psych exam 4

disturbance of thought, emotion, and behavior

Loose associations: Disconnection of ideas, jumping from topic-to-topic (often midsentence

Panic Disorders

-Persistent worry about having a panic attack -Panic attack: heart palpitations, trembling, dizziness, intense dread, and fear of dying -Panic Disorder: Prone to panic attacks, concerned about having a panic attack and about embarrassment of having a panic attack

GAD

-Pervasive/ excessive anxiety lasting at least 6 months -Inability to relax

Three major categories from Schizophrenia

-Positive -Negative -Cognitive

Obsessive- Compulsive disorders

-Preoccupation with unwanted thoughts and repetitive behaviors to control the anxiety caused by the distressing thoughts, which are often understood to be irrational - Cleaning and checking behaviors that may help to control the obsessive thoughts but that interfere with daily life

How does the prenatal environment affect the growth of the brain and IQ of a child? A) Increase in the stress level in pregnant women affects the growth of the baby's brain and cognitive development. B) If the child had a shorter birth length and low birth weight, the child's IQ in his or her developmental age will be more. C) Alcohol, drugs, and viral infections in a pregnant woman does not affect her child's overall intelligence. D) The interaction between environment and biological forces does not influence the development of the child's brain.

A

Jayne is a student at a community college. She has been tested to have an IQ of 18. This suggests that she has a ______ level of intellectual disability. A) profound B) moderate C) severe D) mild

A

Juan is entering group therapy for treatment of his alcoholism. Which of the following can he expect during the therapy? A) A structured process B) Conditioned flooding C) Systematic desensitization D) Electroconvulsive therapy

A

Julianna is a nine-year-old child diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Her mother was a chain smoker even after Julianna was conceived. Which of the following factors is chiefly responsible for her condition? A) Julianna has one form of a dopamine gene but not the other. B) Julianna has abnormal brain growth rate. C) Julianna consumed excess amounts of sugar as an infant. D Julianna inherited both forms of a dopamine gene from her mother.

A

Paula is a schizophrenic who has poor memory and is often easily distracted. She has trouble focusing, has slow understanding and poor computing skills, and her speech begins to slur. Her traits are characteristic of the _____ symptoms of schizophrenia. A) cognitive B) covert C) physiological D) positive

A

Ron is a fourteen-year-old. He has an incredible memory which allows him to recall the contents of thousands of books verbatim after reading them just once. Given that his IQ sore is 40 and his adaptive skills are poor, his sister helps him out with almost all the daily activities. Ron is most likely to be a __________. A) savant B) spastic C) prodigy D) retard

A

What's the difference between Western and Asian culture's aspects of intelligence? A) Western cultures emphasize cognitive skills while Asian cultures stress on humility. B) Western cultures uphold the important quality of mindfulness while the other focuses on cooperativeness. C) Asian cultures lay emphasis on verbal skills, while Western cultures consider social skills as important. D) Asian cultures consider logic and reasoning as important, while Western cultures uphold the aspect of awareness.

A

Which of the following is a potentially exciting future therapy for psychological disorders? A) The regulation of specific genes involved in various mental disorders B) The passing of electric current through a person's brain to treat depression C) The exposure of specific brain structures to bursts of high-intensity magnetic fields D) The use virtual environments to create therapeutic situations for treating phobias

A

Which of the following is a true conclusion obtained on researches done in creative insights? A) Creative insights increases the frontal lobe activity. B) Creative insights occur in the left hemisphere of the brain. C) Creative people show imbalanced activity between their frontal lobes. D) Creative thinking has no relation with intelligence and problem solving.

A

Which of the following is true of systematic desensitization? A) In systematic desensitization, the therapist generates a hierarchy of increasing contact with the feared object, ranging from mild to extreme. B) Systematic desensitization is a rarely used application of behavior therapy that is not very effective in treating phobias. C) In systematic desensitization, the therapist pairs operant conditioning with intensive exposure to a phobic object. D) Systematic desensitization involves two levels of exposure to a phobic object: conscious and unconscious.

A

Which of the following was shown to be the most effective combination treatment for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder? A) Drug and behavioral therapies B) Cognitive and associative therapies C) Group and classical conditioning therapies D) Dialectical and evidence-based therapies

A

Which part of the brain is Jamie, a teacher, primarily using when he engages in a verbal interaction with his students? A) Left prefrontal cortex B) Right prefrontal cortex C) Occipital cortex D) Visual cortex

A

Which of the following statements is true for tests?

A biased test may be used fairly

What is Asperger's syndrome?

A childhood disorder at the high-functioning end of the autistic spectrum; characterized by impaired social interest and skills and restricted interests.

Which of the following facts is true about the interconnectedness of nature and nurture in intelligence? A) Fraternal twins reared apart are more similar in their levels of intelligence than identical twins reared together. B) The more genetically related people are, the more similar they are in IQ, even if reared apart. C) Compared to adopted children, orphans tend to have higher IQs. D) Adopted children's overall intelligence is less similar to that of their biological parents than to that of their adoptive parents.

B

Which of the following indicates that a test demonstrates predictive validity? A) Paul's scores improve each time he takes a particular aptitude test. B) People who score high on a particular test tend to earn more in the future. C) Timothy's score on a particular IQ test did not change over ten years. D) Debbie did badly on an IQ test because it required some knowledge of algebra.

B

Which of the following is performed in a radical procedure known as prefrontal lobotomy? A) A portion of the left hemisphere of an individual's brain is entirely removed. B) Connections between the prefrontal cortex and the lower portion of the brain are severed. C) Connections between the occipital lobe and upper portion of the brain are severed. D) The right visual pathway is rewired to be processed by the right hemisphere.

