Psych Exam 4

Aleah remembers that her dog is named Rocky and her cat is named Skipper, but she can't remember the name of her first grade teacher's dog and cat. This is an example of ________. A. Atkinson-Shiffrin model. B. relearning effect. C. self-reference effect. D. Stroop effect.

A

Tabetha has a mental picture of the layout of her house, also called a ________, so when she comes home late at night she can navigate through the rooms without turning on a light. A. cognitive map B. fixed interval map C. fixed ratio map D. latent map

A

Tim receives $100 for every ten telemarketing calls he makes. This is an example of a ______ schedule of reinforcement. A. fixed ratio B. variable ratio C. fixed interval D. variable interval

A

Operant conditioning is a form of learning in which the ________ of behavior influence(s) the strength or likelihood that behavior will occur. A. frequency B. quality C. amount D. consequences

D

Researchers use the method of successive approximations in the process of A. insight learning. B. higher-order conditioning. C. conditioning taste aversions. D. shaping.

D

Thorndike is to _______ as Skinner is to ________. A. classical conditioning ; operant conditioning B. operant conditioning ; classical conditioning C. Law of Effect ; classical conditioning D. Law of Effect ; operant conditioning

D

Elena finds it very difficult to remember a long string of numbers, so she tries to memorize three numbers at a time. Later, she is able to repeat the numbers correctly because she grouped the numbers into more manageable groups of three. This is an example of ________. A. chunking B. elaborative rehearsal C. mnemonic device D. persistence

A

Encoding information occurs through ________. A. automatic processing and effortful processing. B. automatic storing and effortful retrieving. C. processing and storing. D. storing and retrieving

A

Explicit is to ______ memory as implicit is to ______ memory. A. declarative ; non-declarative B. non-declarative ; declarative C. episodic ; semantic D. semantic ; episodic

A

If I am looking at a snake and processing the fear caused by the snake, what part of my brain am I using? A. amygdala B. cerebellum C. hippocampus D. prefrontal cortex

A

In ________ conditioning, an established conditioned stimulus is paired with a new neutral stimulus. A. higher order B. initial C. primary D. secondary

A

In ________ conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus unconditionally elicits a reaction. For example, a bit of black pepper blown into the eye produces a blinking response. A. classical B. operant C. response D. stimulus

A

In the initial period of learning, ________ describes when a person learns to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus. A. acquisition B. conditioning C. extinction D. neutral stimulate

A

Jan finds it difficult to learn the alphabet, until she hears the alphabet song. Then she can easily remember it. This is an example of ________ encoding. A. acoustic B. semantic C. sensory D. visual

A

Jena wants to teach her son to say thank you. Every time he says thank you, Jena praises him and gives him a hug. Which reinforcement schedule is this? A. continuous B. partial C. primary D. secondary

A

People may not intend to distort facts, but ________. A. it can happen in the process of retrieving old memories and combining them with new memories. B. other people will influence bystanders to change details in their short term memory. C. people are unreliable and don't pay attention, so they make things up. D. research proves it always happens when the event is unimportant.

A

Procedural memory is to ______ as declarative memory is to ______ . A. knowing how; knowing that B. knowing that; knowing when C. knowing when; knowing who D. knowing that; knowing who

A

Psychologists generally define learning as a relatively _______ change in behavior that results from _______. A. permanent ; experience B. temporary ; trial and error C. experiential ; permanence D. trial-and-error ; experience

A

Quincy is struck on the back of the head and finds, while she can remember her life up to the time she was struck on the head, she can no longer make new memories. Quincy has ________ amnesia. A. anterograde B. flashbulb C. graduated D. retrograde

A

The __ regulates __ while the __ is responsible for ___ A. amygdala, emotional ; hippocampus, memory consolidation. B. hippocampus, memory consolidation ; amygdala, memory consolidation. C. cerebellum, emotional memory; prefrontal cortex, memory consolidation. D. prefrontal cortex, memory consolidation; cerebellum, emotional memory

A

The step of ___ is required in order to move information from STM into LTM. A. rehearsal B. coding C. retrieval D. reenactment

A

The three basic memory processes are ______ (converting stimuli into a form that can be stored in memory), ______ (retaining information in memory), and ______ (accessing stored information). A. encoding, storage, retrieval B. retrieval, encoding, storage C. storage, retrieval, encoding D. sensory, short-term, long-term

A

Which of the following is a good example of acoustic encoding? A. being able to hum the tune to a song even when you can't remember the lyrics B. dreaming about an airport and deciding to take a trip C. remembering the names of the Great Lakes with the acronym HOMES D. thinking about a bike you plan to buy and having the image of the bike appear in your mind

A

Which of the following is a process by which we learn to associate stimuli and, consequently, to anticipate events? A. classical conditioning B. controlled conditioning C. physiological conditioning D. psychic conditioning

A

40. When people say you never forget how to ride a bike, they are referring to ________ memory, also called non-declarative memory. A. explicit B. implicit C. semantic D. sensory

B

Accessibility of memory decreases over time is to __ as false memories are to ___. A. suggestibility ; transience B. transience ; suggestibility C. belief system; bias D. bias ; belief system

B

According to Baddeley and Hitch, ________. A. animals process memories the same way as people. B. short-term memory itself has different forms. C. people process happy memories better than sad memories. D. people will name a color more easily if it appears printed in that color.

B

Ben is asked to memorize the words canine, feline, and avian. He remembers the words by associating them with their synonyms: dog, cat, and bird. This is an example of ________ encoding. A. acoustic B. semantic C. sensory D. visual

B

Gabrielle watches her father put batteries into her toy phone, and she is then able to put the batteries into the toy phone herself without further instruction from her father. In this example, Gabrielle's father is a ________. A. cognition. B. model. C. response. D. stimulus.

