Psych Exam 3

Lexie responds with all 5s to the questions regardless of what they are asking. 1. Acquiescence 2. Fence sitting 3. Socially desirable responding 4. Faking bad responding

1. Acquiescence

A restaurant owner uses a response card to evaluate how satisfied customers are with the food. It contains one item, "Please rate the quality of the food" on a scale from 1 (very dissatisfied) to 4 (very satisfied). This direct question seems like a very reasonable way to find out how satisfied customers are according to marketing research experts. 1. Face validity 2. Criterion validity 3. Content validity 4. Convergent validity 5. Discriminant validity

1. Face validity

Clinical psychologists develop a 7-item self-report measure to quickly identify people at risk for panic disorder. A group of clients diagnosed with panic disorder looks over the measure and says that it seems to capture their symptoms. 1. Face validity 2. Criterion validity 3. Content validity 4. Convergent validity 5. Discriminant validity

1. Face validity

Knowing how important it is to maintain your physical health, how healthy do you feel you are at this time? 1. Leading Question 2. Double-barreled question 3. Negatively worded question

1. Leading Question

Doctors receive a list of patients with COVID each morning before they begin their rounds. They use a computer program that arbitrarily chooses patients for them to invite to be in their study. 1. Simple random sampling 2. Stratified random sampling 3. Systematic sampling 4. Snowball sampling 5. Cluster sampling 6. Quota sampling 7. Multistage sampling

1. Simple random sampling

Person's attitude toward the late policy for homework in their economics class 1. Survey 2. Behavioral Observation

1. Survey

Person's opinion about the current presidential administration 1. Survey 2. Behavioral Observation

1. Survey

A researcher develops a measure of how fond people are of dogs. A group of dog owners look the measure over and say that it seems to accurately capture their affinity for dogs. 1. face validity 2. criterion validity 3. content validity 4. convergent validity 5. discriminant validity

1. face validity

Person's class attendance 1. Survey 2. Behavioral Observation

2. Behavioral Observation

Whether a person votes or not in state-level elections 1. Survey 2. Behavioral Observation

2. Behavioral Observation

A restaurant owner uses a response card to evaluate how satisfied customers are with the food. It contains one item, "Please rate the quality of the food" on a scale from 1 (very dissatisfied) to 4 (very satisfied). Responses to this item correlate with the amount of uneaten food (leftovers) on the plate. 1. Face validity 2. Criterion validity 3. Content validity 4. Convergent validity 5. Discriminant validity

2. Criterion validity

A restaurant owner uses a response card to evaluate how satisfied customers are with the food. It contains one item, "Please rate the quality of the food" on a scale from 1 (very dissatisfied) to 4 (very satisfied). Responses to this question accurately predict customers who will return (repeat customers) and those who will not. 1. Face validity 2. Criterion validity 3. Content validity 4. Convergent validity 5. Discriminant validity

2. Criterion validity

Clinical psychologists develop a 7 item self-report measure to quickly identify people at risk for panic disorder. Scores on the measure differentiate between individuals who are clinically diagnosed with panic disorder and those who are not diagnosed with panic disorder. 1. Face validity 2. Criterion validity 3. Content validity 4. Convergent validity 5. Discriminant validity

2. Criterion validity

Clinical psychologists develop a 7-item self-report measure to quickly identify people at risk for panic disorder. The actual number of panic attacks a person has also correlates with the measure. 1. Face validity 2. Criterion validity 3. Content validity 4. Convergent validity 5. Discriminant validity

2. Criterion validity

Do you exercise enough to hit your target heart rate at least three times a week and get at least eight hours of sleep per night? 1. Leading Question 2. Double-barreled question 3. Negatively worded question

2. Double-barreled question

George chooses 3 for answers to all of the questions. 1. Acquiescence 2. Fence sitting 3. Socially desirable responding 4. Faking bad responding

2. Fence sitting

Doctors divide their list of patients into two groups: those who came to the hospital because they'd been diagnosed with COVID-19, and those who came for some other reason and then found out they also had COVID-19. The doctors take a random sample of patients from each of these two groups. 1. Simple random sampling 2. Stratified random sampling 3. Systematic sampling 4. Snowball sampling 5. Cluster sampling 6. Quota sampling 7. Multistage sampling

2. Stratified random sampling

A researcher develops a measure of how fond people are of dogs. Scores on the measure can predict who owns a dog and who does not. 1. face validity 2. criterion validity 3. content validity 4. convergent validity 5. discriminant validity