B

Which of the following is true about cognitive therapy? A) In cognitive therapy, the therapist applies the principles of classical and operant conditioning to treat psychological disorders. B) In cognitive therapy, the therapist helps the client identify irrational thought patterns and then challenges these thoughts. C) In cognitive therapy, several people who share a common problem all meet regularly with a therapist to help themselves and one another D) In cognitive therapy, the therapist focuses more on symptom relief than major personality change

B

Which of the following is true of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)? A) It is a long-term treatment that has been applied to few psychological disorders. B) It helps clients change the way they evaluate potential emotional threats. C) It focuses on changing behavior, not thoughts. D) It discourages reappraisal, which entails reexamining a situation that was previously seen as stressful.

B

Which of the following people would most likely be considered a prodigy? A) Carter, who is gifted but has major difficulties with spelling B) Jamie, who has average intelligence, but is extremely gifted in music C) Sarah, who is above average in all areas of intelligence tests D) Marvin, who has an IQ of 50, but failed in mathematics

B

Which of the following statements is true of optogenetics? A) It offers much less precise control of mood and behavior when compared to drug therapies. B) It has been used in various mental health-related applications, such as treating obsessive compulsive disorder. C) It uses a combination of drug therapy and genetics to manipulate the activity of individual neurons. D) It mainly focuses on identifying risk factors for disorders and targeting at-risk populations.

B

Which of the following refers to test fairness? A. Ensuring that tests really measure intelligence and not something else B. Applying test results in an impartial way C. Ensuring that tests have a high internal reliability D. Ascertaining that test scores predict real-world outcomes

B. Applying test results in an impartial way

Which of the following holds true for the developers of the Stanford-Binet and Wechsler tests? A. Both developed tests that took cultural differences between people into account. B. Both failed to factor in developments in the field of neuroscience. C. Both developed tests which aimed to measure every dimension of intelligence. D. Both failed to account for the fact that intelligence is a single quality.

B. Both failed to factor in developments in the field of neuroscience.

Which of the following is NOT a basic process of the scientific method

B. Creating

38. _____ disorder is a major psychological disorder that involves a sudden loss of memory or change of identity.

B. Dissociative

Until the age of one, Joel did not babble or point to things, nor did he make proper eye contact. Moreover, he regularly swayed his body and seemed more interested in inanimate objects than his parents. Joel was hardly speaking even at 18 months. Joel is most likely to be diagnosed with ______ disorder. A) generalized anxiety B) attention deficit hyperactivity C) autistic spectrum D) obsessive-compulsive

C

Which of the following is a function of phenothiazines? A) They bind with serotonin-specific receptor sites on the postsynaptic neuron to stimulate the firing of that neuron. B) They stabilize the mania associated with bipolar disorder. C) They block dopamine receptors in the brain. D) They are used in chronic pain management and to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

C

What procedure does William Stern use to determine a person's intelligence score? A. Multiplying mental age by chronological age and subtracting the intelligence quotient B. Dividing mental age by chronological age and multiplying by 100 C. Multiplying mental age with chronological age and dividing it by 100 D. Dividing mental age by chronological age and multiplying by the intelligence quotient

B. Dividing mental age by chronological age and multiplying by 100

37. Which of the following major psychological disorders is characterized by an individual's deliberate fabrication of a medical or mental disorder to gain medical attention?

B. Factitious disorder

46.Which of the following symptoms best describes agoraphobia?

B. Fear of being in places from which escape might be difficult

When does abstract intelligence peak? A. In old age B. In early adulthood C. In childhood D. In middle age

B. In early adulthood

31.Which of the following is the best explanation of social facilitation?

B. Individuals perform a task better with others around

Which of the following most affects the human potential for learning? A. Intuition B. Intelligence C. Emotion D. Inhibition

B. Intelligence

Which of the following best describes Raymond Cattell's theory of intelligence? A. Intelligence comprises three different factors: practical, creative and analytic. B. Intelligence comprises into two parts: fluid and crystalline. C. Intelligence is a function of eight distinct skills. D. Intelligence is a generalized entity comprising different components.

B. Intelligence comprises into two parts: fluid and crystalline.

According to Howard Gardner's theory of intelligence, which of the following refers to the ability to perceive other people's intentions? A. Naturalistic intelligence B. Interpersonal intelligence C. Kinesthetic intelligence D. Linguistic intelligence

B. Interpersonal intelligence

How did the K-ABC differ from the Stanford-Binet and Wechsler tests? A. It considered intelligence to be a single ability rather than multiple abilities. B. It was designed to measure several distinct aspects of intelligence. C. It was the first intelligence test designed for adults as well as children. D. It did not consider different learning styles to be a part of intelligence.

B. It was designed to measure several distinct aspects of intelligence.

Which of the following is NOT a component of the newest versions of WAIS and WISC? A. Processing speed B. Kinesthetics C. Perceptual reasoning D. Verbal comprehension

B. Kinesthetics

Which of the following is an example of an adaptive behavior? A. Learning advanced calculus B. Learning to brush your teeth C. Learning a new language D. Learning to knit

B. Learning to brush your teeth

Which of the following abilities did Carroll assign to broad intelligence? A. Kinesthetics B. Memory C. Reading D. Spelling

B. Memory

Who among the following have a greater risk of having a baby with Down syndrome? A. Mothers with a history of familial-cultural retardation B. Mothers who opt to have a child later in life C. Mothers of low socioeconomic status D. Mothers who suffer from hypertension during pregnancy

B. Mothers who opt to have a child later in life

17._____________ is defined as the urge to move toward one's goals.