B

If a slamming door is a conditioned stimulus, then being able to distinguish between the sound of a slamming door and the sound of a heavy item being dropped would represent _____. A. conditioned response B. stimulus discrimination C. stimulus generalization D. unconditioned response

B

In ________ reinforcement, the person is not reinforced every time a desired behavior is performed. A. continuous B. partial C. primary D. secondary

B

In order for a memory to go into permanent storage, it has to pass through three distinct stages: sensory memory, short-term memory, and ________ memory. A. encoded B. long-term C. sensory D. visual

B

Latent learning is most associated with the name _____. A. Skinner B. Tolman C. Pavlov D. Thorndike

B

Remembering ________ is a good example of procedural memory. A. how a cookie tastes even though you have never tasted it yourself B. how to use the phone C. what the word inconceivable means D. your least favorite vacation trip

B

Researchers demonstrated that the hippocampus functions in memory processing by creating lesions in the hippocampi of rats, which resulted in ________. A. another area of the brain compensating for the damage, enabling the brain compensate for the damage. B. memory impairment on various tasks, such as object recognition and maze running. C. rats that could not complete puzzles even when food was offered as a reward. D. rats that feared the researchers and avoided the cage that was closest to the researcher.

B

Seven, plus-or-minus-two refers to A. duration of sensory memory. B. capacity of short-term memory. C. capacity of sensory memory. D. duration of short-term memory

B

The formulation of new memories is sometimes called ________, and the process of bringing up old memories is called ________. A. coding ; recoding. B. construction ; reconstruction. C. equipotentiality ; amnesia. D. information ; misinformation.

B

The overall outcome of Lashley's search for the engram was the A. discovery of different engrams for different sorts of memories. B. realization that memories are not stored in any specific brain structure. C. discovery of a single engram for various sorts of memories. D. localization of engrams in the hippocampus.

B

What is semantic memory? A. information about events we have personally experienced B. knowledge about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge and facts C. storage of facts and events we personally experienced D. type of implicit memory that stores information about how to do things

B

According to Craik and Tulving, how do we process verbal information best? A. acoustic encoding B. effortful encoding C. semantic encoding D. visual encoding

C

According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model, ________. A. colors are more easily named when they appear printed in that color B. happy memories are processed better than sad memories C. memories are processed the same way that a computer processes information D. short-term memory itself has different forms

C

Engram refers to the ________. A. emotional focus of a memory. B. mental trauma that creates a memory. C. physical trace of a memory. D. sensory component of a memory.

C

If a stimulus plus a response results in a satisfying outcome, the probability of that response occurring again ________. A. decreases. B. depends on the CS-UCS relationship. C. increases. D. is not affected.

C

In operant conditioning, what describes adding something to decrease the likelihood of behavior? A. acquisition B. extinction C. punishment D. recovery

C

In order to remember his lines for the play, Guy repeats his lines over and over again. This process is called ________. A. declarative memory. B. hyperthymesia. C. rehearsal. D. relearning.

C

Lisa puts five quarters into the parking meter every time she goes downtown. However, when asked, Lisa cannot say if the head on a quarter is facing left or right. This may be an example of ________, because Lisa never paid attention to the picture in the first place. A. effortful processing B. effortless processing C. encoding failure D. enigmatic processing

C

Remembering ________ is a good example of semantic memory. A. how a fruit tastes even though you have never tasted it yourself B. how to play the piano C. what the word chocolate means D. your most recent visit to the dentist

C

Ron is taught to use a special numbers trick to check his final answer, but he does not demonstrate this skill until his end-of-the-year math test. This is an example of ________. A. cognitive mapping. B. conditioning. C. latent learning. D. reinforcement.

C

The Ebbinghaus Forgetting Curve suggests that forgetting A. occurs slowly at first, then speeds up. B. occurs uniformly over time. C. occurs quickly at first, and then slows down. D. does not occur until at least 24 hours have passed.

C

The input of words and their meaning is known as ________ encoding. A. acoustic B. effortful C. semantic D. visual

C

What are the two components of declarative memory? A. implicit and explicit B. procedural and implicit C. semantic and episodic D. short-term and long-term

C

What did a researcher identify by timing participants on how long they took to name colors when the semantic meaning of the word differed from the color it was presented in? A. engrams B. equipotentiality hypothesis C. Stroop effect D. visual encoding

C

What is the main idea of the Stroop effect? A. The brain identifies color more readily than words. B. The brain processes black and white information faster. C. The brain's reaction time slows when it must deal with conflicting information. D. The memory process is facilitated when people take more time to consider information.

C

What is the set of processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over different periods of time? A. automatic processing B. effortful processing C. memory D. sensory encoding

C

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? The step of recall, which is the conscious repetition of information to be remembered in order to move it from STM into long- term memory, is called memory consolidation. A. change the word "conscious" to the word "unconscious" B. change the word "long" to the word "short" C. change the word "recall" to the word "rehearsal" D. change the word "repetition" to the word "recognition"

C

Felipe looks over his presentation, and he notices that some of the words are written in bold and some are written in italic. His ability to remember these differences is an example of ________ encoding. A. acoustic B. semantic C. sensory D. visual

D

For both ___ and ___ type of learning, a person must be physically present. A. observational ; social B. social ; modeling C. latent ; classical D. classical ; operant

D

Giorgio memorizes the German poem, "The Erlking," in order to recite it in his eighth grade German class. He remembers the poem well for weeks after the presentation, but gradually his ability to recite the poem fades. This is an example of ________, one of the seven sins of memory. A. blocking B. misattribution C. persistence D. transience

D

How did Lashley develop the equipotentiality hypothesis? A. He compared rats with brain damage to rats without brain damage on how quickly they could solve a puzzle to get food. B. He observed rats with brain damage gradually learn the correct route through a maze and then apply that knowledge to get through a different maze. C. He timed rats with brain damage and rats without brain damage to see which could complete a maze quicker. D. He trained rats in the correct route through a maze, then deliberately damaged their brains and observed that this did not inhibit their progress through the maze.

