo B. Stanley Milgram C. Philip Zimbardo D. Solomon Asch

C. Philip Zimbardo

Heather and Mike share the household chores as equally as possible. They take turns with the cooking and driving their son to daycare. Both of them work outside the home, and each of them takes responsibility for child care one night a week to give the other one a break. We can say that their relationship has a high level of ________. A. altruism B. groupthink C. reciprocity D. Infatuation

C. Reciprocity

Umberto is a one year old, and his mother is sensitive and responsive to his needs. He is distressed when his mother leaves him, and he is happy to see her when she returns. What kind of attachment is this? A. Anxious B. Mixed C. Secure D. Insecure

C. Secure

Which of the following describes the Yerkes-Dodson law? A. Humans experience a spectrum of needs ranging from basic biological needs to social needs to self-actualization. B. An individual's belief in his own capabilities or capacities to complete a task influences his ability to complete the task. C. Simple tasks are performed best when arousal levels are relatively high, yet complex tasks are performed best when arousal levels are low. D. Deviations from homeostasis create physiological needs that result in psychological drive states that direct behavior to meet the need and ultimately bring the system back to homeostasis.

C. Simple tasks are performed best when arousal levels are relatively high, yet complex tasks are performed best when arousal levels are low.

Which of the following is something an advocate for arousal theory might observe? A. We become accustomed to excitement and learn to enjoy it. B. When we are sleepy we should sleep; when we are hungry we should eat. C. When we are bored we look for excitement; when we are overexcited we wish for more peace. D. We become accustomed to boredom and learn to enjoy it.

C. When we are bored we look for excitement; when we are overexcited we wish for more peace.

What is a social role? A. group's knowledge about the sequence of events in a specific setting B. group's expectations regarding what is appropriate and acceptable for the thoughts and behavior of its members C. a pattern of behavior that is expected of a person in a given setting or group D. person's knowledge about the sequence of events in a specific setting

C. a pattern of behavior that is expected of a person in a given setting or group

According to research, the need for ________ encourages Mr. Blutarski to complete a second PhD., so he can add another accomplishment to his already long list of accolades. A. intimacy B. affiliation C. achievement D. power

C. achievement

In Stanley Milgram's obedience research, the person playing the part of the "learner" was an accomplice, or ________, of the experiment. He was aware of the true purpose of the research, was never shocked, and was acting according to Milgram's instructions. A. associate B. ally C. confederate D. union

C. confederate

What is the main idea of drive theory? A. deviations from commonly accepted drives result in an inability to satisfy physiological needs B. achieving homeostasis requires increasing the metabolic rate C. deviations from homeostasis create physiological needs that then push us to behave D. failure to achieve homeostasis results in poor cognition and deficits in memory and learning

C. deviations from homeostasis create physiological needs that then push us to behave

A(n) ________ is a subjective, affective state of being that we often describe as our feelings. A(n) ________ refers to a prolonged, less intense, affective state that does not occur in response to something we experience. A. motivation; habit B. habit; motivation C. emotion; mood D. mood; emotion

C. emotion; mood

If you suggest that smiling can make someone feel happier, then you believe in the ________. A. James-Lange theory of emotion B. cognitive mediational theory C. facial feedback hypothesis D. Yerkes-Dodson law

C. facial feedback hypothesis

Which type of persuasion approach involves encouraging a person to agree to a small favor or to buy a small item, only to later request a larger favor or purchase of a larger item? A. lowball technique B. door-in-the-face strategy C. foot-in-the-door technique D. effort justification strategy

C. foot-in-the-door technique

Cici firmly believes that every child deserves a loving parent. She becomes a foster parent because she knows that it is the right thing to do, even though she receives no material rewards for doing so. Cici becomes a foster parent because of ________ motivation. A. extrinsic B. biological C. intrinsic D. instinct

