psych exam 3

Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy is more associated with - a repeated head injury in sports like football and soccer. - An overdose of opioids such fentanyl. - a single head injury that causes bleeding in the brain usually occurring in the elderly. - swelling of the brain due to the build-up of cerebral spinal fluid. - A complication at birth, which can lead to cerebral palsy.

A complication at birth, which can lead to cerebral palsy.

Which of the following is the best example of episodic memory? - A person salivates when they encounter the smell of baking cookies - A person remembers, briefly, having just walked past a fire hydrant - A person remembers the color of their best friend's car - A person can close their eyes and visualize the drive home - A person recalls a picnic at the beach last June

A person recalls a picnic at the beach last June

What are the two types of glutamate receptors? - Glå and Gla^ - Gl1 and Gl2 - AMPA and NMDA - Lamda and epsilon - TMP and PMP

AMPA and NMDA

The recessive allele called __________ is linked to an increased risk of developing Alzheimer's disease. - APOE?4 - ALO-âAM - ALá4 - Ee34ì - Âráià

APOE?4

Which of the following is NOT an actual antidepressant? - tricyclic antidepressant - selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor antidepressant - All of the above are actual types of antidepressants - selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressant - monoamine oxidase inhibitor antidepressant

All of the above are actual types of antidepressants

Dysfunction in the immune system is thought to contribute to the development and progression of - Schizophrenia - obsessive-compulsive disorder - Parkinson's disease - All of the above are correct - Alzheimer's disease

All of the above are correct

Which of the following would not be considered a psychoactive drug? - Prozac (antidepressant) - alcohol - All of the above are psychoactive drugs - morphine - Caffeine

All of the above are psychoactive drugs

Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for someone developing an addiction to drugs, including alcohol? - The person experienced trauma or abuse as a child - The person has schizophrenia - The person has been diagnosed for antisocial personality disorder - The person's biological father and mother struggle with addiction - All of the above are risk factors for addiction

All of the above are risk factors for addiction

The leading cause of dementia is Schizophrenia. - major depressive disorder - chronic traumatic encephalopathy - Parkinson's disease - Alzheimer's disease

Alzheimer's disease

The most striking memory impairment suffered by Henry Molaison (patient H. M.) was - Prosopagnosia - Fugue disorder - Anterograde amnesia - Episodic amnesia

Anterograde amnesia

Which of the following animals is most often used for research on the cellular mechanism of learning? - mice - Guinea pigs - rats - Aplysia (sea slug) - Sea anemones

Aplysia (sea slug)

Which of the following is NOT a valid treatment for depression discussed in the textbook? - All of the above are valid treatments discussed in the book. - deep-brain stimulation - cognitive behavioral therapy - Aromatherapy - direct current stimulation

Aromatherapy

Which of the following would NOT be a true assumption of the incentive-sensitization theory of addiction? - Chen is an alcoholic but has not had a drink in five months. He has a drink of champagne at a wedding and starts drinking heavily again that night. - All of the above answers are true about the incentive-sensitization theory of addiction. - Sally "wants" to take methamphetamine even though she does not "like" methamphetamine. - Xander smoked a pack of cigarettes a day but hasn't had one in three months. The cravings to smoke again return when he sees his friends smoking. - Asa has an addiction to heroin. He went to a rehab center where for the first five days he experienced severe withdrawal symptoms. After ten days, he no longer feels withdrawal symptoms, and his endogenous opioid system has returned to levels very similar to before his addiction started. He would now not be considered addicted to heroin.

Asa has an addiction to heroin. He went to a rehab center where for the first five days he experienced severe withdrawal symptoms. After ten days, he no longer feels withdrawal symptoms, and his endogenous opioid system has returned to levels very similar to before his addiction started. He would now not be considered addicted to heroin.