B. Motivation

20. _____________ are inherent states of cellular or bodily deficiency that compel drives.

B. Needs

Which of the following indicates that a test demonstrates predictive validity? A. Paul's scores improve each time he takes a particular aptitude test. B. People who score high on a particular test tend to earn more in the future. C. Timothy's score on a particular IQ test did not change over ten years. D. Debbie did badly on an IQ test because it required some knowledge of algebra.

B. People who score high on a particular test tend to earn more in the future.

26.Which of the following is true about personality?

B. Personality is about individual differences.

56.Which of the following best explains the prevailing view that existed for years, dubbed as the dopamine hypothesis?

B. Schizophrenia resulted from an excess of dopamine in the brain.

2. ______________ can be best defined as the study of how the real or imagined presence of others influences thought, feeling, and behavior.

B. Social psychology

36. Identify the major psychological disorder that occurs when psychological symptoms take a physical form even though no physical causes can be found.

B. Somatic symptom disorder

Which of the following refers to practical intelligence? A. The ability to compare and contrast information B. The ability to solve problems of everyday life C. The ability to come up with fresh and innovative ideas D. The ability to evaluate the worth of information

B. The ability to solve problems of everyday life

44.Which of the following is most likely to be true of a person diagnosed with schizophrenia

B. The person is likely to exhibit catatonic behavior.

Peter takes an intelligence test that yields a different IQ score each time he takes it. Which of the following does this fact most indicate? A. The test does not have internal reliability. B. The test does not have test-retest reliability. C. The test has construct validity. D. The test has predictive validity.

B. The test does not have test-retest reliability.

Who among the following developed the concept of mental age? A. Charles Spearman B. Theodore Simon and Alfred Binet C. Robert Sternberg and Howard Gardner D. John Carroll

B. Theodore Simon and Alfred Binet

Most current diagnoses of intellectual disability emphasizes on __________. A. a person's IQ scores B. a person's everyday abilities C. a person's academic performance D. a person's verbal intelligence

B. a person's everyday abilities

In a test, a student is asked to contrast two theories and select the best one. The student is being tested for __________. A. practical intelligence B. analytical intelligence C. creative intelligence D. fluid intelligence

B. analytical intelligence

8.The monitoring of information from the environment and from one's own thoughts is termed as:

B. awareness

27. The ____________ layer of consciousness is what one is aware of at any given moment in time.

B. conscious

Vocabulary tests are measures of __________. A. kinesthetics B. crystallized intelligence C. abstract reasoning D. fluid intelligence

B. crystallized intelligence

According to Gardner and Sternberg, the Wechsler and Stanford-Binet tests lack tests for ___________ intelligence and hence are not valid measures of intelligence. A. verbal B. emotional C. spatial D. mathematical

B. emotional

If a pregnant lady drinks excessively, her child runs the risk of having ______. A. down syndrome B. fetal alcohol syndrome C. fragile X syndrome D. Asperger's syndrome

B. fetal alcohol syndrome

Raven's Progressive Test is a commonly used measure for ______. A. verbal intelligence B. fluid intelligence C. numerical ability D. crystallized intelligence

B. fluid intelligence

14.A child can form adult like sentences at around:

C. 3 years of age.

Which of the following statements is true for tests? A. A biased test cannot be used fairly. B. An unfair test result is always culturally biased. C. A biased test may be used fairly. D. A test result used fairly cannot be culturally biased.

C. A biased test may be used fairly.

According to the g-factor theory of intelligence, people who achieve high scores on the verbal section of an intelligence test are likely to have: A. low scores in the spatial and quantitative sections but low in the perceptual section. B. high scores in the spatial, perceptual, and quantitative sections. C. low scores in all the non-verbal sections of the test. D. high scores in the perceptual and spatial sections, but low in the quantitative section.

B. high scores in the spatial, perceptual, and quantitative sections.

In Carroll's classification, sequential reasoning for fluid intelligence, reading and spelling are a part of __________. A. emotional intelligence B. narrow intelligence C. abstract intelligence D. kinesthetic intelligence

B. narrow intelligence

Charles Spearman's theory of intelligence is known as __________. A. the Downing effect B. the g-factor theory C. the primary ability theory D. the multi-factor theory

B. the g-factor theory

Sternberg's theory is also known as __________. A. the theory of general intelligence B. the triarchic theory of intelligence C. the theory of multiple intelligences D. the theory of primary mental abilities

B. the triarchic theory of intelligence

Which of the following drugs is prescribed for anxiety?

Barbiturates

What does the g-factor theory imply? A. A person's intelligence is inversely related to his score on intelligence tests. B. A person's intelligence does not change throughout his lifetime. C. A person's intelligence can be accurately indicated with a single number. D. A person's intelligence is variable at different points of time.

C. A person's intelligence can be accurately indicated with a single number.

52. Which of the following personality disorders was formerly known as "sociopathic" or "psychopathic" personality?

C. Antisocial personality disorder

Which of the following tests best demonstrates test-retest reliability? A. Jake's scores improve each time he takes a particular aptitude test. B. Teachers find that students' performance on a test is a good indicator of their grades. C. Chloe's score on an IQ test were the same in school as well as college. D. Nathan did badly on an IQ test because its vocabulary level was very high.

C. Chloe's score on an IQ test were the same in school as well as college.

Empathy

C. Daniel Batson (1991) has proposed that true selfless helping occurs only when there is empathy. Empathy can be defined as sharing feeling and understanding about another person's situation.