2. criterion validity

Psychologists studying consciousness develop a seven-item measure on quality of sleep.Individuals who score higher on this measure (better quality) perform tasks with more energy and are more rated as being alert by observers in a task. 1. face validity 2. criterion validity 3. content validity 4. convergent validity 5. discriminant validity

2. criterion validity

Researchers develop a measure of physical health. Individuals who score high (in good physical health) on this measure have fewer illnesses and choose healthier foods at the grocery store than do others. 1. face validity 2. criterion validity 3. content validity 4. convergent validity 5. discriminant validity

2. criterion validity

The GRE (Graduate Record Exam) is a graduate school admissions test expected to predict how well people perform in graduate school. 1. face validity 2. criterion validity 3. content validity 4. convergent validity 5. discriminant validity

2. criterion validity

Do you not never exercise? 1. Leading Question 2. Double-barreled question 3. Negatively worded question

3. Negatively worded question

Don answers all the questions in a way that he believes makes him look good to the researchers - he does not admit any of his negative health behaviors. 1. Acquiescence 2. Fence sitting 3. Socially desirable responding 4. Faking bad responding

3. Socially desirable responding

Doctors have a list of patients with COVID-19. They choose a patient from the list, and then ask every sixth person from that person to participate in their study. 1. Simple random sampling 2. Stratified random sampling 3. Systematic sampling 4. Snowball sampling 5. Cluster sampling 6. Quota sampling 7. Multistage sampling

3. Systematic sampling

Psychologists studying consciousness develop a seven-item measure on quality of sleep. The measure includes items that ask about ease of falling asleep, duration of sleep, interruptions to sleep, and feeling of refreshment on waking. 1. face validity 2. criterion validity 3. content validity 4. convergent validity 5. discriminant validity

3. content validity

Researchers develop a measure of physical health. The measure includes items that pertain to all the main aspects of physical aspects of physical health: nutrition, exercise, and sleep. 1. face validity 2. criterion validity 3. content validity 4. convergent validity 5. discriminant validity

3. content validity

The GRE (Graduate Record Exam) is a graduate school admissions test that has analytical, verbal, and quantitative questions. 1. face validity 2. criterion validity 3. content validity 4. convergent validity 5. discriminant validity

3. content validity

A restaurant owner uses a response card to evaluate how satisfied customers are with the food. It contains one item, "Please rate the quality of the food" on a scale from 1 (very dissatisfied) to 4 (very satisfied). Responses to this item correlate with responses to other factors similar to food quality such as food smell, food taste, etc. 1. Face validity 2. Criterion validity 3. Content validity 4. Convergent validity 5. Discriminant validity

4. Convergent validity

Clinical psychologists develop a 7 item self-report measure to quickly identify people at risk for panic disorder. This new measure positively correlates with an older existing measure for identifying those with panic disorder. 1. Face validity 2. Criterion validity 3. Content validity 4. Convergent validity 5. Discriminant validity

4. Convergent validity

A researcher develops a measure of how fond people are of dogs. This measure correlates with an existing measure of fondness for pets. 1. face validity 2. criterion validity 3. content validity 4. convergent validity 5. discriminant validity

4. convergent validity

Psychologists studying consciousness develop a seven-item measure on quality of sleep. Scores on this measure correlate with another measure of sleep satisfaction. 1. face validity 2. criterion validity 3. content validity 4. convergent validity 5. discriminant validity

4. convergent validity

Researchers develop a measure of physical health. This measure strongly correlates with existing measures of physical health. 1. face validity 2. criterion validity 3. content validity 4. convergent validity 5. discriminant validity

4. convergent validity

The GRE (Graduate Record Exam) is a graduate school admissions test. Scores on it correlate with scores on other graduate admissions tests. 1. face validity 2. criterion validity 3. content validity 4. convergent validity 5. discriminant validity

4. convergent validity

A restaurant owner uses a response card to evaluate how satisfied customers are with the food. It contains one item, "Please rate the quality of the food" on a scale from 1 (very dissatisfied) to 4 (very satisfied). This item does not correlate with other items such as ambiance and service (factors that are unrelated to food quality satisfaction) 1. Face validity 2. Criterion validity 3. Content validity 4. Convergent validity 5. Discriminant validity

5. Discriminant validity

Clinical psychologists develop a 7 item self-report measure to quickly identify people at risk for panic disorder. This new measure does not correlate with measures for unrelated factors such as OCD or other health issues. 1. Face validity 2. Criterion validity 3. Content validity 4. Convergent validity 5. Discriminant validity