D

Jason studies Spanish for three years, and then switches to French. When asked to remember Spanish vocabulary he can't, instead he can only remember French vocabulary. This is an example of ________ interference. A. active B. inactive C. proactive D. retroactive

D

Remembering ________ is a good example of episodic memory. A. how a hamburger tastes even though you have never tasted it yourself B. how to use the microwave C. what the word January means D. your first day of school

D

The act of getting information out of memory storage and back into conscious awareness is known as ________. A. encoding. B. hyperthymesia. C. storage. D. retrieval.

D

Tina enjoys knitting. When she begins college, she has less time for knitting and finally stops altogether. After graduation, she wants to knit again, so she practices with her needles until she is good at it again. This is an example of ________, a means of retrieving information out of your long-term memory storage system. A. effortless processing B. encoding C. an engram D. relearning

D

What is procedural memory? A. information about events we have personally experienced B. knowledge about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge and facts C. storage of facts and events we personally experienced D. type of implicit memory that stores information about how to do things

D

What kind of memory involves storage of brief events, such as sights, sounds, and tastes? A. effortful B. procedural C. recall D. sensory

D

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? In order for a memory to go into storage, it has to pass through three distinct stages: transitional memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory. A. change the word "memory" to the word "neurotransmitter" B. change the word "short-term" to the word "episodic" C. change the word "storage" to the word "engram" D. change the word "transitional" to the word "sensory"

D

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Persistence refers to lapses in memory that are caused by breaks in attention. A. change the word "attention" to the word "focus" B. change the word "lapses" to the word "delays" C. change the word "memory" to the word "emotions" D. change the word "persistence" to the word "absent-mindedness"

D

Which concept describes the effects of misinformation from external sources that leads to the creation of false memories? A. anterograde amnesia B. misinformation effect paradigm C. reconstruction D. suggestibility

D

Which of the following least describes an element necessary for social learning to occur? A. Attention B. Reproduction C. Motivation D. Emotion

D

Which of the following neurotransmitters is least associated with memory? A. epinephrine B. dopamine C. serotonin D. endorphins

D

Which of the following statements about eyewitness testimony is most correct? A. Eyewitness testimony is always reliable. B. Eyewitness testimony is never reliable. C. Eyewitness testimony is reliable for events that do not involve crime. D. Eyewitness testimony is vulnerable to the power of suggestion.

D

Which statement best describes the current state of opinion on recovered memories of childhood abuse? A. Most recovered memories of childhood abuse are genuine, and these memories are credible sources of testimony in legal cases. B. Most recovered memories of childhood abuse are genuine, but they are still not credible sources of testimony in legal cases. C. Most recovered memories of childhood abuse are false, and they should not be considered a credible source of testimony in legal cases. D. Some recovered memories are genuine, whereas others are false, and psychologists lack apt tools in order to differentiate between them.

D

A memory storage system that contains memory of impressions for around 15-20 seconds is called A. short-term memory B. limited memory. C. sensory memory D. temporary memory.

A

Which of the following is the best example of vicarious reinforcement? A. Babs saw Martin receive a candy bar for completing his reading list. She is careful to complete her reading list because she saw Martin get a reward for doing it. B. Lana wants to receive a candy bar and she knows from reading the rulebook that she will receive one if she earns enough good behavior tokens. C. James wants to avoid detention, so he follows the school rules and does not smoke on the playground. D. Ryan observes Cameron getting a time out for spitting out her toast. Because he saw his friend punished, he does not spit out his toast.

A

________ encoding is the encoding of sounds. A. Acoustic B. Effortful C. Semantic D. Visual

A

Which of the following experiments involves the use of social learning theory? A. blindfolding someone and timing her to see how long it takes her to determine what she is eating B. determining how long it takes a person to learn how to knit if she is only allowed to watch YouTube videos of people knitting C. pairing a puff of air to the eye with a handshake to see how long it will take someone to blink before offering her hand D. rewarding a girl for finishing her homework with ice cream and counting how much homework she will complete before becoming sick of ice cream

B

Which of the following is best an example of retrograde amnesia? A. Jane Doe can provide a second-by-second account of what she ate for dinner. B. Jane Doe emerges from a coma with no idea who she is, and she is unable to provide any details about herself, where she came from, or what happened to her. C. Jane Doe is in a boating accident. Every day she wakes up with no memory of what she did the day before. D. Jane Doe remembers her first day of school more clearly than any other day because her best friend was not there.

B

Which of the following is the best example of observational learning? A. learning to speak Spanish by participating in a Spanish class B. teaching yourself yoga by watching a yoga group in the park C. your brother refusing to play with you D. your father teaching you how to write by holding your hand as you form the letters

B

Which part of the brain is most involved in creating implicit memories? A. amygdala B. cerebellum C. hippocampus D. primary cortex

B

________ is when our recollections of the past are done in a self-enhancing manner. A. Stereotypical bias B. Egocentric bias C. Hindsight bias D. Enhancement bias

B

Which of the following examples best illustrates that the Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigm? A. Jerome can perfectly describe and diagram a medical illustration of a dog, even though he has never seen it before. B. Jerome is asked to name all the body parts of a dog in alphabetical order. Instead, he names the parts of a dog beginning in the front and moving backward toward the tail. C. Jerome is required to memorize 15 words associated with dog. When he is asked to repeat the words he has learned, dog is among them, even though dog was not a word on the original list. D. Jerome is told to memorize 15 words that describe what a dog does. He is then able to repeat them back in the order he memorized them.

C

Which of the following is the least best way that you can use what you know about memory to help you remember the names of all 50 states? A. memorize five states at a time—group the information into a more manageable size. B. sing the names of the 50 states to the tune of "Yankee Doodle." C. stay up the night before your exam to maximize the amount of time you have to study. D. think of something you might do in each state if you were on a vacation in that state.