______ created new intelligence tests to measure adult intelligence. A. Lewis Terman B. William Stern C. David Wechsler D. Raymond Cattell

C. David Wechsler

______ is a disorder on the X chromosome, resulting in the abnormal development of a gene involved in neural development. A. Down syndrome B. Asperger's syndrome C. Fragile X syndrome D. X-linked hypophoshatemia

C. Fragile X syndrome

Why do some psychologists and scholars criticize Howard Gardner's theory of intelligence? A. Gardner considered people from diverse age groups for the tests he formulated. B. Gardner did not take into account factors such as economic conditions. C. Gardner's ideas were argued to be more theoretical than empirical. D. Gardner ignored many other skills and intelligences a person can possess.

C. Gardner's ideas were argued to be more theoretical than empirical.

Which of the following best describes a cultural test bias? A. Group differences in IQ tests are caused because different IQ tests are administered to different cultural groups. B. People use IQ test results unfairly to deny certain groups access to universities or jobs. C. Group differences in IQ scores are caused by different ethnic and educational environments. D. A particular test predicts outcomes equally well for different cultural groups.

C. Group differences in IQ scores are caused by different ethnic and educational environments.

58.Which symptom of schizophrenia does antipsychotic medication work best on?

C. Hallucinations

Which of the following theorists theorized that intelligence consists of eight distinct capacities? A. Alfred Binet B. Robert Sternberg C. Howard Gardner D. Ivan Pavlov

C. Howard Gardner

When did theories of intelligence start emerging? A. In the late seventeenth century B. During the Renaissance C. In the early twentieth century D. During the Counter Reformation

C. In the early twentieth century

What is the definition of successful intelligence, as propounded by Robert Sternberg? A. It includes attitudes that support persistence, systemization, and imagination, self-monitoring and self-management. B. Intelligence is a biopsychological potential to process information that can be activated in a cultural setting to solve problems C. Intelligence is an integrated set of information-processing and cognitive abilities needed for life success. D. Intelligence is a single general factor made up of specific components.

C. Intelligence is an integrated set of information-processing and cognitive abilities needed for life success.

Why is matrix reasoning considered as a fluid intelligence? A. It does not involve abstract reasoning B. Its solutions require culturally acquired experience C. It does not depend on acquired knowledge D. It involves using skills and knowledge to solve problems

C. It does not depend on acquired knowledge

Which of the following is true for the mental age of a person? A. It is based on the average intelligence of people of all ages. B. It is based on how the average person performs on a given task. C. It is based on what most people at a particular age level can do. D. It is the average of the IQs of all people of a particular age.

C. It is based on what most people at a particular age level can do.

___________ found that the cognitive abilities of young children and adolescents are fundamentally different and that cognitive development occurs in stages rather than gradually over time. A. David Wechsler B. Charles Spearman C. Jean Piaget D. John Carroll

C. Jean Piaget

Which of the following tests was developed taking into consideration Cattell and Horn's concepts of fluid and crystallized intelligence? A. WAIS B. Stanford-Binet C. K-ABC D. WISC

C. K-ABC

C. do not remember anything about a particular period of their life associated with bipolar disorder.

C. Lithium

Which of the following is NOT among the three types of intelligence proposed by Sternberg? A. Analytical B. Practical C. Logical D. Creative

C. Logical

Which of the following is associated with fluid thinking? A. Size of vocabulary B. General knowledge C. Pattern recognition D. Cultural habits

C. Pattern recognition

41.Which of the following are types of anxiety disorders

C. Post-traumatic stress disorder and panic disorder

59.___________________ is the use of psychological techniques to modify maladaptive behaviors or thought patterns, or both, and to help patients develop insight into their own behavior.

C. Psychotherapy

In addition to assessing fluid and crystallized intelligence, what does the newest version of the Stanford-Binet test assess? A. Implicit memory B. Abstract reasoning C. Quantitative reasoning D. Long-term memory

C. Quantitative reasoning

Bertrand, who works in advertising, loves the creativity involved in his job. Which of the following will hold true whenever Bertrand engages in solving the creative problems in his profession? A) His frontal lobes will remain impassive as they do not influence his thinking. B) The frontal lobe of his brain's left hemisphere will show increased activity. C) There will be balanced activity between the frontal lobes of his right and left hemispheres. D) The frontal lobe of his brain's right hemisphere will show decreased activity.

C

Caroline is emotional but self-centered. She desires to be the center of attention everywhere as evidenced by her theatrical, loud, and larger-than-life behavior. Based on the description of Caroline, it can be inferred that she has ______ personality disorder. A) borderline B) antisocial C) histrionic D) narcissistic

C

Harold is diagnosed with schizophrenia after it was observed that his brain size has changed considerably. Which of the following reasons, if true, is most likely to have led to Harold developing schizophrenia? A) Harold was born as a premature baby. B) Harold's father suffers from polio. C) Harold suffered abuse and neglect after birth. D) His brain shows a reduction in the activity of dopamine.

C

In the context of drug therapies, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors treat depression by: A) decreasing the brain's production of glutamate. B) decreasing the brain's production of acetylcholine. C) increasing the availability of serotonin in the brain. D) increasing the availability of GABA in the brain.