5. Discriminant validity

A researcher develops a measure of how fond people are of dogs. This measure does not correlate with a fondness for ice cream measure. 1. face validity 2. criterion validity 3. content validity 4. convergent validity 5. discriminant validity

5. discriminant validity

Psychologists studying consciousness develop a seven-item measure on quality of sleep. Scores on this measure do not correlate with scores on a measure of feelings of exhaustion. 1. face validity 2. criterion validity 3. content validity 4. convergent validity 5. discriminant validity

5. discriminant validity

Researchers develop a measure of physical health. There is no correlation between scores on this measure and scores on a measure of sense of humor. 1. face validity 2. criterion validity 3. content validity 4. convergent validity 5. discriminant validity

5. discriminant validity

The GRE (Graduate Record Exam) is a graduate school admissions test. Scores on the test do not correlate with measures of physical fitness. 1. face validity 2. criterion validity 3. content validity 4. convergent validity 5. discriminant validity

5. discriminant validity

A researcher wants to use proportionate stratified random sampling to end up with a total sample of 89 college students. If the population of college students includes 68% who work outside of college and 32% who don't, how many working students should be in the sample? Round your answer to the nearest whole number.

61

Researchers randomly select five hospitals, and then randomly select units within those hospitals, and then randomly select participants from those units to be in their study on experiences with COVID-19. 1. Simple random sampling 2. Stratified random sampling 3. Systematic sampling 4. Snowball sampling 5. Cluster sampling 6. Quota sampling 7. Multistage sampling

7. Multistage sampling

A researcher wants to use proportionate stratified random sampling to end up with a total sample of 119 college students. If the population of college students includes 74% who work outside of college and 26% who don't, how many working students should be in the sample? Round your answer to the nearest whole number.

88

A person's identification as right-handed, left-handed, or ambidextrous A. Categorical/nominal B. Ordinal C. Interval D. Ratio

A. Categorical/nominal

A political party with which a person affiliates. A. Categorical/nominal B. Ordinal C. Interval D. Ratio

A. Categorical/nominal

Are you a morning person or a night owl? A. Categorical/nominal B. Ordinal C. Interval D. Ratio

A. Categorical/nominal

Favorite animal A. Categorical/nominal B. Ordinal C. Interval D. Ratio

A. Categorical/nominal

Gender identity A. Categorical/nominal B. Ordinal C. Interval D. Ratio

A. Categorical/nominal

If a person has a Netflix account A. Categorical/nominal B. Ordinal C. Interval D. Ratio

A. Categorical/nominal

Participant's eye color A. Categorical/nominal B. Ordinal C. Interval D. Ratio

A. Categorical/nominal

Preference for sweetened or unsweetened tea A. Categorical/nominal B. Ordinal C. Interval D. Ratio

A. Categorical/nominal

Preferred brand of toothpaste A. Categorical/nominal B. Ordinal C. Interval D. Ratio

A. Categorical/nominal

Someone's favorite flavor of ice cream A. Categorical/nominal B. Ordinal C. Interval D. Ratio

A. Categorical/nominal

State of residence A. Categorical/nominal B. Ordinal C. Interval D. Ratio

A. Categorical/nominal

Researchers set up a scenario in which participants will be faced with a threat, and will then have the opportunity to "fight or flee." Coders record the behavior of each participant. Strong agreement on whether or not the participants fight or flee would indicate good ________ reliability. A. Interrater B. Test-restest C. Internal

A. Interrater

A researcher joins a cult to learn about their practices. What type of study is this? A. Participant observation B. Structured observation C. Naturalistic observation

A. Participant observation

A writer takes an entry level job at a big-box store to see how employees are treated and what working conditions are like. What type of study is this? A. Participant observation B. Naturalistic observation C. Structured observation

A. Participant observation

A researcher studying motivation tells participants that he will record how hard they pull on a rope in a tug-of-war game. Participants pull harder than they normally would. What issue does this illustrate? A. Reactivity B. Observer Effects C. Observer Bias

A. Reactivity

Some dieters have reported that putting a video camera in front of the fridge or the pantry decreases the number of times they snack, and that they select healthier items for their snacks than they might otherwise. What issue does this illustrate? A. Reactivity B. Observer Effects C. Observer Bias

A. Reactivity

Teachers and students are on their best behavior when outside observers come into the classroom. What issue does this illustrate? A. Reactivity B. Observer Effects C. Observer Bias

A. Reactivity

To study people's spending habits, a researcher asks participants to track and record every dollar they spend for two weeks. However, this tracking and recording changes how the participants spend their money, such that they are less likely to make small spur of the moment purchases. What issue does this illustrate? A. Reactivity B. Observer Effects C. Observer Bias