_____________ is most associated with problems with executive functions. - Cerebral palsy - Bipolar disorder - General anxiety disorder - Alzheimer's disease - Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

In long-term potentiation, significant changes to the synapse are initiated by the influx of ______ through NMDA receptors on the postsynaptic cell. - Ca++ - GABA - Protein Kinase - Glutamate - Na+

Ca++

Which of the following is not a type of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs)? - scrapie - mad cow disease - Clostridial disease - Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease - Kuru

Clostridial disease

Haloperidol has the strongest affinity for binding to _______ receptors. - 5-HT2 - D2 - D4 - NMDA - H3

D2

Which of the following is the name of the genetically modified animal that creates extra NMDA receptors and seems to be a bit smarter than other members of its species? - Boomer rat - Brain E. Yak - Teddy hamster - Neuro chimp - Doogie mouse

Doogie mouse

Treatment for ADHD often involved prescribing a __________ agonist. - Acetylcholine - Glutamate - Serotonin - Dopamine - GABA

Dopamine

Which neurotransmitter is most associated with facilitating drug addiction? - Glutamate - Acetylcholine - Dopamine - Serotonin - norepinephrine

Dopamine

Professor Rogerson researches the __________ of an antidepressant called sertraline. Specifically, she wants to know how the drug affects neurons after it has attached to serotonin reuptake transporters. - Potency - Redundancy - Affinity - Stability - Efficacy

Efficacy

A physical representation of memory called the - neurotic - Mnemonic - Memorium - Engram - Memetic

Engram

____________ is the idea that memory is not located at specific areas of the brain but is rather spread throughout the brain. - Neural plasticity - Equipotentiality - Protraction - Egalitrarity - Representational continuity

Equipotentiality

Play a tone and follow that with food many times, and a dog will salivate to the tone. Play the tone over and over without food and the conditioned response (salivation) will undergo _________. Play the tone the next day and the dog will salivate again because of _______________. - Elimination, acquisition - Extinction, acquisition - Acquisition, spontaneous recovery - Extinction, spontaneous recovery - Counter conditioning, reconditioning

Extinction, spontaneous recovery

Alcohol works as a ____________ in the nervous system. - glutamate direct agonist - GABA antagonist - GABA agonist - serotonin agonist - dopamine antagonist

GABA agonist

Benzodiazepines such Valium and Klonopin are - dopamine agonists - glutamate agonists - serotonin reuptake inhibitors - GABA agonists - competitive opioid receptor antagonists

GABA agonists

___________ is a disorder that is associated with an overactivation of the amygdala and HPA axis. - Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder - Major depressive disorder - Bipolar I disorder - General anxiety disorder - Autism spectrum disorder

General anxiety disorder

"Neurons that fire together wire together" is known as - Pavlov's theory - Kandel's axiom - Hebb's rule - Thorndike's law of effect - Golgi's hypothesis

Hebb's rule

Place cells and grid cells are found in or near the - Parietal lobe - Hippocampus - Ventral tegmental area - Amygdala - Primary visual cortex

Hippocampus

Which of the following statements is true about cocaine? - It blocks potassium channels, keeping the presynaptic neuron in a state of depolarization and causing increased dopamine release, acting as a direct dopamine agonist. - It blocks dopamine receptors on a postsynaptic neuron and so acts as an indirect dopamine agonist. - It activates dopamine receptors on a postsynaptic neuron and so acts as a direct dopamine agonist. - It blocks dopamine transporters, preventing reuptake in the presynaptic neuron, and so acts as an indirect dopamine agonist. - It is a GABA agonist, causing the inhibition of neurons that normally inhibit dopamine cells.

It blocks dopamine transporters, preventing reuptake in the presynaptic neuron, and so acts as an indirect dopamine agonist.