C

vulnerability-stress model

A model that proposes each individual has some degree of vulnerability (ranging from very low to very high) for developing a psychological disorder, given sufficient stress

Major depressive disorder

A mood disorder characterized by pervasive low mood, lack of motivation, low energy, and feelings of worthlessness and guilt that last for at least 2 consecutive weeks. According to DSM-5, to be diagnosed with major depressive disorder, one must have at least five of nine symptoms associated with major depression, which must continue for at least 2 consecutive weeks (APA, 2013): -Depressed (sad, listless) mood that stays low all day for several days -Reduced interest or pleasure in doing anything -Significant change in body weight (indicating dieting or overeating) -Sleep disturbances -Sluggishness or restlessness -Daily fatigue or loss of energy -Daily feelings of worthlessness, self-reproach, or excessive guilt -Lack of ability to concentrate or think clearly -Recurrent thoughts of death or suicidal ideation Most importantly, symptoms must significantly impact daily functioning, in terms of both social and work-related contexts, and they must be a source of distress, in order to be the basis for a diagnosis of major depressive disorder. Overall, approximately 7% of the American population has major depressive disorder, but the occurrence varies depending on age and sex. The disorder is three times more likely in 18- to 29-year-olds than in 60+-year-olds. Females experience depression up to three times more often than males (teen and up; APA, 2013). Indeed, suicide is a major risk for people with depression, and suicidal thinking is included as a symptom of depression (APA, 2013; Hawton et al., 2013).

18.Which of the following is an example of a motivated behavior

A musician learning a new piece

Technology-based therapy

A number of new therapies make use of technology or the Internet to complement current therapies or make psychotherapeutic techniques available to people who might otherwise not have access to therapy or seek it out. These are the technology-based therapies.

What does the g-factor theory imply?

A person's intelligence can be accurately indicated with a single number.

NEO personality inventory (NEO-PI)

A personality test that measures the Big Five personality traits of Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism

Phobia

A phobia is a persistent and unreasonable fear of a particular object, situation, or activity (APA, 2013).

Prejudice

A prejudice is a biased attitude toward a group of people or an individual member of a group based on unfair generalizations about what members of that group are like (Allport, 1954). Prejudicial thinking often stems from stereotypes rather than from careful observation of people's behavior. Prejudices are generally negative and often based on insufficient information. Prejudicial attitudes are learned early in life; and even if they are formally abandoned later in life, these reactions can become quite automatic (Banaji & Greenwald, 1995). Prejudices can operate outside conscious awareness, and they sometimes stand in stark contrast to one's conscious beliefs (Devine, 1989).

Illness anxiety disorder

A preoccupation with and anxiety about acquiring a serious illness for at least 6 months. DSM5 says illness preoccupation must be present for at least 6 months. A person with this disorder will also frequently and excessively check for the symptoms. With the Internet and easy access to medical information, more and more people are self-diagnosing without evidence of real symptoms and without professional evaluations. People who self-diagnose primarily from information found on the Internet are informally referred to as cyberchondriacs (R. W. White & Horvitz, 2009).

Mirror neurons and autism

A promising theory about the origins of autism spectrum disorder is based on the mirror neurons. Mirror neurons fire both when a person performs a particular behavior (such as reaching for an object) and when he or she simply watches someone else performing the same behavior.

Free association

A psycho therapeutic technique in which the client takes one image or idea from a dream and says whatever comes to mind regardless of how threatening, disgusting, or troubling it may be

Somatic symptom disorders

A psychological disorder in which a person complains of multiple physical disorders that cause disruption and that persist for at least 6 months. An older term for bodily disorders—hypochondriasis—has now been divided into two related but distinct disorders: somatic symptom disorder and illness anxiety disorder. Somatic symptom disorder occurs in 5%-7% of the U.S. adult population (APA, 2013). Somatic symptom disorder occurs when a person complains of multiple physical disorders that cause distress and disruption of the person's life and that persist for at least 6 months. This disorder has the following two main criteria (APA, 2013): -One or more distressing somatic symptoms that disrupt daily life -Excessive thoughts, feelings, or behaviors related to bodily symptoms

generalized anxiety disorder

A psychological disorder marked by a chronic, high level of anxiety that is not tied to any specific threat.

Conversion disorder

A rare somatoform disorder in which a person experiences very specific genuine physical symptoms for which no physiological basis can be found

Cyclothymia

A relatively mild but long lasting form of bipolar disorder

cyclothymia

A relatively mild form of bipolar disorder but long lasting.

Compulsion

A repetitive behavior performed in response to uncontrollable urges or according to a ritualistic set of rules.

compulsion

A repetitive behavior performed in response to uncontrollable urges or accoriding to a ritualistic set of rules.

On which of the following points do g-factor theorists and multiple-factor theorists disagree?

A single test score can reflect a person's overall intelligence.

insanity

A state of unsound mind in which a person does not know right from wrong and is, therefore, not responsible for any acts committed.

thematic apperception test (TAT)

A subjective personality test where ambiguous pictures are shown to a subject and they are asked to tell a story related to them.

Post-traumatic stress disorders (PTSD)

A type of anxiety disorder triggered by exposure to a catastrophic or horrifying event that poses serious harm or threat.

catatonic schizophrenia

A type of schizophrenia marked by striking motor disturbances, ranging from muscular rigidity to random motor activity.

paraniod schizophrenia

A type of schizophrenia that is dominated by delusions of persectution along with delusions of grandeur

major depression

A very serious mood disorder in which people lose interest in life and can no longer find enjoyment in anything

Bupropione

A widely used antidepressant that inhibits the reuptake of norepinephrine and dopamine

Using William Stern's method of calculating intelligence, the intelligence score of a ten-year-old with a mental age of 8 would be __________. A. 80 B. 100 C. 120 D. 160

A. 80

On which of the following points do g-factor theorists and multiple-factor theorists disagree? A. A single test score can reflect a person's overall intelligence. B. The different aspects of intelligence are correlated. C. A multiple test score cannot reflect a person's intelligence. D. Intelligence has a number of components.