A. Reactivity

As part of a study on attraction, college students are approached by an unknown attractive stranger and asked if they would go on a date with them. What type of study was this? A. Structured observation B. Participant observation C. Naturalistic observation

A. Structured observation

Intelligence is thought to be a fairly stable characteristic in individuals, so it is expected that when someone takes an intelligence test more than once, their two scores on the test should be quite close to one another. This demonstrates ____________ reliability. A. Test-retest B. Internal C. Interrater

A. Test-retest

Researchers place unobtrusive video recording devices in the living rooms of 20 children. later, coders view tapes of the living areas and code how many minutes each child spends playing video games. If how much playing time is a conceptual variable that researchers find to be stable over time after measuring each child multiple times, there is strong _______ reliability. A. test-retest B. internal C. interrrater

A. test-retest

A researcher observes people and pets in a dog park to examine the levels of sociability between dogs and humans. What type of study is this? A. Participant observation B. Naturalistic observation C. Structured observation

B. Naturalistic observation

Teachers watch their students on the playground at recess and record the types of games they play. What type of study is this? A. Participant observation B. Naturalistic observation C. Structured observation

B. Naturalistic observation

A professor believes that students who arrive early to class and sit in the front are more motivated and will earn better grades in the course. In actuality, there is no correlation between these behaviors and potential to learn the subject matter. However, by the end of the semester, the students in the front are earning better grades in the course than others. What issue does this illustrate? A. Reactivity B. Observer Effects C. Observer Bias

B. Observer Effects

Some new pet owners are told that their dogs are "very smart and will be easily trainable" and some are told that their dogs are "not so smart and will have difficulty with training." In reality, there is no difference between the dogs, but by the end of the training session, those dogs who had owners who were told they were smart really have learned the training better. What issue does this illustrate? A. Reactivity B. Observer Effects C. Observer Bias

B. Observer Effects

The camp director tells the art camp counselor that the morning art campers are really friendly, but that the afternoon art campers are not. In actuality, the two groups are equally friendly. However, by the end of the summer after art camp, the morning group really is acting friendlier than the afternoon group. What issue does this illustrate? A. Reactivity B. Observer Effects C. Observer Bias

B. Observer Effects

A teacher's ranking of how much she likes her students (favorite to least favorite) A. Categorical/nominal B. Ordinal C. Interval D. Ratio

B. Ordinal

Anxiety rating on a 1 (not at all) to 7 (very) scale A. Categorical/nominal B. Ordinal C. Interval D. Ratio

B. Ordinal

Person's skill level using MS Excel: novice, intermediate, advanced, expert A. Categorical/nominal B. Ordinal C. Interval D. Ratio

B. Ordinal

Social class (upper class, middle class, and lower class) A. Categorical/nominal B. Ordinal C. Interval D. Ratio

B. Ordinal

Students' letter grade (A, B, C, D, F) in a course A. Categorical/nominal B. Ordinal C. Interval D. Ratio

B. Ordinal

Tastiness rating for the desert served tonight A. Categorical/nominal B. Ordinal C. Interval D. Ratio

B. Ordinal

A researcher joins a hate group chatroom to learn about social identification and prejudice. What type of study is this? A. Structured observation B. Participant observation C. Naturalistic observation

B. Participant observation

Some dieters have reported that putting a video camera in front of the fridge or the pantry decreases the number of times they snack, and that they select healthier items for their snacks than they might otherwise. What issue does this illustrate? A. Observer Effects B. Reactivity C. Observer Bias

B. Reactivity

A restaurant owner uses a response card with four items to evaluate how satisfied customers are with the food, service, ambiance, and overall experience. If the restaurant owner thinks that all of the ratings should correlate with one another and they do, ___________ reliability will be established. A. test-retest B. internal C. interrrater

B. internal

Clinical psychologists have developed a 7 item, self-report measure to quickly identify people who are at risk for panic disorder. Good _________ reliability exists if there are strong relationships between all the items on the measure. A. test-retest B. internal C. interrrater

B. internal

Dr. Romans is considering conducting a study examining whether narcissistic people have poorer social interactions than those who are not narcissistic. One of her first tasks is to determine which of her participants are narcissistic and which are not. She decides to use the scale created by a colleague, the Mayo scale. Question 1 reads, "I tend to not think about other people as much as I think about myself." Question 2 reads, "I do not have a high opinion of myself." Question 3 reads, "I think other people think I am really special." Before using the measure in her study, Dr. Valencia analyzes the data she gets from her students. She looks at the relationship between each of the individual questions. She sees that participants who agree with Question 1 also agree with question 3 and disagree with Question 2. This is a test of which of the following? A. test-retest B. internal C. interrrater