C

Which part of my brain is probably damaged if I am unable to recognize basic objects around my house? A. amygdala B. cerebellum C. hippocampus D. prefrontal cortex

C

Classical and operant conditioning are forms of ________ learning. A. associational B. instinctive C. processual D. reflexive

A

Gus receives a paycheck every Friday. Which reinforcement schedule is this? A. fixed interval B. fixed ratio C. variable interval D. variable ratio

A

What should be changed in order to make the following sentence true? Long-term memory has two parts: semantic memory and episodic memory. A. change the word "episodic" to the word "implicit" B. change the word "long-term" to the word "declarative" C. change the word "parts" to the word "components" D. change the word "semantic" to the word "short-term"

B

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? In operant conditioning, organisms learn to associate events that repeatedly happen together. A. The word "conditioning" should be changed to the word "reinforcement." B. The word "operant" should be changed to the word "classical." C. The word "repeatedly" should be changed to the word "never." D. The word "repeatedly" should be changed to the word "rarely."

B

When you take a multiple-choice test, you are relying on ________, a means of retrieving information out of your long-term memory storage system that helps you choose the correct answer. A. encoding B. recognition C. storage D. the Stroop effect

B

Which category of memory-failure, associated with what the textbook so-called seven sins of memory, is exemplified by the following? Samantha left her phone somewhere, but she can't remember where. A. distortion B. forgetting C. imposition D. intrusion

B

Which of the following is the decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented with the conditioned stimulus? A. acquisition B. extinction C. recovery D. reflex

B

All of the following are explicitly identified concerns about the use of punishment in the text except A. it may teach fear in some cases. B. it may model aggressive behavior. C. it is difficult to administer. D. it sometimes can be effective.

C

Flashbulb memories are most likely to be associated with _________. A. misinformation effects. B. recovered memories of early childhood abuse. C. emotionally charged experiences. D. final-death experiences.

C

Harold catches fish throughout the day at unpredictable points in time. Which reinforcement schedule is this? A. fixed interval B. fixed ratio C. variable interval D. variable ratio

C

In classical conditioning, the ________ is an unlearned reaction to a given stimulus. For example, if you have an allergy to pollen and sneeze, sneezing is an unlearned reaction to the pollen (i.e., the stimulus). A. conditioned response B. conditioned stimulus C. unconditioned response D. unconditioned stimulus

C

Molly attempts to condition her puppy to greet her when she enters the house. She repeatedly pairs her entry to the house with a treat for the puppy. The puppy eventually acquires this ability, and Molly realizes how irritating it is for the puppy to run up to her every time she enters the house. She attempts to make the puppy stop, and eventually the puppy no longer feels motivated to greet her when she enters the house. The puppy no longer greeting her when she enters the house is an example of ________. A. acquisition B. conditioning C. extinction D. learning

C

Psychologist Albert Bandura believes that children learn aggression through A. classical conditioning. B. insight learning. C. observing and imitating models. D. latent learning.

C

Regarding eyewitness testimony, which of the following statements is least true? A. eyewitness testimony is often flawed and full of errors. B. eyewitnesses are suggestible. C. the more confidently an eyewitness expresses his/her testimony, the much higher the accuracy of the person's testimony is likely to be. D. DNA evidence now often show eyewitnesses inaccuracies and help exonerate victims of false eyewitness testimony.

C

The text identifies _____ as examples of primary reinforcers and ______ as an example of a secondary reinforcer. A. water & sex; clothes B. air & water; food C. food & water; money D. sex & air; transportation

C

Aaron tells a lie and is grounded. He does this several times, finally learning that his behavior (lying) is associated with a consequence (being grounded). Which kind of learning is this? A. classical conditioning B. imitation C. modeling D. operant conditioning

D

Chuck was in a car accident. He wishes he could put it behind him, but every night he has dreams about it, and every time he sees a car he remembers how he felt that day. Which category of memory-failure associated with what the textbook refers to as the so-called the seven sins of memory is best exemplified? A. distortion B. forgetting C. imposition D. intrusion

D

Which of the following is the best example of a variable interval reinforcement schedule? A. Julie knows she will get a trampoline if she accumulates enough allowance money B. Nikita takes her dog for a walk every day at 8 a.m. C. Viviane plays scratch-off lottery tickets D. Winona checks her cellphone at random times throughout the day instead of every time she hears the voicemail notification

D

Which of the following is the best example of latent learning? A. a rabbit knowing to run away from an unleashed dog B. earning tokens for good behavior and spending the tokens on good behavior prizes C. learning karate from your best friend who takes karate lessons D. remembering where the nearest gas station is when you unexpectedly run out of gas during your morning commute

D

Which of the following words does not belong in the group? A. observation B. modeling C. vicarious learning D. conditioned stimulus

D

___ memory is relatively resistant to forgetting. A. Explicit B. Declarative C. Semantic D. Procedural

D

Chuck wakes up in the middle of the night. He dreamed that he left the oven on, and he is now convinced that the oven is on. Chuck can't go back to sleep until he turns the oven off. Which category of memory failure associated with the seven sins of memory is exemplified? A. distortion B. forgetting C. imposition D. intrusion

A

What type of memories do we consciously try to remember and recall? A. explicit memories B. implicit memories C. sensory memories D. short-term memories

A

Birds migrating, cats chasing prey, sea turtles moving toward the ocean immediately after birth, and joeys moving to the mother's pouch immediately after birth are all examples of _____. A. conditioning B. instincts C. learning D. reflexes

B

Which of the following is the best example of vicarious punishment? A. Belinda saw Mark receive a hug for cleaning his room. She is careful to clean her room because she saw Mark get a reward for doing it. B. Jeong observes Briana getting spanked for spitting out her carrots. Because he saw his friend punished, he does not spit out his carrots. C. Brian wants to avoid being fired, so he follows the shop rules and does not smoke in the bathroom. D. Laurie wants to receive a smiley sticker and she knows from reading the rulebook that she will receive one if she behaves herself.