A. A single test score can reflect a person's overall intelligence.

When a person hallucinates, which of the following instances occur in his or her brain?

Activity in the visual cortex is similar to brain activity when visual stimulus is present

Free association (cont.)

After this has been done with the first image, the process is repeated until the client has made associations with all the recalled dream images. Ideally, somewhere in the chain of free associations is a connection that unlocks the key to the dream. The second technique for interpreting dreams is through symbols; that is, dream images are thought of as representing, or being symbolic of, something else. Classic examples of symbols are a snake symbolizing a penis and a cave representing a vagina. If the techniques just described are successful, the patient becomes aware of the disturbing thoughts in his or her unconscious, and the problematic symptoms decrease.

Aggression

Aggression refers to violent behavior that is intended to cause psychological or physical harm, or both, to another being. When aggression stems from feelings of anger, it is called hostile aggression. When aggression is a means to achieve some goal, it is called instrumental aggression.

Who is credited with developing the first test of intelligence?

Alfred Binet

___________ are step-by-step formulas or procedures for solving problems.

Algorithms

Which of the following is true for algorithms?

Algorithms are step-by-step procedures that are used in solving problems.

Genetic factors of schizophrenia

Although genetic factors play an important role in the development of schizophrenia, they do not make it inevitable. The heritability rates are 70%-85%, suggesting that the disorder is due largely to genetic influences (Cardno & Gottesman, 2000; Gebicke-Haerter, 2012; Harrison & Owen, 2003; Kandel, 2000a; Lewis & Levitt, 2002; Vyas et al., 2010). Scientists have identified as many as 19 genes that contribute to schizophrenia, but the mechanisms they regulate have only recently been understood by neuroscientists (Harrison & Owen, 2003; Harrison & Weinberger, 2005; Mei & Xiong, 2008; Stefansson et al., 2009). The fact that one identical twin can develop schizophrenia, whereas the other genetically identical twin may not develop it, indicates that genes alone do not cause schizophrenia.

Neurodevelopmental disorders

Although most clinical diagnoses are reserved for adults (older than 18), a number of disorders are prominent in childhood. The DSM-5 refers to these as neurodevelopmental disorders, which include intellectual disabilities (formerly mental retardation) and learning disabilities. We discuss two of them: attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder. See Figure 15.3 for an overview of these two disorders.

SSRI treatment

Although these drugs are prescribed primarily for depression, they are also used to treat certain anxiety disorders, especially OCD, as well as disorders of impulse control, such as compulsive gambling (Vaswani, Linda, & Ramesh, 2003).

Altruism

Altruism refers to a selfless concern for and giving of aid to others.

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) originates from a(n) _____ perspective of psychological illness.

American

Which of the following best describes agoraphobia?

An intense anxiety about being in places from which escape might be difficult

cognitive-affective personality system (CAPS)

An organized system of five variables that interact continuously with one another and with the environment, generating the distinctive patterns of behavior that characterize the person

obsession

An unwanted thought, word, phrase, or image that persistently and repeatedly comes into a person's mind and causes distress.

Dialectical behavior therapy

Another combined treatment involving mindfulness is dialectical behavior therapy (DBT), a program developed for the treatment of borderline personality disorder (Linehan, 1993). DBT integrates elements of CBT with exercises aimed at developing mindfulness without meditation.

Reciprocal altruism

Another evolutionary explanation for altruistic behavior is reciprocal altruism, helping others in the hope that they will help you in the future (Trivers, 1971, 1985).

Obedience

Another kind of conformity, called obedience, occurs when people yield to the social pressure of an authority figure.

Jason is suspicious of everyone around him. He is convinced that his parents tried to get rid of him when he had an accident so that they could claim the insurance amount. He even installs a spy camera in his house. Which odd-eccentric personality disorder accounts for Jason's condition? A) Borderline personality disorder B) Histrionic personality disorder C) Paranoid personality disorder D) Antisocial personality disorder

C

Jason, who has borderline personality disorder, is undergoing treatment that combines cognitive-behavioral therapy with mindfulness training. His therapy sessions are both individual and group. They focus on helping him develop a nonjudgmental attitude toward himself. Which of the following therapies is Jason most likely undergoing? A) Dissociative therapy B) Client-centered therapy C) Dialectical behavior therapy D) Psychoanalytic therapy

C

Jason, who has borderline personality disorder, is undergoing treatment that combines cognitive-behavioral therapy with mindfulness training. His therapy sessions are both individual and group. They focus on helping him develop a nonjudgmental attitude toward himself. Which of the following therapies is Jason most likely undergoing? Dissociative therapy Client-centered therapy Dialectical behavior therapy Psychoanalytic therapy

C

Jesse and Alice are twins. When their mother points at something interesting, Alice looks in that direction while Jesse remains indifferent and rarely looks in that direction. When their mother buys them toys, Alice plays with them while Jesse spends time smelling and tasting the toys. Jesse is most likely to be diagnosed with _____. A) bulimia B) delusion C) autism D) mania

C

Genes and mental disorders

Another potentially exciting future therapy is the regulation of specific genes involved in various mental disorders. A steady stream of recent research has confirmed the role of one particular gene (neuregulin 1) in the development of schizophrenia (Law et al., 2006; Mei & Xiong 2008; Yin et al., 2013). Although still in early stages in animals, therapies based on this understanding may be quite beneficial in controlling some of the major symptoms of schizophrenia (Mei & Xiong, 2008; D.-M. Yin et al., 2013).

Which of the following best illustrates the James-Lange theory of emotion?

Antecedent event, physiological reaction, emotional experience

Individuals with which kind of personality disorder are most likely to commit crimes and end up in jail?