C. intrinsic

________ development involves learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity.

Cognitive

Henry is juror number four in a murder trial. He believes the accused is guilty, but when the jurors vote it becomes clear he is the only one that thinks this way. Henry votes not guilty along with the other jurors despite what he sees as evidence clearly indicating guilt. This is an example of the ________ effect. A. Zimbardo B. Milgram C. Cacioppo D. Asch

D. Asch

According to the frustration aggression theory, which of the following is likely to occur when Simon gets frustrated with his toilet training? A. Simon's mother gets frustrated with Simon B. Simon retreats to a corner and mopes C. Simon goes to sleep D. Simon bites his mother

D. Simon bites his mother

The need for ________ might explain why we "friend" people on social media websites, join clubs or hobby groups, and spend time with others when we might otherwise feel like being by ourselves. A. power B. esteem C. achievement D. affiliation

D. affiliation

Which of the following is the best example of central route persuasion? A. encouraging your parents to quit smoking by switching to chewing tobacco, then convincing them to chew less tobacco each week B. anti-smoking advertisements that rely on celebrity spokespeople advocating for reduction in cigarette use C. supporting your sister who has decided to go cold turkey in order to quit smoking D. anti-smoking advertisements that use charts and graphs to show how many people die from smoking-related causes each year

D. anti-smoking advertisements that use charts and graphs to show how many people die from smoking-related causes each year

Fantasia believes that people with blue eyes are somehow more creative than other people. Whenever Fantasia encounters a person that has blue eyes and is creative, she places greater importance on this evidence supporting her already existing belief. At the same time, Fantasia ignores any evidence that people without blue eyes might display exceptional creativity. This is called a(n) ________. A. self-fulfilling prophecy B. availability heuristic C. representativeness bias D. confirmation bias

D. confirmation bias

Self-worth, accomplishment, and confidence represent the ________ level of needs in Maslow's hierarchy of needs. A. physiological B. self-actualization C. security D. esteem

D. esteem

Which of the following strategies would effectively prevent groupthink from occurring? A. avoiding the development of any contingency plans B. voting publicly in front of group members C. having the group leader make their position known before discussion begins D. seeking outside opinions on group decisions

D. seeking outside opinions on group decisions

What was the main conclusion drawn from the Stanford prison experiment? A. students cannot be trusted in roles of authority B. students cannot be relied upon to act appropriately C. when operating in a group, some people will put forth less effort than if they were operating alone D. social roles are powerful determinants of human behavior

D. social roles are powerful determinants of human behavior

Adolescents (ages 12-18) experiment with and develop a sense of who they are and what roles they want to play. Erik Erikson would argue that during this period adolescents face the________ task of development.

Identity vs. Confusion

Teratogens

bad for babies, alc, drugs, radiation

The notion that the manner in which one's brain develops can have a significant impact on a person's cognitive functioning is central to the ________ perspective in developmental psychology.

Neuroconstructivist

Madeline is seven months old. Her mother is eating a cookie and Madeline wants some. Her mother hides the cookie under a napkin, but Madeline is not fooled. She knows the cookie is still there. What does this exemplify?

Object Permenance

Infatuation

Passion

Ross has learned that he has Parkinson's disease, and that in time he will lose some of his cognitive faculties. He and his wife have a lawyer draw up a document that names her a health care ________ who will be able to make medical decisions for Ross when he is unable to do so for himself.

Proxy

Moro reflex

Reflex in which a newborn stretches out the arms and legs and cries in response to a loud noise or an abrupt change in the environment

During Jean Piaget's ________ stage, the world is experienced through what we can take in through our perceptual systems and how we can move our bodies.

Sensorimotor

informational social influence

the group provides valuable information

normative social influence

the influence others have on us because we want them to like us

fundamental attribution error

the tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition

actor-observer bias

the tendency to blame our actions on the situation and blame the actions of others on their internal factors

Cannon-Bard Theory

the theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers (1) physiological responses and (2) the subjective experience of emotion