psych exam 3

accommodation

18-month-old Gordon learned the schema for apples. When Gordon sees tomatoes at the grocery store, he says, "Look mommy, apples!" His mother tells him that the food he sees at the store is a tomato, not an apple. He now has separate schemata for tomatoes and apples. This exemplifies ________.

integrity vs. despair

After age 65, most people are attempting to assess their lives and make sense of life and the meaning of their contributions. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?

confirmation

Carmela believes her assistant, Lian, is incompetent. She notices only what Lian does wrong while ignoring the above average quality of most of her work. This exemplifies ________ bias.

formal operational

Children in the ________ stage can use abstract thinking to problem solve, look at alternative solutions, and test these solutions.

The word "Fluid" should be changed to the word "Crystallized."

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? "Fluid intelligence is characterized as acquired knowledge and the ability to retrieve it."

change "transitional" to "sensory"

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? In order for a memory to go into storage, it has to pass through three distinct stages: transitional memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.

The word "zygote" should be changed to the word "placenta."

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? The zygote is a structure connected to the uterus that provides nourishment and oxygen from the mother to the developing embryo via the umbilical cord.

encoding failure

Lisa puts five quarters into the parking meter every time she goes downtown. However, when asked, Lisa cannot say if the head on a quarter is facing left or right. This may be an example of ________, because Lisa never paid attention to the picture in the first place.

object permanence

Madeline is seven months old. Her mother is eating a cookie and Madeline wants some. Her mother hides the cookie under a napkin, but Madeline is not fooled. She knows the cookie is still there. What does this exemplify?

avoidant

Marcy is 15 months old, and her father is insensitive and inattentive her needs. Marcy reacts to him the same way she reacts to a stranger—she doesn't care if he leaves the room and when he returns she is slow to notice or react. What kind of attachment is this?

divided intelligence into two components: crystallized and fluid

Raymond Cattell was a psychologist who ________.

your first day of school

Remembering ________ is a good example of episodic memory. Select one:

explicit memories

What type of long-term memories do we consciously try to remember and recall?

retrograde; anterograde

When experiencing ________ amnesia, you experience loss of memory for events that occurred prior to the trauma. When experiencing ________ amnesia, you cannot remember new information.

recognition

When you take a multiple-choice test, you are using ________, a means of retrieving information out of your long-term memory storage system that helps you choose the correct answer.

rehearsal

To remember his lines for the play, Guy repeats his lines repeatedly. This process is called ________.

functional fixedness

Which concept is a type of mental set where you cannot perceive an object being used for something other than what it was designed for?

secure

Umberto is a one-year-old, and his mother is sensitive and responsive to his needs. He is distressed when his mother leaves him, and he is happy to see her when she returns. What kind of attachment is this?

semantic and episodic

What are the two components of declarative memory?

type of implicit memory that stores information about how to do skills and actions

What is procedural memory?

knowledge about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge and facts

What is semantic memory?

The observation that each generation has a significantly higher IQ than the previous generation.

What is the Flynn effect?

memory

What is the set of processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over different periods of time?

sensory

What kind of memory involves storage of brief events, such as sights, sounds, and tastes?

Staying awake all night to learn information

Which of the following does NOT enhance memory?

semantics

Which term refers to the process by which we derive meaning from morphemes and words?

Erik Erikson

Who developed the psychosocial theory of development?

amygdala

I have a deep fear of snakes and when I come across a place where I have seen a snake before, I have a strong memory of my fear from the last time I saw the snake. What part of my brain is most associated with the activation of this memory?

representativeness bias

Ilayda assumes that her professors spend their free time reading books and engaging in intellectual conversation, because the idea of them spending their time playing volleyball or visiting an amusement park does not fit in with her stereotypes of professors. This exemplifies ________.

availability heuristic

Illnesses such as diabetes and stomach cancer kill more than twice the number of Americans than murder or car accidents. However, Zale sees car accidents as more dangerous because he often hears about car accident fatalities on the nightly news, and he doesn't know anyone with diabetes or stomach cancer. Therefore, Zale takes more precautions against car accidents. This exemplifies ________.

interpersonal; intrapersonal

In Howard Gardner's Multiple Intelligences Theory, ________ intelligence and ________ intelligence are often combined into a single type: emotional intelligence.

teratogen

A ________ is any environmental agent—biological, chemical, or physical—that causes damage.

morpheme

A ________ is the smallest unit of language that conveys some type of meaning.

phoneme

A(an) ________ is a basic sound unit of a given language.

prototype

A(an) ________ is the best example, or representation, of a concept.