Which of the following is the best way to think about the function of the mesocortciolimbic dopamine system? - It's the euphoria or "high" center of the brain - It's the motivation center of the brain - It's the rational center of the brain - It's the withdrawal center of the brain

It's the motivation center of the brain

Which of the following is a dissociative hallucinogen and not a psychedelic hallucinogen? - Marijuana - mescaline (peyote) - Ketamine - LSD - psilocybin (magic mushrooms)

Ketamine

Which of the following is not an outcome of long-term potentiation? - More AMPA receptors are created - Lower levels of Mg++ are found in extracellular fluid - More dendritic spines are created - Nitric oxide causes an increase in the release of glutamate from presynaptic neurons - More axon-to-dendrite connections are formed

Lower levels of Mg++ are found in extracellular fluid

NMDA receptors are blocked by ________, which is removed after the postsynaptic neuron experiences a large depolarization. - Ca++ - Na+ - K+ - Cl- - Mg++

Mg++

When Bill was a kid, his mother would ring a bell when dinner was ready. Even in his 20s, when Bill would hear a bell, he would feel his mouth water, and he'd get a bit hungry. This is an example of - Classical conditioning - Habituation - Associative Learning - Instrumental conditioning - More than one of the above is correct

More than one of the above is correct

Why are transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) so difficult to treat? - Prions cannot be destroyed by common methods of sterilizing medical equipment, and so the transmission can take place in hospitals. - These types of diseases are caused by a dominant allele, but the symptoms do not appear until a person reaches sexual maturity. - Prions are only killed by specific antibodies, and many of them have built up resistance to antibiotics. - Prions are not living organisms, so they cannot be killed. - More than one of the above is correct.

More than one of the above is correct.

____________ is the ability of the brain to constantly change with experience. - Neural accommodation - Neural flexibility - Neural acquisition - Neural elasticity - Neural plasticity

Neural plasticity

Which of the following drugs is the leading cause of preventable deaths? - Methamphetamine - Nicotine - Opiates - Cocaine - alcohol

Nicotine

Which of the following is NOT an argument used to show that the positive reinforcement theory of addiction is not the best theory? - After habitual use, many drugs lose their ability to produce feelings of pleasure. - People can rationally state that the pleasure from taking a drug is far outweighed by the devastation it causes to themselves and their family members. - Some highly addictive drugs like heroin can make people feel sick or nauseous. - Often people relapse from sobriety at a time when they are not going through withdrawal from a drug. - Some highly addictive drugs, like nicotine, do not produce a strong sense of euphoria or pleasure.

Often people relapse from sobriety at a time when they are not going through withdrawal from a drug.

There are few drugs that are used to treat people with autism spectrum disorder. Research with the hormone ____________ has shown some promise as a possible treatment. - Cortisol - Oxytocin - Testosterone - human growth hormone (HGH) - estrogen

Oxytocin

The study of how drugs affect behaviors, emotions, perceptions, and consciousness is called - Psychopharmacology - Psychochemistry - Psychomedication - behavioral endocrinology - behavioral pharmacology

Psychopharmacology

After a brain injury that damaged her fusiform gyri bilaterally, Suzette could no longer: - Pay attention to object on the left side of her visual field - Recognize faces, even her own - Pay attention to non-moving objects - None of these

Recognize faces, even her own

Hallucinogens such as LSD act primarily as ____________agonists. - GABA - Dopamine - Serotonin - Glutamate - oxytocin

Serotonin

The chemical found in marijuana that is associated with the euphoric high (i.e., stoned feeling) is - CBD - TLC - THC - TTH - OCD

THC

There is no evidence that ______________ cause(s) or contribute(s) to the development of autism. - the sickness of the mother during pregnancy - Vaccines - Genetics - having Down syndrome - exposure to pesticides

Vaccines

Ronald is trying to teach his dog, Bosco, to sit. Ronald says "sit," and if Bosco sits, Ronald gives Bosco a doggy snack. After a while, when Ronald says "sit," Bosco sits. According to Thorndike's theoretical law of effect, what did Bosco learn? - If Bosco sits, he gets a snack - When Bosco hears "sit," this causes him to sit - A connection between Ronald and a snack - When Bosco hears "sit," he salivates - When Bosco hears "sit," he knows he will get a snack soon