B

Which statement about Edward C. Tolman is least correct? A. He disagreed with John B. Watson and B. F. Skinner. B. He found that emotions can be a conditioned response. C. He placed hungry rats in a maze with no reward for finding their way through it, and he studied a comparison group that was rewarded with food at the end of the maze. D. His experiments demonstrated that people can learn even if they do not receive immediate reinforcement.

B

Who is most closely associated with classical conditioning? A. E.L. Thorndike B. Ivan Pavlov C. John Garcia D. B.F. Skinner

B

Whose experiments demonstrate that people can learn, even if they do not receive immediate reinforcement? A. B. F. Skinner B. Edward C. Tolman C. Ivan Pavlov D. John B. Watson

B

Tomica watches her older sister do headstands. Tomica falls over when she attempts to do a headstand herself. She watches her older sister more carefully, and she notices that her sister leans backward slightly to complete her headstand. Tomica is then able to do headstands herself. This best exemplifies which type of learning? A. classical B. conditioning C. observational D. operant

C

What did John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner demonstrate with their studies of Little Albert? A. boys display fear differently from girls B. boys display more fear than girls C. emotion can be a conditioned response D. fear cannot be a conditioned response

C

What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience? A. conditioning B. instincts C. learning D. reflexes

C

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? There are three types of encoding: semantic, visual, and sensory. A. change the word "encoding" to the word "decoding" B. change the word "semantic" to the word "memory" C. change the word "sensory" to the word "acoustic" D. change the word "visual" to the word "acoustic"

C

What was the main point of Ivan Pavlov's experiment with dogs? A. Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments. B. Fear is a conditioned response. C. Learning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus. D. One can learn new behaviors by observing others.

C

Which experiment involves the use of classical conditioning? A. blindfolding someone and timing him to see how long he takes to find a button hidden in a room B. determining how long it takes a person to learn how to knit if he is only allowed to watch YouTube videos of people knitting C. knowing that a student fears exams, the instructor wears a bright red shirt only on exam day, every exam day, to see how long it is before the red shirt becomes an object of fear to the student D. rewarding a boy for finishing his vegetables with ice cream and counting how many nights of reinforcement are required before he voluntarily eats his vegetables

C

Which of the following is the best example of a variable ratio reinforcement schedule? A. Bill traveling to Myrtle Beach for vacation every June B. Jeremy checking YouTube every morning before work C. Joyce playing scratch-off lottery tickets D. Nikita taking her dog to the vet once a year

C

Which process involves observing a model being punished and then becoming less likely to imitate the model's behavior? A. latent acquisition B. latent punishment C. vicarious punishment D. vicarious reinforcement

C

Which of the following is best an example of a mnemonic device? A. dividing your telephone number into groups of numbers to remember it easier B. drinking coffee when you study for your math exam, then drinking coffee at your exam to reproduce the mental state you had when you studied C. using a biofeedback machine to track your alpha waves during an exam D. using the acronym "HOMES" to remember the names of the five Great Lakes

D

Which of the following is least correct? A. strong emotions trigger the formation of strong memories. B. weaker emotional experiences form weaker memories. C. eyewitness testimony may be influenced by misinformation. D. flashbulb memories are immune to distortion.

D

Which of the following is the best example of a fixed interval reinforcement schedule? A. checking your Facebook account at random times throughout the day B. playing basketball with your friends after completing your chores C. playing poker D. taking your dog to the park every afternoon at 4:00 p.m.

D

Which of the following is the best example of a reflex (i.e., an unlearned, automatic response by an organism to a stimulus in the environment)? A. becoming angry at your friend for raising his voice B. becoming bored at a wedding C. sitting very still in the classroom D. the pupil of your eye contracting in the presence of bright light

D

________ encoding is the encoding of images. A. acoustic B. effortful C. semantic D. visual

D

________ is known for using Little Albert in his studies on human emotion. A. B. F. Skinner B. Edward Thorndike C. Ivan Pavlov D. John B. Watson

D

________ reinforcement strengthens behavior when an unpleasant or painful stimulus is removed after the response occurs. A. Aversive B. Dependent C. Partial D. Negative

D

Learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it is called ________ learning. A. conditioned B. latent C. partial D. primary

B

Sharmila cannot remember what she had for breakfast last week, but she can remember the day she got married ten years ago as clearly as if it just happened. This example best illustrates the ________ theory. A. arousal B. emotion C. equipotentiality D. flashbulb

A

Although B. F. Skinner and John B. Watson refused to believe that thoughts and expectations play a role in learning, ________ suggested a cognitive aspect to learning. A. Edward C. Tolman B. Ivan Pavlov C. Little Albert D. Rosalie Rayner

A

Dimitri and Rita eat some donuts for breakfast and then spend the morning at an amusement park. After a few hours of riding the Super Looper Double Twist Dimitri feels nauseous and regurgitates the donuts. Rita is fine, but Dimitri has developed a ________, and the next time they stop for donuts, Dimitri immediately feels ill. A. taste aversion B. taste response C. unconditioned aversion D. unconditioned response

A

For many in the baby-boom generation, the Kennedy assassination represents a ________, an exceptionally clear recollection of an important event. A. flashbulb memory B. flashpoint C. hyperthymesia D. sensory memory

A

Forgetting anything good that happened on your trip to France because you just broke up with your French fiancée and now can't bear the thought of anything French is a good example of ________: Memories are distorted by your current belief system. A. bias B. blocking C. suggestibility D. transience

A

Grace whistles while tickling Carolyn with a feather. Eventually, Carolyn starts to squirm and giggle every time Grace whistles, even when he is not being tickled. In this example, squirming and giggling is a(n) ________. A. conditioned response B. conditioned stimulus C. unconditioned response D. unconditioned stimulus

A

How is an explicit memory different from an implicit memory? A. Explicit memories are memories we consciously try to remember and recall, while implicit memories are those that are not part of our consciousness. B. Explicit memories are memories we have directly experienced, while implicit memories are memories that someone else directly experienced. C. Explicit memories are memories we unconsciously remember, while implicit memories are those that we consciously remember. D. Implicit memories are memories we consciously try to remember and recall, while explicit memories are those that are not part of our consciousness.