Caregiver must be responsive to a child's food preferences.

According to attachment theory, which of the following is not needed for healthy attachment?

memories are processed the same way that a computer processes information

According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model, ________.

identity vs. confusion

Adolescents (ages 12-18) experiment with and develop a sense of who they are and what roles they want to play. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?

trust vs. mistrust

Between birth and one year, infants are dependent on their caregivers; therefore, caregivers who are responsive and sensitive to their infant's needs help their baby to develop a sense of the world as a safe, predictable place. In Erikson's developmental theory, what is the primary developmental task of this stage?

sensorimotor

During Jean Piaget's ________ stage, the world is experienced through what we can take in through our perceptual systems and how we can move our bodies.

thinking about the meaning of the new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory

Elaborative rehearsal involves ________.

chunking

Elena finds it very difficult to remember a long string of numbers, so she tries to memorize three numbers at a time. Later, she is able to repeat the numbers correctly because she grouped the numbers into more manageable groups of three. This is an example of ________.

fluid

Navigating your way home through an unfamiliar route due to road construction would draw upon your ________ intelligence.

assimilation

One-year-old Ainsley learned the schema for trucks because his family has a truck. When Ainsley sees cars driving on television, she says, "Look mommy, truck!" This exemplifies ________.

thoughts

Sensations and information are received by our brains, filtered through emotions and memories, and processed to become ________.

gifted

Someone with an IQ above 130 would be described as________.

analyze, evaluate, judge, compare, and contrast

The analytical intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence is demonstrated by the ability to ________.

knowing that even if you change the appearance of something, it is still equal in size as long as nothing has been removed or added

The concept conservation refers to ________.

i

The word ________ is both a morpheme and a phoneme.

discontinuous

Theorists who view development as ________ believe that development takes place in unique stages.

A

Which of the following illustrates conservation? a.Scott knows that one piece of pizza cut into two slices is the same amount as cutting the same piece of pizza into three slices. b.Rebekah recycles her glass bottles but not her cell phone batteries. c.Joseph saves his energy by brushing his teeth in the shower. d.Deirdre believes that five pennies have more value than two nickels.

younger average age for marriage

Which of the following is NOT one of the reasons for the new lifespan development category called emerging adulthood?

D

Which of the following is NOT true regarding Patient H.M.? a.He experienced difficulty with explicit / declarative memory (i.e., forming new memories). b.He lost the ability to form new memories, yet he could still remember information and events that had occurred prior to the surgery. c.His hippocampus was removed in attempt to treat severe epilepsy. d.He experienced difficulty with implicit / non-declarative memory, caused by damage to his cerebellum.

A

Which of the following statements about algorithms is false? Algorithms cannot be used in everyday life. Algorithms are a problem-solving strategy. Algorithms involve a step-by-step problem-solving formula. Algorithms are frequently used by computer programmers.

B

Which of the following statements about eyewitness testimony is correct? a.Eyewitness testimony is always reliable. b.Eyewitness testimony is vulnerable to the power of suggestion. c.Eyewitness testimony is reliable for events that do not involve crime. d.Eyewitness testimony is never reliable.

cerebellum

Which part of the brain is most involved in creating implicit memories?

language

Which term describes a communication system that uses systematic rules to organize words to transmit information from one individual to another?

schemata

________ are concepts (mental models) that are used to help us categorize and interpret information.

cognitive

________ development involves learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity.

cognition

________ encompasses the processes associated with perception, knowledge, problem solving, judgment, language, and memory.