When Bosco hears "sit," this causes him to sit

The textbook emphasizes that drug addiction can be thought of as - an attention disorder - a cultural disorder - a perception disorder - a developmental disorder - an affective disorder

a developmental disorder

Every time a bell is rung, a dog is given cheesy bacon snacks. After three trials the dog salivates one drop of saliva when he hears the bell, after 20 trials—three drops, and after 40 trials—five drops. This building up of a conditioned response is known as - attainment - acquisition - bonding - association building - indoctrination

acquisition

The term _________ refers to drugs given to people to reduce symptoms of anxiety disorders. They are also referred to as anti-anxiety medications. - anxiolytics - anxiopines - hypnotics - anti-stimulators - Hypoanxepines

anxiolytics

Saanvi has epilepsy. When she experiences a seizure, she gets a feeling before it happens. She has a service dog that has been trained to detect these _________ and can warn her to lie down, so she doesn't get hurt during the seizure. - pre-triggers - precursors - auras - signatures - Impressions

auras

A researcher gives a rat a 0.125 mg/kg dose of amphetamine, causing the rat to run on its wheel 20% more than it would normally. The researcher comes back two days later and gives the same dose (0.125 mg/kg) of amphetamine, and the rat now runs 35% more than normal. This is an example of drug-induced - behavioral exacerbation - behavioral habituation - behavioral inhibition - behavioral sensitization - behavioral excitation

behavioral sensitization

The Enhancing Neuro Imaging Genetics Through Meta-Analysis (ENIGMA) group is an international collaboration that has investigated MRI images of people with - general anxiety disorder - bipolar affective disorder - autism spectrum disorder - major depressive disorder - schizophrenia

bipolar affective disorder

Which of the following drugs can produce schizophrenic-like symptoms? - both cocaine and oxycodone - cocaine - ketamine - both cocaine and ketamine - oxycodone

both cocaine and ketamine

Terrance has difficulty planning tasks and organizing thoughts—these are problems with executive functions. He also has difficulty with sustaining attention, problems with memory, and when he speaks, he is very difficult to understand. Terrance is showing - negative symptoms of schizophrenia - cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia - adjustment symptoms of schizophrenia - positive symptoms of schizophrenia - motivational symptoms of schizophrenia

cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia

The process of converting short-term to long-term memory is called - elaboration - construction - consolidation - reorganization - Restoration

consolidation

A friend asked Shala what kind of car she drove in high school. Shala thought about it and said, "It was an old blue Honda Civic." Shala was using ______________ memory. - non-associative - associative - non-declarative - implicit - declarative

declarative

A large part of addiction has to do with principles of associative learning. The ______________________ seems to play an essential role in the process of learning and addiction. - dorsal striatum - cingulate cortex - periaqueductal gray - lateral amygdala - ventrolateral prefrontal cortex

dorsal striatum

Which of the following is considered non-associative learning? - operant conditioning - classical conditioning - instrumental conditioning - More than one of the above is correct - habituation

habituation

H.M. retained the ability to form specific types of memories. Which type was it?

he retained the ability to form procedural memories

Combat veterans that develop PTSD as well as children that have suffered abuse show a decrease in volume of the - ventral tegmental area - ventromedial prefrontal cortex - cingulate cortex - amygdala - hippocampus

hippocampus

Matt has had schizophrenia for many years. When Matt receives a CT scan of his brain, it is found that __________ are larger than normal. - his temporal lobes (WRONG) - his ventricles - his hippocampi - his pituitary glands - the left and right lobes of his thalamus

his ventricles

Bipolar I disorder is associated with bouts of depression and mania. If the symptoms of mania are less extreme, it is called _______________ and is known as bipolar II disorder. - semimania - hypermania - ultramania - distalmania - hypomania

hypomania

Which of the following is NOT considered a positive symptom of schizophrenia? - hearing voices (auditory hallucinations) - believing that someone or an alien implanted a device in their head - believing in having superior powers or abilities - believing that words on a billboard contain secret messages - inability to receive pleasure out of life (anhedonia)

inability to receive pleasure out of life (anhedonia)