B. internal

In Bandura's BoBo doll study, children watched a model beat up a bobo doll and then had an opportunity to interact with a doll themselves (they mirrored the adults' behaviors). Multiple researchers coding the children's behavior, in the same way, would indicate good _________ reliability. A. test-retest B. internal C. interrrater

B. internal

Psychologists develop a new inventory to assess gratitude for life. All of the items on the inventory assess the same thing, so it is expected that if people express an inflated sense of self, they are likely to express interest and admiration of themselves in other ways. Thus, responses to the questions are likely to strongly correlate, providing evidence for _______ reliability. A. test-retest B. internal C. interrrater

B. internal

The Rosenburg self-esteem inventory asks people questions about their self-worth and other qualities. Generally, people who respond they are a person of worth also indicate that they have many other good qualities as well. When responses to a series of items strongly correlate in this manner, it demonstrates ___________ reliability. A. test-retest B. internal C. interrrater

B. internal

Dress size A. Categorical/nominal B. Ordinal C. Interval D. Ratio

C. Interval

Fahrenheit temperature scale A. Categorical/nominal B. Ordinal C. Interval D. Ratio

C. Interval

Nurses on a psychiatric unit record the activities that patients do in the common areas. What type of study is this? A. Structured observation B. Participant observation C. Naturalistic observation

C. Naturalistic observation

A developmental psychologist believes that first born babies have easier temperaments than those born second (i.e., those with an older sibling), and is more likely to code behaviors as positive and easy and to overlook fussiness in first born children than in second-borns. What issue does this illustrate? A. Reactivity B. Observer Effects C. Observer Bias

C. Observer Bias

A researcher hypothesizes that boys play "harder" and "rougher" than girls and are more likely to be hurt. If the researcher categorizes boys' scrapes and bruises as being more severe even though they are actually the same, what issue does this illustrate? A. Reactivity B. Observer Effects C. Observer Bias

C. Observer Bias

A researcher hypothesizes that women speak in more complex ways than men. If the researcher actually codes the speech of women as more complex although it isn't, what issue does this illustrate? A. Reactivity B. Observer Effects C. Observer Bias

C. Observer Bias

If a cognitive psychologist believes that "gifted" children are more creative than others and is more likely to categorize responses as "creative" for that group than others, even if the responses are the same, what issue does this illustrate? A. Reactivity B. Observer Effects C. Observer Bias

C. Observer Bias

A teacher arranges for a stranger to walk into her classroom unexpectedly midway through the lecture. At the end of the class, she tests students' memory for individuals. What type of study is this? A. Participant observation B. Naturalistic observation C. Structured observation

C. Structured observation

As part of a study on reactions to emergencies, the room in which participants are completing a study begins to fill with smoke. What type of study was this? A. Participant observation B. Naturalistic observation C. Structured observation

C. Structured observation

To assess attachment style, Mary Ainsworth set up a strange situation in which babies and toddlers were left alone in a room with a stranger and were then reunited with their caregiver. What type of study was this? A. Participant observation B. Naturalistic observation C. Structured observation

C. Structured observation

Researchers secretly video-record couples having an argument while they are waiting for an appointment. two different observers then code the couples' behavior for respect, animosity, contempt, and argumentativeness. If the two coders' ratings match one another, there is evidence for _______ reliability. A. test-retest B. internal C. interrrater

C. interrrater

To measure impatience, researchers create situations in which the participants will have to wait, apparently unnecessarily, to complete an assigned task. Two observers code the behavior of the participants. To the extent that the two observers' rating match, there is evidence for ________ reliability. A. test-retest B. internal C. interrrater

C. interrrater

How many books participants' read over the summer. A. Categorical/nominal B. Ordinal C. Interval D. Ratio

D. Ratio

Number of ice cream cones eaten A. Categorical/nominal B. Ordinal C. Interval D. Ratio

D. Ratio

Number of paid internships a person has had. A. Categorical/nominal B. Ordinal C. Interval D. Ratio

D. Ratio

Number of seconds it takes a person to react to a stimulus (reaction time duration) A. Categorical/nominal B. Ordinal C. Interval D. Ratio

D. Ratio

Number of siblings a person has. A. Categorical/nominal B. Ordinal C. Interval D. Ratio

D. Ratio

The dollar amount of financial aid money received A. Categorical/nominal B. Ordinal C. Interval D. Ratio

D. Ratio