psych exam 4

The nerves exit the central nervous system in the head

50. Which of the following is true of the sympathetic nervous system?

James-Lange Theory

51. According to the _____, after the initial perception of a stimulus, the experience of the emotion results from the perception of one's own physiological changes.

Cannon-Bard theory

52. According to the _____, emotion and physiological reactions occur simultaneously.

amygdalae

53. Which of the following brain structures plays a central role in the experience of fear?

The limbic system is involved in the experience of + emotion

54. Which of the following is true of the biological factors involved in emotion?

physiological arousal and cognitive labeling

55. According to Schachter and Singer's two-factor theory, emotion is determined by two factors. They are

facial feedback hypothesis?

56. You are feeling upset when your mother turns toward you and says, "Turn that frown upside down." You turn your frown into a smile and realize that you now feel happy. This experience can be best described by the

Idea that facial expressions can influence emotion

57. The facial feedback hypothesis provides support for the

a display rule

58. Evan received an ugly pair of pajamas for his birthday. Even though he didn't like the gift, he smiled and thanked his grandmother for the present. Evan's behavior can be explained in terms of

Valence and arousal level

59. The _____ of an emotion refers to whether it feels pleasant or unpleasant. The _____ of an emotion is the degree to which the emotion is reflected in an individual's being active, engaged, or excited versus more passive, relatively disengaged, or calm.

he prefers real faces to jumbled faces and his mother's to stranger's

6. Nathan is a happy and healthy three-month-old baby. Based on preferential-looking and habituation research, what can you predict about Nathan's perceptual abilities?

negative affect, positive affect

60. The term _____ refers to emotions such as anger, guilt, and sadness, whereas the term _____ refers to emotions such as joy, happiness, and interest.

social psychology

61. _____ is the scientific study of how people think about, influence, and relate to other people.

when other people are present

62. The bystander effect is most likely to occur

people who look to others for cues on how to behave or deindividuation

63. In the context of social behavior, which of the following best explains why the bystander effect occurs?

social cognition

64. The area of social psychology that explores how people select, interpret, remember, and use social information is called

Steryotype

65. _____ is a generalization about a group's characteristics that does not consider any variations from one individual to another.

self-fulfilling prophecy

66. Parents warn a new babysitter that their son, Dennis, is very aggressive and mischievous. As a result of this initial expectation, the babysitter starts calling Dennis "Dennis the Menace," and he behaves in ways that elicit aggressive and mischievous behaviors from Dennis. This example best demonstrates the phenomenon called

1. Internal and external causes 2. stable and unstable causes 3. controllable and uncontrollable causes

67. According to attribution theory, attributions vary along which of the following dimensions?

internal attributes

68. Attributions that include causes inside and specific to a person, such as his or her traits and abilities, are called

fundamental attribution error

69. You come to a conclusion that Carla is a naturally anxious woman. You ignore the fact that Carla is currently taking finals and working 40 hours per week. You are demonstrating the

Occurs at an average age of 11 ½ for girls and 13 ½ for boys

7. Which of the following characterizes pubertal change in adolescents?

self-serving bias

70. _____ refers to the tendency to take credit for one's own successes and to deny responsibility for one's own failures.

attitudes

71. _____ are people's opinions and beliefs about other people, objects, and ideas, and how they feel about the world.

cognitive dissonance

72. _____ is the psychological discomfort caused by two inconsistent thoughts.

Change our behaviors to fit our attitudes or change our attitudes to fit our behavior

73. Cognitive dissonance theory states that in order to reduce dissonance, individuals

Individuals make inferences about their attitudes by observing their behavior.

74. According to the self-perception theory,

cohort effects

1. _____ are differences between individuals that stem not necessarily from their ages but from the historical period and society in which they were born and developed.

sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational

10. Which of the following represents the correct chronological sequence of Piaget's stages of cognitive development?

object permanence

11. You tried to play peek-a-boo with your six-month-old nephew, but whenever you hid your face, he would cry. You try it again three months later, and now he laughs and enjoys the game, trying to uncover your face with his hands. Your nephew has begun to develop

preoperational stage

12. Which of Piaget's stages of cognitive development is characterized by egocentric thought?

Inability to take another person's mental state into account

13. According to Piaget, egocentrism refers to young children's

concrete operational stage

14. Which stage of cognitive development involves replacing intuitive reasoning with logical reasoning in concrete situations?

Logical, systematic, abstract, idealistic

15. According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, formal operational thought is

Many cognitive abilities emerge earlier in children than piaget thought

16. One of the most important criticisms of Piaget's theory of cognitive development is that

Adolescent egocentrism

18. Juliet refuses to go to the dance because she has just developed a pimple on her chin, and she is sure everyone will talk about it behind her back. Her behavior illustrates

Being more realistic

19. Which of the following indicates cognition in early adulthood?

Different age groups are tested at the same time

2. In a cross-sectional study related to developmental psychology,

Younger adults do better than older adults in most aspects of memory

20. Which of the following is a difference between older and younger adults?

difficult child

21. Chloe is a baby who cries a lot. She does not eat or sleep on a regular schedule and she often has difficulty adapting to new experiences. Psychologists would say that Chloe's temperament can be described as

Self-regulation, inhibition, and negative affectivity

22. Some researchers disagree with the notion that the labels "easy," "difficult," and "slow-to-warm-up" are the best way to conceptualize temperament. These psychologists argue that _____ are the core dimensions of temperament.

The monkeys were more attracted to the animal mothers that were warm and soft

23. What did Harry Harlow demonstrate in his classic study of attachment amongst baby monkeys?

The caregiver leaves the infant with a stranger and returns later

24. Which of the following most accurately describes Ainsworth's strange situation test used to measure children's attachment?