Antisocial

Mallory, a compulsive gambler, regularly attends therapeutic meetings in which there is a group facilitator and an open format. Although there are no formal program goals, she says she benefits greatly from the sense of community offered by people who share common situations in life. Nancy is attending _____. A) cognitive therapy B) a formal gathering C) a support group D) behavioral therapy

C

Identify and describe the two different childhood disorders.

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)- childhood disorder characterized by inability to focus attention for more than a few minutes to remain still and quite, to do careful work. Autistic Disorder or Autism- childhood disorder characterized by severe language and social impairment along with repetitive habits and inward focused behaviors.

_________________ are the inferences one makes about the causes of other people's behavior.

Attributions

Attributions

Attributions are the inferences we make about the causes of other people's behavior.

Cynthia is a schizophrenic who hears voices in her head. Given this information, which common form of schizophrenic hallucination is she most likely to exhibit?

Auditory hallucination

Nadia is a schizophrenic who hears voices in her head. Given this information, which common form of schizophrenic hallucination is she most likely to exhibit?

Auditory hallucination

Matthew sees a nail sticking out from a board which he wishes to push inside. Though there is a brick lying nearby, it does not occur to him that it can serve well to fix the nail. Consequently, he wastes time searching for a hammer. Which of the following does Matthew exhibit? A) Cognitive dissonance B) Response bias C) Functional fixedness D) Observer effect

C

Geri, who is schizophrenic, experiences a cluster of adverse side effects from taking antipsychotics. Her symptoms include involuntary facial movements and body tremors. Geri is most likely to have developed a condition called _____. A) countertransference B) tardive dyskinesia C) bulimia nervosa D) post-traumatic stress disorder

B

In an effort to get him to clean his bedroom, Zack's mother gave him a gold star every time he cleaned it. Each time he earned five stars, he was able to trade them in for a new toy. Now his room is usually clean. In this case, Zack's mother has used _____. A) a psychodynamic technique B) token economies C) unconditional positive regard D) cognitive flooding

B

Olivia is a schizophrenic who maintains an impassive face most of the time, does not respond to anyone, and strikes strange poses. She finds it difficult to finish any of the tasks assigned to her. Which of the following symptoms of schizophrenia does Olivia display? A) Adjunct symptoms B) Cognitive symptoms C) Negative symptoms D) Primary symptoms

C

Shawn refuses to step out of his house as he feels that the entire neighborhood has malicious plans for him. He says he can hear his neighbors talking in his head, conspiring to kill him. Even though he hardly ventures out, he keeps a gun and a butcher's knife at hand to thwart any attempt to murder him. Which of the following best describes Shawn's condition? A) Trichotillomania B) Cachexia C) Schizophrenia D) Hypomania

C

Sonya's physician prescribed Valium for her. Tonya most likely has ___________________. A) depression B) bipolar disorder C) anxiety D) no energy

C

Jerry is suffering from schizophrenia. His friends and family find it difficult to derive meaning from his speech although he follows grammatical rules while forming sentences. His speech comprises of random words and names which have no relation to the context of the situation. He coins new words that are not commonly accepted. Which of the following best describes his speech? A) Thought block B) Word salad C) Digress D) Derailment

B

Madelyn is extremely afraid of snakes. Merely thinking about these reptiles causes her to break out in a cold sweat. Which of the following terms best describes Madelyn's condition? A) Schizophrenia B) Specific phobia C) Post-traumatic stress disorder D) Obsessive-compulsive disorder

B

Malik does not get along with his female supervisor. His psychotherapist observes that Malik relates to his supervisor the way he does to his youngest sister, who died a couple of months ago. In the context of psychotherapy, Malik is experiencing _____. A) repression B) transference C) manifest content D) motion parallax

B

Mark has been experiencing sleeplessness, irritability, and a sense of increased energy for a week. There are times when he feels euphoric for no reason and has "racing" thoughts for a week. He most likely suffers from _____. A) dysthymia B) manic episodes C) narcissism D) panic attacks

B

Nancy, a three-year old, enters a store by pushing a door open. Every time she comes to a door after that, she pushes the door expecting it to open even though many doors open by pulling rather than pushing. What is this an example of? A) Divergent thinking B) Mental set C) Insight solutions D) Lateral thinking

B

Peter takes an intelligence test that yields a different IQ score each time he takes it. Which of the following does this fact most indicate? A) The test does not have internal reliability. B) The test does not have test-retest reliability. C) The test has construct validity. D) The test has predictive validity.

B

The interpretation that genetics influences intelligence to such an extent that one's IQ levels are determined at conception is held erroneous because __________. A) early interventions do not succeed in changing static IQ levels B) interaction of genes with environmental forces can shape gene expression C) genes don't interact with environmental forces D) differences in IQ result from biases in IQ tests that favor people from certain cultural backgrounds

B

Travis is a child with above-average intelligence and is quite advanced in his speech. He engages his parents in long-winded discussions on one rather narrow topic. However, he is not interested in making friends. All these symptoms point to the fact that he is most likely to have: A) bipolar disorder. B) Asperger's syndrome. C) delusional disorder. D) joint attention.

B

Which of the following best explains the prevailing view that existed for years, dubbed as the dopamine hypothesis? A) Dopamine is less associated with anticipatory desire and motivation. B) Schizophrenia resulted from an excess of dopamine in the brain. C) Dopamine increases the influence of the indirect pathway within the basal ganglia. D) Sociability is closely tied to dopamine neurotransmission.

