Psych Exam 3

Consciousness can best be described as:

A state of awareness of the self and of the environment

The researchers most closely associated with operant conditioning are:

B.F. Skinner and Edward Thorndike

Ronaldo's dog, Mickey, used to be classically conditioned to bark every time he heard the doorbell because he knew people would be arriving and he wanted to say hello. While Mickey's owner did a good job of extinguishing Mickey's association of these stimuli, a doorbell can still sometimes evoke some responding again of Mickey barking. It is likely that Mikey is showing what aspect of conditioning?

spontaneous recovery

John has just been assessed as having an mild intellectual disability. Part of this diagnosis was based on his IQ score, which must have been below which of the following thresholds?

70

Which of the following pairs of psychologists were responsible for the first recognized test of intelligence quotient, or IQ?

Binet and Simon

The questions on Binet's original intelligence test were developed by:

Binet, who applied "reasonable standards" for each question selection

Which psychologist conducts research on the mindset of children looking at differences in high and low achievers with similar IQ scores?

Carol Dweck

Which of the following is NOT a theory to explain dreams?

Dreams are suppressed memories from childhood.

This person was among those who pioneered psychological measurement. Among other contributions, he was possibly the first to popularize the notion that the heritability of psychological traits could be assessed by looking at identical and fraternal twins.

Francis Galton

Alfred takes an IQ test at ages 25 and 55, measuring his fluid and crystallized intelligence. Based on research of their respective developmental trajectories, what are most likely changes in these two areas that we would see?

His fluid intelligence would decrease with age, whereas his crystallized intelligence would increase.

Which of the following is a major advantage of the Implicit Associations Test (IAT)?

It is difficult to fake.

We should really call classical conditioning "twitmeyerian conditioning" because

It was discovered by Edwin B. Twitmeyer, not Pavlov

I always put my seatbelt on before turning on my car. That way I avoid the loud alarm that would remind me to do so. This increase in behavior (buckling up) is an example of what kind of learning?

Negative reinforcement

The finding that an animal will stop performing an instrumental response that once led to a reinforcer if the reinforcer is separately made aversive or undesirable is known as what?

Reinforcer devaluation effect

Emily naturally blinks whenever her sister pretends she's going to poke her in the eye. Her sister, a psychology major, then decides to have a little fun. She pairs the word "psychology" (conditioned stimulus) with pretending to poke Emily in the eye (unconditioned stimulus). Soon, Emily blinks as soon as she hears the word "psychology." According to the concept of blocking, what would happen in this scenario if Emily's sister also started snapping her fingers when she said the word psychology?

Snapping her fingers will not have any additional effects because it is not adding any surprise to predict the unconditioned stimulus

The observation that Chimpanzees are able to use deceptive tactics when competing for food indicates:

They have a theory of mind.

Which of the following is NOT an effect of alcohol?

a decrease in the neurotransmitter GABA

Which of the following is the best definition of hypnosis?

a form of relaxation in which focus is diminished and suggestibility is increased

In a follow-up study to the original Bobo Doll experiment, Badura observed the process of vicarious reinforcement, where children behaved less aggressively when:

aggressive models were punished

Istvan is well liked by his friends because he is trusting, considerate, compassionate, loyal, and easy to get along with. Which of the Big 5 factors of personality would Istvan likely score high in?

agreeableness

Intelligence is:

an individual's cognitive capacity, including the ability to acquire, process, recall and apply information

Which type of brain activity is associated with wakeful states?

beta waves

Simon was driving erratically after drinking and was stopped by the police. They administered a "breathalyzer" test intended to measure Simon's _________.

blood alcohol level

When Nora goes into a cupcake bakery, she is surrounded by cues associated with cupcakes. Her response elicited by these cues is to expect a very delicious dessert. When she waits until she gets home to eat the cupcake, that's exactly what she experiences. However, when she eats the cupcake at the bakery it is not as delicious as she predicted. Which concept can explain this phenomenon of cues reducing the strength of the unconditioned response (i.e. enjoyment of the cupcake)?

conditioned compensatory responses

In Pavlov's experiments, what type of stimulus was the bell, generally?

conditioned.

A person does not "have" or "not have" a personality trait but instead can possess varying amounts of it. This is because personality traits reflect ____________________ rather than distinct personality types.

continuous distributions

John is a Canadian having dinner with his friends from China. He openly shows both his enthusiasm and his anger about various topics as they speak. John notices that his friends smile and nod but that they do not display strong emotions. This is an example of ________.

cultural influence on emotion norms

The stimulus controlling the operant response is called a __________ stimulus. For example, students do not learn simply when material is set in front of them. Instead, the material sets the occasion for learning to occur.

discriminative

Cultural ________ rules are norms regarding the management and modification of emotional expressions based on cultural standards.

display

When you drink spoiled milk or put a rancid piece of cheese in your mouth, you may spit it out before you have any cognitive awareness of why you are feeling disgusted. From an evolutionary perspective, this demonstrates which concept?

emotions help us act with minimally conscious awareness

Clint is a very confident person who tends to take charge when he has been assigned to a group task. Which of the Big 5 factors of personality would Clint likely score high in?

extraversion

Scientists do not believe that instrumental learning is simply a stimulus-response pattern. Instead, reinforcers are said to lead to behavior that is __________, or influenced by the current value of its associated goal.