Which of the following is NOT a way to treat or prevent cerebral palsy? - giving newborns that have had a lack of oxygen the hormone erythropoietin (EPO) - injecting the GABA agonist Baclofen into the cerebral spinal fluid - All of the above are treatments or preventative measures for cerebral palsy. - injecting the glutamate antagonists AP5 directly into muscles - cooling the body (hypothermia) of newborns that have had a lack of oxygen

injecting the glutamate antagonists AP5 directly into muscles

Which of the following is NOT a side effect or risk of taking benzodiazepines? - dependence and abuse - tolerance, requiring increased dosage - involuntary motor movements, especially in the face and mouth - overdose, especially in combination with alcohol or opioids - fatigue and cognitive impairment

involuntary motor movements, especially in the face and mouth

Researchers interested in how hallucinogens might help people with depression have focused on an area that is just posterior to the thalamus called the ________________, which is active when experiencing unpleasant events. It has come to be known as the "disappointment circuit" and is overactive in people with depression. - ventrolateral prefrontal area (VLPA) - precuneus - fornix - lateral habenula (LHb) - substania nigra

lateral habenula (LHb)

One mood-stabilizing drug used for people with bipolar affective disorder is - sodium bicarbonate - potassium carbonate - calcium carbonate - lithium carbonate - zinc disulfide

lithium carbonate

Long-term depression (LTD) is caused by - Low serotonin levels - low-frequency stimulation of neurons for a long time - high-frequency stimulation of neurons for a short time - Chronic stress - All of the above cause long-term depression.

low-frequency stimulation of neurons for a long time

For the past year, Debra has had trouble sleeping and has had very little appetite. In fact, she no longer finds pleasure in her life and feels hopeless and worthless. Which of the following disorders best describes what Debra is experiencing? - bipolar disorder - general anxiety disorder - post-traumatic stress disorder - major depression disorder - major depressive disorder

major depressive disorder

Overactivation of ____________ in the brain is thought to contribute to the progression of Alzheimer's disease. - pyramidal cells - oligodendrocytes - microglia - Schwann cells

microglia

The ________________ hypothesis of depression is the idea that symptoms are caused, to some degree, by a low activity of certain neurotransmitters systems. - prefrontal - monoamine - norepinephrine - serotonin and norepinephrine - Serotonin

monoamine

Opioids work primarily as a direct agonist affecting _________ receptors. - alpha (á) - mu (ì) - sigma (ó) - beta (â) - omega (Ù)

mu (ì)

Pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections (PANDAS) and other infections may be a contributing factor for developing symptoms of - obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) - post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) - bipolar affective disorder (BPAD) - Parkinson's disease (PD) - schizophrenia

obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

The connections between the entorhinal cortex and the dentate gyrus is called the - Purkinje pathway - Ventrolateral tract - performant pathway - Hippocampal pathway - Entorhinal tract

performant pathway

The _______________ plays a large role in panic disorder. If this area is stimulated during open brain surgery, it can initiate a panic attack. - periaqueductal gray (PAG) - insular cortex - cingulate cortex - reticular formation - pons

periaqueductal gray (PAG)

William has schizophrenia. He is certain that a secret governmental organization is taping his conversations and is out to ruin his life. This is an example of _______________, which is a positive symptom of schizophrenia. - delusions of reference - asociality - grandiose delusions - delusions of oppression - persecutory delusion

persecutory delusion

A person takes a pill that contains morphine. Before the morphine affects the brain, it is affected by the digestive system, the liver, and chemicals in the bloodstream. The way the body affects the action of a drug is called - pharmacokinetics - pharmacodynamics - psychopharmacology - chemometabolism - Pharmacometabolism

pharmacokinetics

One of the most common phobias in phobia anxiety disorder is agoraphobia, which is the fear of - snakes - balloons - clowns - public spaces - spiders