A

I am trying to learn the names of all 50 states. While I am actively remembering and recalling this information, it is considered ________. A. explicit memory. B. implicit memory. C. procedural memory. D. sensory memory.

A

Identify the major flaw with John B. Watson's Little Albert experiment. A. It is unethical for a researcher to induce fear in a child, since it is harmful to induce fear. B. John B. Watson did not have the consent of Little Albert's mother. C. John B. Watson falsified most of his data. D. Little Albert was much older than John B. Watson reported him to be, which invalidated the study.

A

In operant conditioning, ________ is when something is removed to increase the likelihood of a behavior. A. negative reinforcement B. positive reinforcement C. punishment D. punishment reinforcement

A

In order to maximize learning, a ________ should be presented on a(n) ________ schedule. A. CS + UCS ; continuous B. CS + UCS ; intermittent C. UCS alone ; continuous D. UCS alone ; intermittent

A

Karl is attempting to condition a parrot to greet him when he enters the room. pairs his entry to the room with a treat for the parrot. Karl can say that ________ has occurred as soon as the parrot greets him in response to his entry. A. acquisition B. extinction C. secondary conditioning D. stimulation

A

Proactive inference occurs when A. older memories interfere with newer memories. B. newer memories interfere with older memories. C. more frequently experienced events interfere with less frequently experienced events. D. less frequently experienced events interfere with more frequently experienced events.

A

What does the equipotentiality hypothesis suggest would happen if the hippocampus was damaged? A. another part of the brain would compensate for the damage by taking over the memory function normally managed by the hippocampus B. areas near the hippocampus would decay, followed by a cascading failure of the brain leading to death C. people would become comatose D. people would lose their ability to feel fear

A

What is episodic memory? A. information about events we have personally experienced B. knowledge about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge and facts C. storage of facts and events we have personally experienced D. type of implicit memory that stores information about how to do things

A

What is the main idea of operant conditioning? A. Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior (e.g., reinforcements and punishments). B. Fear is a conditioned response. C. Learning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus. D. One can learn new behaviors by observing others.

A

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? In Social Learning Theory, B. F. Skinner identified three types of models: live, verbal, and symbolic. A. The name "B. F. Skinner" should be changed to "Albert Bandura." B. The word "models" should be changed to the word "reinforcers." C. The words "live, verbal, and symbolic" should be changed to the words "primary, secondary, and tertiary." D. The words "social learning theory" should be changed to the words "classical conditioning."

A

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Spontaneous acquisition is the return of a previously extinguished conditioned response. A. The word "acquisition" should be changed to the word "recovery." B. The word "extinguished" should be changed to the word "acquired." C. The word "response" should be changed to the word "stimulus." D. The word "spontaneous" should be changed to the word "planned."

A

When a person receives a reinforcer each time he/she displays a behavior, it is called________ reinforcement. A. continuous B. partial C. primary D. secondary

A

Which of the following is least helpful to reduce the effects of interference on memory? A. avoid overlearning. B. use mnemonic devices C. rehearse or practice material repeatedly. D. get enough sleep.

A

Which of the following is most true about John B. Watson? A. He is considered the founder of behaviorism. B. He is famous for demonstrating the principles of operant conditioning: The motivation for a behavior happens after the behavior is demonstrated. C. He placed hungry rats in a maze with no reward for finding their way through it, and he studied a comparison group that was rewarded with food at the end of the maze. D. He worked with Edward C. Tolman to prove that fear is both an instinct and a reflex.

A

Which of the following is the best example of instinct (i.e., unlearned knowledge that involves complex patterns of behavior)? A. baby seeking food by rooting and suckling B. believing that nudity is wrong C. teacher demonstrating algebra to students D. toddler who is toilet training

A

Which of the following statements about encoding is least true? A. Encoding involves a single set of neurotransmitters located in the prefrontal cortex. B. Encoding involves the input of information into the memory system. C. Encoding is an information processing system. D. Encoding is the set of processes used to decode, store, and retrieve information.

A

Which statement about B. F. Skinner is correct? A. He is famous for demonstrating the principles of operant conditioning: The motivation for a behavior happens after the behavior is demonstrated. B. He placed hungry rats in a maze with no reward for finding their way through it, and he studied a comparison group that was rewarded with food at the end of the maze. C. He worked with Edward C. Tolman to prove that fear is both an instinct and a reflex. D. His experiments demonstrated that organisms can learn even if they do not receive immediate reinforcement.

A

Which theory/hypothesis suggests that strong emotions trigger the formation of strong memories, and weak emotional experiences form weak memories? A. arousal theory B. engram hypothesis C. equipotentiality hypothesis D. flashbulb theory

A

Why do strong emotions trigger the formation of strong memories and weak emotional experiences form weak memories? A. Strong emotional experiences can trigger the release of neurotransmitters and hormones that strengthen memory. B. Strong emotional experiences stimulate the cerebellum and thyroid, the centers of emotional memory. C. Strong emotional memories are transferred from short-term memory to long-term memory more quickly than weak emotional memories. D. Weak emotional memories involve effortless processing and strong emotional memories involve effortful processing.

A

A public opinion poll was administered to 50 people before the election of President Barack Obama. Polls taken before election night showed 50% of the people polled believed Barack Obama would be elected president. After the election results, the same people were asked if they believed Barack Obama would be elected president, and this time 75% of the people said yes. This may be an example of ________ bias. A. egocentric B. hindsight C. stereotypical D. transient

B

According to Albert Bandura, ________. A. Fear is a conditioned response. B. Learning can occur by watching others and modeling what they do or say. C. Learning is the result of reinforcing desired behavior at fixed intervals. D. Organisms cannot learn if they do not receive immediate reinforcement.