The first four of Erikson's eight stages apply to childhood. -Trust Versus Mistrust -Autonomy Versus Shame and Guilt -Initiative Versus Guilt -Industry versus Inferiority

25. Which of the following accurately represents the correct sequence of Erikson's first four stages of socioemotional development?

authoritarian

26. Parents who use the _____ parenting style give strict rules to their children with little discussion of the reasons for the rules.

crisis and commitment

27. According to James Marcia, the two dimensions of identity are

identity foreclosure

28. Linda has decided to pursue law because everyone in her family is a lawyer. This is an example of

emerging adolescence

29. According to Jeffrey Arnett, the transitional period from adolescence to adulthood is described as

genotype

3. Developmental psychologists use the term _____ to refer to a person's genes or biological inheritance.

preconventional

30. If Tony shares his toys with his little sister because he is afraid of being punished, he is reasoning at the _____ level of moral development.

energized, directed, and sustained

31. Motivated behavior is

Instincts are learned mechanical responses

32. Which of the following statements about instincts is FALSE?

a drive

33. A(n) _____ is an aroused state that occurs because of a physiological need.

a need

34. A(n) _____ is a physical or biological deprivation that energizes the drive to eliminate or reduce the deprivation.

Homeostasis, the body's tendency to maintain an equilibrium and steady state

35. According to drive reduction theory, the goal of drive reduction is

Performances is best under moderate arousal

36. Which of the following is true of the optimum arousal theory?

It typically signals a person to stop eating

37. Identify the true statement about cholecystokinin (CCK).

Leption

38. The chemical substance _____, released by fat cells, decreases food intake and increases energy expenditure or metabolism.

ventromedial hypothalamus

39. The _____ is involved in reducing hunger and restricting eating.

Conception, zygote, embryo, fetal

4. Which of the following is the correct sequence of the stages of prenatal development?

The effect of learned associations on eating behavior

40. If it is night, we are likely to feel hungry even if we ate a big lunch. This illustrates

3 to 15 seconds

41. According to research on the human sexual-response pattern, orgasm lasts for about _____.

Marriage and monogamy rule sexual behavior

42. According to recent research on sexual patterns of behavior in the United States,

sexual orientation

43. An individual's _____ refers to the direction of his or her erotic interests.

Focusing on satisfaction, basic needs before moving to higher needs

44. From Maslow's perspective, motivation is primarily the result of

competence, relatedness, autonomy

45. According to self-determination theory, what are the three basic organismic needs?

self-efficacy

46. According to self-determination theory, competence motivation involves

individualistic and collectivistic

47. . _____ emphasize independence and self-reliance, whereas _____ emphasize affiliation, cooperation, and interdependence.

intrinsic motivation

48. Competence, relatedness, and autonomy are examples of

extrinsic motivation

49. When individuals engage in a behavior for some external payoff or to avoid a punishment, they

Exposure to teratogens does more damage when it occurs at the same points in development than at others

5. Which of the following statements is true of teratogens?

Foot-in-the-door technique

75. John is selling magazine subscriptions and chocolates. He asks you whether you are interested in buying some chocolates for $1 and you say yes. When you go to get the money to pay for the chocolates and return to the door, John asks you if you would also like to buy a $25 subscription to a variety of magazines. Even though you don't read magazines, you agree to buy a magazine subscription. This is an example of

egoism

76. _____ means helping another person for personal gain, such as to feel good, or avoid guilt.

testosterone

77. The hormone that is typically implicated in aggressive behavior is

Social cognitive theory -- observational learning

78. Robert, a nine-year-old boy, loves watching wrestling on TV. Last night, he used several of the aggressive wrestling moves on his little brother. Which of the following theories best explains William's behavior?

States that frusation always leads to aggression. When people feel frustrated and like their goals are thwarted, they are more likely to behave aggressively.

79. Which of the following statements is true of the frustration-aggression hypothesis?

Amygdala is developed earlier than the prefrontal cortex

8. Adolescents often have difficulty controlling their emotions and making sound decisions about risky behavior. Brain research suggests that this is due to the fact that during adolescence

Relational aggression

80. Behavior that is meant to harm the social standing of another person through activities such as gossiping and spreading rumors is known as

Mere exposure effect

81. Susan drives by an unusually colorful apartment building each day on her way to and from work. Initially, she does not think much of the structure and has a mild dislike for it. However, after several months of commuting, she starts to like the apartment building and is even considering renting an apartment there. This change in Susan's feelings about the building best demonstrates

proximity

82. The mere exposure effect provides one possible explanation for why _____ increases attraction.

Romantic love, affectionate love

83. Social psychologists believe that _____ is particularly strong during the early stages of a relationship, and that _____ increases as the relationship grows and matures.

The social exchange theory

84. According to _____, involve an exchange of goods, the objective of which is to minimize costs and maximize benefits.

equity

85. According to social exchange theory, the most important predictor of relationship success is

Is a change in a person's behavior to coincide more closely with a group standard

86. Which of the following statements best defines conformity?

Deindividuation

87. The Stanford prison experiment provides a dramatic example of how social situations and the roles we take on in life can influence

by Zimbardo? Situational factors powerfully affect human behavior. Anyone would do these vile things if put in the same situation, and good people will do evil things to other good people if the situation supports those deeds.

88. Which of the following conclusions were drawn from the Stanford prison experiment conducted by Zimbardo?

ethnocentrism

89. The tendency to favor one's own cultural group over other groups is called

represents the world with words and images

9. If a child is in Piaget's preoperational stage of development, which of the following tasks is the child most likely to perform?

prejudice

90. _____ is an unjustified negative attitude toward an individual based on the individual's membership in a group.