public spaces

A famous study that demonstrates how the environment contributes to addiction was called the - mousetrap study - chimpanzee socialization study - social stigma study - economic inequality and alcohol study - rat park study

rat park study

Tanner was playing football on a Friday night and took a hard hit, rendering him unconscious for about a minute. He was taken out of the game, and for the rest of the weekend he had a bad headache and was dizzy. He said he felt better on Monday, so the coach put him in for practice. He took another hit to head that was not as bad as during the game, but this time he had to go to the hospital where a CT scan showed swelling in the brain. This is an example of - multiple-concussion syndrome - a cerebral hematoma - an open-head injury - second-impact syndrome - chronic traumatic encephalopathy

second-impact syndrome

You are walking through a store and see a man with a gray mustache pass you by. There is nothing particularly important about the man, and within a few seconds, you forget about him entirely. This is an example of ____________ memory, which fades extremely quickly. - Working - Spatial - Episodic - Short-term - sensory

sensory

In the biological process of sensitization, the interneuron releases the neurotransmitter ________ at the axon terminal of another (sensory) neuron. - glutamate - GABA - acetylcholine - serotonin (5-HT) - Dopamine

serotonin (5-HT)

If a person is taking cocaine through a method of insufflation, then they are likely - taking it through a transdermal patch - turning it into a liquid and injecting the drug - swallowing it in pill form - snorting the drug - mixing it with a base and smoking it as in crack cocaine

snorting the drug

The Morris water maze is most often used to evaluate ____________. - operant conditioning - fearful memory - spatial memory - short-term memory - semantic memory

spatial memory

A side effect of taking antipsychotics (especially typical antipsychotics) is uncontrollable muscle twitching, especially around the face and tongue. This is called - tardive dyskinesia - multiple muscle movement disorder (M3D) - Hyper-kinesthesia - muscle kinesthetic - akinesia

tardive dyskinesia

To treat his epilepsy, H.M. had areas of his _________ removed, which left him with _____________. - temporal lobe, retrograde amnesia - temporal lobe, anterograde amnesia - parietal lobe, anterograde amnesia - occipital lobe, transient amnesia - parietal lobe, retrograde amnesia

temporal lobe, anterograde amnesia

The idea that stress and life experiences can influence the manifestation and severity of neuropsychiatric disorders such as depression and schizophrenia is called - congenital-stress model - the nature-nurture model - the predisposition-stress model - the diathesis-stress model - regulation-stress model

the diathesis-stress mode

Liam plays professional ice hockey. He's had several concussions that have caused diffuse axonal injury. Which of the following best describe a particular problem that can come from diffuse axonal injury? - the release of G-proteins into the extracellular fluid causing plaque - excessive bleeding just below the skull putting pressure on the cortex - damage to the ventricles and flow of cerebral spinal fluid - the excess release of excitatory neurotransmitters like glutamate causing overexcitation of neurons - More than one of the above is a particular problem of diffuse axonal injury.

the excess release of excitatory neurotransmitters like glutamate causing overexcitation of neurons

Of the following brain areas, which plays the most significant role in semantic memories? - the amygdala - the hypothalamus - the caudate nucleus - the cerebellum - the medial and inferior temporal lobe

the medial and inferior temporal lobe

Which area of the brain is part of the mesocorticolimbic dopamine system? - the ventral striatum - the fornix - the precuneus - the dorsolateral nucleus of the thalamus - the nucleus accumbens

the nucleus accumbens

Patients taking MAOIs to treat depression must be careful about - the amount of sleep they get. - their diet in that they should not eat certain cheeses and nuts. - not taking hallucinogens like LSD. - drinking absolutely no alcohol. - whether they are also taking SSRIs

their diet in that they should not eat certain cheeses and nuts.

Chlorpromazine (Thorazine) is a(n) - typical antidepressant - atypical anxiolytic - atypical antidepressant - atypical antipsychotic - typical antipsychotic

typical antipsychotic