goal-directed

According to researcher Carol Dweck, when children believe that their intelligence is changeable and evolving, they experience a(n) ________ mindset. She notes that this mindset is healthier than other beliefs about one's own intelligence.

growth

Darcy is in a relaxed state with decreased self-consciousness. In this state she is open to suggestion. Which state is Darcy in?

hypnosis

Paulo is being tested in the office of a licensed psychology. The test is examining Paulo's ability to acquire, process, recall, and apply information. In short, his cognitive capacity is being assessed. Paulo is probably undergoing a(n) __________ test.

intelligence

The ________ functions of emotions refers to the roles that emotions play within each of us individually. They can include physical changes in our bodies or psychological changes in our minds.

intrapersonal

When Christa gets angry, she gets motivated to become productive so that whatever is making her angry can be overcome. She also notices that whenever she is angry she gets very warm and starts to perspire excessively. These psychological and physical changes demonstrate the ________ functions of an emotion.

intrapersonal

One challenge to the trait approach to personality is that traits may not be as stable across situations as we think they are. An explanation for this instability is that personality:

is shaped by the situations that we are exposed to

If Jack confiscates his son Joshua's video game console to stop him from misbehaving, what technique is Jack using to modify Joshua's behavior?

negative punishment.

Kelly is grounded by her father, until she sits down and completes an important homework assignment. Which technique has her father used to try to alter her behavior?

negative reinforcement.

Kyle has a reputation for being very calm during an emergency. He copes very well with stress and is able to think clearly and make effective decisions. Which of the Big 5 factors of personality would Wayne likely score low in?

neuroticism

Psychological tests are often used to measure characteristics (e.g., IQ) across people of different ages, who live in different places, and so on. In order that people can be properly ordered on the dimension of measurement (e.g., compare their IQs), it's important that these tests are:

normed

If you compare your IQ score of 95 to your buddy who scored 105, you should feel

not disappointed, because 95 and 105 are not statistically different. The small difference is not meaningful in the real world

A child who learns to play kickball by sitting back and watching is engaged in:

observational learning

Hammond likes his daily routine that involves eating the same breakfast while reading the newspaper, and taking the same route to work. Every year he vacations at his favorite beach resort. Which of the Big 5 factors of personality would Wayne likely score low in?

openness

Kurt's mom was so upset when she overheard him swearing that she made him clean his room! This is an example of:

positive punishment

Richard, an institutionalized schizophrenic patient has poor personal hygiene. He is given a token each time he completes a personal hygiene behavior (e.g., brush their teeth in the morning). At the end of the week Richard can exchange these tokens for his favorite snack. The token acts as a:

positive reinforcement

Which of the following is associated with dreaming?

rapid eye movement

When people are asked to rate one of their own personality traits, they tend to:

rate themselves higher on the trait compared to others

At the end of class, students start packing up their things. That's because they want to escape. They've learned to do this because packing up has been ______________ because of the ________ outcome of leaving.

reinforced, appetitive

Each night at 10 pm, Jiao becomes very sleepy. This is most likely because _________.

she experiences an increase in melatonin production

Social Learning Theory requires ___________ in order for learning to take place.

social models

Young Lilah is taken to a family dinner and she meets an uncle who she has never met before. As he reaches to her for a hug, Lilah looks to her mother with an uncertain look on her face. As she sees her mother nodding and smiling, Lilah looks back to the uncle and gives him a warm hug. Lilah has used ________ to determine how to act in this situation.

social referencing

In classical conditioning, the animal behaves as if it has learned to associate a ________with a significant event. In operant conditioning, the animal behaves as if it has learned to associate a ________with a significant event.

stimulus; behavior

When Carla was a child, she ate too much cotton candy at the fair and got very sick. For many years she avoided cotton candy and even the smell of it made her feel sick. This example demonstrates:

taste aversion

Wechsler designed IQ tests that provide specific scores for different kinds of abilities. Performance items:

test nonverbal abilities such as the ability to copy block designs

When Leanne was classically conditioned, she was in a room that had a waterfall painted on one wall. Now, when she goes hiking and sees an actual waterfall, she produces a conditioned response. This change in environment that can cause renewal effects is also known as what?

the change in context

In the real world Classical and Operant Conditioning occur together. The stimulus - response - outcome framework can explain many behaviors. Occasion setting is defined in the most complex link. Occasion setting is when:

the stimulus signals the response-outcome relationship is in effect

If a tone is sometimes preceded by a light, and always followed by a shock, an animal will likely learn to fear:

the tone, but not the light

The HEXACO model proposes:

there is a sixth dimension to the Five-Factor model

Our emotions are influenced, in part, by our cultures. Culture provides information about which emotions it is ideal to have. How do people learn these cultural messages?

they are taught to us by our caregivers and through books, movies, advertisements and other cultural products.

In a "Skinner box" experiments with rats the rats can learn:

to press a lever when reinforced with a food pellet

Almost all forms of gambling, including the example of a slot machine, give out rewards after a random number of rounds played (or levers pulled). This schedule of reinforcement is best described as:

variable ratio

Which type of intelligence related skill would be found in Stratum I?

verbal comprehension

Jessy was speeding on his motorcycle when he saw another person pulled over by the police. This made Jessy slow down because he was reminded through watching another person what the punishment of his behavior would be. What is this specific process of observational learning called?

vicarious reinforcement