B

Dave's boss told him that he doesn't have to attend the company picnic (which everybody dislikes), if Dave meets his sales quota this month. Dave's boss is using ________. A. negative punishment. B. negative reinforcement. C. positive punishment. D. positive reinforcement.

B

Dozens of people witness a purse snatching. One of the eyewitnesses loudly yells "the man with the blue shirt did it." Later, when questioned by police, several other eyewitnesses remember the purse snatcher wearing a blue shirt, even though the purse snatcher was a woman in flowered dress. This is an example of ________: the effects of misinformation from external sources that leads to the creation of false memories. A. sexism B. suggestibility C. recognition D. reconstruction

B

Extinction occurs when ________. A. the conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without being paired with an unconditioned stimulus. B. the unconditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without being paired with a conditioned stimulus. C. the neutral stimulus is presented repeatedly without being paired with an unconditioned stimulus. D. the neutral stimulus is presented repeatedly without being paired with a conditioned stimulus.

B

Frances receives one dollar for every pound of worms she gives her grandfather. Which reinforcement schedule is this? A. fixed interval B. fixed ratio C. variable interval D. variable ratio

B

In Watson and Rayner's study of "Little Albert," the child became frightened of a white rat and similar stimuli because A. children are naturally afraid of white rats. B. a loud noise occurred whenever the rat was in Albert's presence. C. the rat repeatedly was paired with a neutral stimulus. D. Albert had a traumatic experience with a rat.

B

In this type of schedule of reinforcement, a person receives reinforcement for different time periods, and the time periods are not always the same. A. fixed-interval B. variable-interval C. variable-ratio D. fixed-ratio

B

John wants to train his daughter to excuse herself before she leaves the table. Although he does not know how often he will reward her for excusing herself, he does know that he will not reward her every time she excuses herself. Which reinforcement schedule is John planning to use? A. continuous B. partial C. primary D. secondary

B

Julian watches his grandfather repair watches. As Julian matures he imitates what his grandfather does, and then his grandfather shows him more complicated techniques. Eventually, Julian is as proficient at repairing watches as his grandfather. This best exemplifies ________. A. instinct B. learning C. reflex D. stimulus

B

Mabel clicks her tongue while tickling Francis. Eventually, Francis starts to squirm and giggle every time Mabel clicks her tongue, even when he is not being tickled. In this example, tongue clicking is a(n) ________. A. conditioned response B. conditioned stimulus C. unconditioned response D. unconditioned stimulus

B

Observational (also called social learning) learning A. is also known as latent learning. B. involves imitating the behaviors of others. C. may lead to the acquisition of useful new skills but not to fear responses. D. is based on the principles of operant conditioning.

B

Slot machines reward gamblers with money according to which reinforcement schedule? A. fixed ratio B. variable ratio C. fixed interval D. variable interval

B

What are innate behaviors that are triggered by a broader range of events, such as aging and the change of seasons? A. conditions B. instincts C. operants D. reflexes

B

What did Lashley develop by purposely damaging the brains of rats that had learned a task and then testing those rats to see if the brain damage impaired their ability to complete that same task? A. chunking effect B. equipotentiality hypothesis C. levels of processing hypothesis D. Stroop effect

B

What is the main idea of levels of processing theory? A. Aerobic exercise promotes neurogenesis. B. If you want to remember a piece of information, you should think about it more deeply and link it to other information and memories to make it more meaningful. C. In order to remember information, you should build a web of retrieval cues to help you access material when you want to remember it. D. Overlearning can help prevent storage decay.

B

What is the primary conclusion John B. Watson's made after working with Little Albert? A. Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments. B. Emotions can be a conditioned response. C. Learning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus. D. One can learn new behaviors by observing others.

B

What is the tendency for an individual to have better memory for information that relates to oneself in comparison to material that has less personal relevance? A. Atkinson-Shiffrin model B. self-reference effect C. sensory memory D. Stroop effect

B

Which of the following is a way police have changed their interrogation techniques to lower the risk of false memory syndrome? Police have ________. A. decided to only prosecute cases with DNA evidence. B. modified the way witnesses are questioned. C. required new officers to study psychology and learn about false memory syndrome. D. spoken to victim advocacy groups to learn more about sensitivity.

B

Which of the following is a good example of anterograde amnesia? A. John Doe can provide detailed autobiographical information for every day of his life over the past 30 years, including what he wore and ate every day. B. John Doe emerges from a collapsed building with no idea who he is. C. John Doe is in a car accident. Every day he wakes up with no memory of what he did the day before, feeling as though no time has passed because he is unable to form new memories. D. John Doe remembers his third birthday more clearly than any other birthday because his dog died the day of his birthday party.

C

Which of the following is a good example of semantic encoding? A. being able to hum the tune to a song after hearing it only once B. dreaming about a beach and deciding to take a vacation C. remembering the colors of the rainbow with the acronym ROY-G-BIV D. thinking about a car you plan to buy and having the image of the car appear in your mind

C

Which of the following is the best example of fixed ratio reinforcement schedule? A. checking your e-mail at random times throughout the day instead of every time you hear the new e-mail notification B. feeding your fish every day at 8 a.m. C. knowing you will get to play miniature golf as soon as you collect 10 gold stars for your reward chart D. playing the slot machine

C

Which of the following is the best example of operant conditioning? A. when a cat and a dog share the same water bowl B. when a cat learns to drool at the sound of a can opener C. when a dog plays dead she gets a treat in order to encourage her to repeat the behavior D. when a dog refuses to play dead

C

Which of the following is the best example of stimulus discrimination? A. conditioned to associate a bell ringing with food, drooling when the bell rings B. conditioned to drool only when food is paired with a bell C. conditioned to drool when a bell rings and being able to tell the difference between the sound of a ringing bell and the sound of a whistle D. conditioned to tell the difference between the sound of the bell and the taste of the food

C

Which of the following statements about Ivan Pavlov is most true? A. He is considered the founder of behaviorism. B. He is famous for demonstrating the principles of operant conditioning: The motivation for a behavior happens after the behavior is demonstrated. C. He is known for establishing the principles of classical conditioning. D. He placed hungry rats in a maze with no reward for finding their way through it, and he studied a comparison group that was rewarded with food at the end of the maze.

C

Which of the following statements is least true? A. The words higher-order and second-order conditioning are synonymous. B. Higher-order conditioning works at only one level beyond the original stimulus pairing. C. Higher-order conditioning works up to three levels beyond the original stimulus paring. D. Research has shown higher-order conditioning not to work.

C

You call a friend on the phone and repeatedly get sent to voicemail, so you continue to call her every 5-20 minutes, hoping to speak to her personally. Which reinforcement schedule is this? A. fixed interval B. fixed ratio C. variable interval D. variable ratio

C

________ reinforcers have innate reinforcing qualities. A. Classical B. Operant C. Primary D. Secondary

C

Elaborative rehearsal involves ________. A. immediately applying new information to a practical problem B. organizing information into manageable bits or chunks C. sleeping immediately after learning new information to allow your mind to process it D. thinking about the meaning of the new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory

D

Elaine wakes up in the hospital with a head injury. She gets to know her doctors and nurses over time, but it soon becomes clear that she has no memories from before she woke up in the hospital. Elaine has ________ amnesia. A. anterograde B. flashbulb C. graduated D. retrograde

D

If the principles of social learning theory are true, then children may model aggressive behavior ________. A. after dreaming about having a fight with their parents B. after dreaming they were on television C. after seeing a television character being punished for taking violent action against another character D. after seeing a television character receive a reward for taking violent action against another character

D

In classical conditioning, the association that is learned is between a ________. A. conditioned stimulus and an unconditioned response. B. neutral response and a conditioned response. C. neutral stimulus and a neutral response. D. neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus.

D

Kerry is conditioned to fear strawberries. Raspberries are similar to strawberries, and even though no attempt was made to make Kerry fear raspberries, she reacts with fear when she sees them. This is an example of ________. A. imitation B. modeling C. stimulus discrimination D. stimulus generalization

D

Kicking your leg when your knee is tapped and quickly pulling your hand back when you accidently touch a hot stove are both examples of ________. A. associations B. instincts C. learning D. reflexes

D

Learning differently to various stimuli that are similar is called __ and ___ occurs when we learn not to respond to a stimulus that is presented repeatedly without change. A. stimulus discrimination ; stimulus generalization B. stimulus generalization ; stimulus discrimination C. Habituation ; stimulus discrimination D. Stimulus discrimination ; habituation

D

Mia is taught to go to sleep when the light is turned off. However, for many months Mia no longer falls asleep when the light is turned off. Later, Mia begins to fall asleep when the light is turned off again. This is an example of ________. A. classical conditioning B. higher order conditioning C. neutral stimulus D. spontaneous recovery

D

What is the main idea of social learning theory? A. Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments. B. Fear is a conditioned response. C. Learning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus. D. One can learn new behaviors by observing others.

D

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? In classical conditioning, the initial period of learning is known as latent. A. The word "classical" should be changed to the word "operant." B. The word "conditioning" should be changed to the word "behaviorism." C. The word "initial" should be changed to the word "interval." D. The word "latent" should be changed to the word "acquisition."

D

When Benito was five he cut his leg on some glass and needed stiches. Years later, his mother tells him the scar came from being bit by a dog. Now, when people ask about his scar he distinctly remembers the dog biting him. This is an example of the ________. A. Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigm. B. equipotentiality hypothesis. C. levels of processing theory. D. misinformation effect paradigm.

D

When Salina was a young girl, a dog viciously attacked her as she was walking along a white picket fence. Since then, she displays intense fear of white picket fences. Salina is demonstrating A. a discriminative stimulus. B. superstitious behavior. C. stimulus discrimination. D. a phobia.

D

When asked to report his social security number Ian says, "999991111." Ian has taken the larger 9-digit number and broken it down into smaller pieces, which makes it easier to recall. This is best explained by the concept of __________. A. elaborative rehearsal. B. flashbulb memory. C. the savings method. D. chunking.

D

When experiencing ________ amnesia, you experience loss of memory for events that occurred prior to the trauma. When experiencing ________ amnesia, you cannot remember new information. A. antero-retro; flashbulb B. anterograde; retrograde C. flashbulb; retro-antero D. retrograde; anterograde

D

Which of the following experiments involves the use of operant conditioning? A. blindfolding someone and timing him to see how long it takes him to estimate the size of a room B. determining how long it takes someone to learn how to fish if he is only allowed to watch other people fishing C. pairing a puff of air to the eye with seeing the color red in order to find out how many repetitions it will take for someone to blink when he sees the color red D. rewarding a child for finishing his oatmeal mush and counting how many times the child needs to be rewarded before he finishes his oatmeal voluntarily

D

Which of the following is a good example of visual encoding? A. being able to remember the words to a song even when you can't remember the tune B. dreaming about your mother and deciding to call her C. remembering the colors of the rainbow by thinking about a bag of Skittles D. thinking about a dog you want to adopt and having the image of the dog appear in your mind

D

Which of the following is the best example of stimulus generalization? A. being conditioned not to laugh at hats B. being conditioned to laugh at all kinds of hats C. being conditioned to laugh when you see a top hat and cry when you see other kinds of hats D. being conditioned to laugh when you see a top hat, then also laughing when you see other kinds of hats

D

Which of the following statements about the amygdala is least correct? A. Arousal in the amygdala can impact forming new memories. B. The amygdala plays a part in how memories are stored because storage is influenced by stress hormones. C. The amygdala seems to facilitate encoding memories at a deeper level when the event is emotionally arousing. D. The amygdala has no meaningful role in transferring new learning into long-term memory.

D

__________ involves connecting certain stimuli or events that occur together in the environment (classical and operant conditioning) A. Abstraction B. Backtracking C. Reflexes D. Association learning

D