B

Steve is a perfectionist who has rigid habits and follows a fixed schedule for all his daily activities. He dislikes any sort of disturbance in his schedule. Any change in schedule causes him to feel varying degrees of anxiety, annoyance, and a sense that he is doing something wrong and wasting his time. Steve's behavior suggests that he most likely has _____ personality disorder. A) avoidant B) antisocial C) obsessive-compulsive D) histrionic

C

Telma's father suffers from anxiety and depression. However, the last few months, she observes him sleeping for less than two hours a day. She also notices that he is either extremely depressed or full of energy with delusions of grandeur. Telma's father will most likely be diagnosed with _____ disorder. A) impulse control B) obsessive- C) compulsive bipolar D) attention deficit hyperactivity

C

Under which of the following circumstances is electroconvulsive therapy used? A) To treat chronic mild anxiety nonresponsive to drug therapy B) To reduce seizures in epileptics C) To treat depression when other treatments have failed D) To reduce stress related to acute insomnia

C

Which of the following was shown to be the most effective combination treatment for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder?

Drug and behavioral therapies

Selective Serotonin Reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

Drugs primarily prescribed for depression and some anxiety disorders that work by making more serotonin available in the synapse.

Phenothiazines

Drugs used to treat schizoprhenia; help diminish hallucinations, confusion, agitation, and paranoia but also have adverse side effects.

According to the "4 Ds" of determining whether something is a mental disorder, which of the following behaviors interferes with everyday functioning, such as participating in social relationships?

Dysfunctional behavior

What is dysthymia and cyclothymia and how do they differ from the other mood disorders?

Dysthmia-form of depression that is milder in intensity than major depressive disorder. Cyclothymia- is a mild form of bipolar (manic depressive disorder) in which a person has mood swings over a period over years that go from mild depression to euphoria and excitement

ECT (Again)

ECT is regarded as a treatment of last resort for severely depressed people who have not responded to any other therapy. Although many patients report immediate relief with ECT treatment, its benefits usually last only as long as the treatments are maintained. Also, ECT can have severe side effects, including memory loss and confusion. ECT treatment to one hemisphere of the brain appears to work better than treatment to both hemispheres and creates fewer cognitive side effects (Sackheim et al., 1993). A controlled trial found that ECT and pharmacological therapy for depression were about equally effective in preventing relapse in people with major depressive disorder, but each form of treatment helped only about half the people studied (Kellner et al., 2006).

Which of the following therapies involves passing an electrical current through a person's brain in order to induce a seizure?

Electroconvulsive therapy

Which of the following can be effective for severe cases of depression in people who have not responded to other therapies?

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

Electroconvulsive Therapy

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) involves passing an electrical current through a person's brain in order to induce a seizure. The treatment is called electroconvulsive because the procedure produces a brief seizure, including bodily convulsions. To minimize the convulsions, patients are given an anesthetic and a muscle relaxant prior to ECT. Standard ECT treatment involves up to 12 sessions over the course of several weeks. Some people report immediate relief of their depressive symptoms after treatment, although scientists do not fully understand how ECT works to relieve them (Nolen-Hoeksema, 2007). The downside to ECT is that it creates some permanent memory loss and other types of cognitive damage, because it actually destroys some brain tissue. Using ECT on one side of the brain rather than both appears to reduce the risk of memory loss (Squire, 1977).

Depression and Creativity

Emotional distress is a familiar companion to creative people. Many highly creative people have suffered from major depression (Ludwig, 1995). The lifetime rate of just depression was 30%, with poets (77%), fiction writers (59%), and visual artists (50%) having the highest rates. In addition, poets are 20 times more likely to commit suicide, a key indicator for depression, than most people (Ludwig, 1995). One recent study, in fact, found that social rejection combined with a biological disposition toward depression enhanced participants' artistic creativity (Akinola & Mendes, 2008). It is the milder psychotic symptoms, however, that are most strongly associated with creativity (Fink et al., 2012; Kinney et al., 2000-2001; Nettle & Clegg, 2005; Schuldberg, 2000-2001). Lifetime rates for any psychiatric illness are remarkably high for people in the arts: 87% of poets, 77% of fiction writers, 74% of actors, 73% of visual artists, 72% of nonfiction writers, 68% of musical performers, and 60% of musical composers. Compare these figures with the 46% lifetime rate in the general population for any disorder (Kessler et al., 2005). The manic phase is more likely than the depressive phase to generate creative behavior (Andreasen & Glick, 1988; Jamison et al., 1980). For example, Robert Schumann's creative output spiked with his manic episodes (see Figure 15.14). Few artists and writers are creative during their depressed phases; rather, they are creatively inspired during the milder form of mania, the hypomanic phase.

Empathic motivation

Empathic motivation, holds that the professor's behavior may spring from an altruistic desire to reduce the distress of the person in need. Unlike the egoistic helper, the empathic helper serves another with the primary goal of helping the student through the crisis.

_________________ can be defined as sharing feeling and understanding about another person's situation.

Empathy

12.How do psychologists define learning?

Enduring changes in behavior that occur with experience

How do psychologists define learning?

Enduring changes in behavior that occur with experience

An infant is neglected and deprived of regular cognitive stimulation. Moreover, the infant also suffers extreme malnourishment. In this case, which of the following observations in the infant's brain indicates that he or she is at risk of developing schizophrenia?

Enlargement in the fluid-filled spaces

Adriana joined a weight loss program after reading an advertisement in the newspaper. According to the study by Wing and Jeffery, which of the following will increase her chances of losing weight during the program?

Enrolling with friends who can provide social support

Which of the following led Charles Spearman to arrive at his theory of intelligence? A. Research showed that individual intelligence does not differ much from group intelligence. B. Research showed that intelligence is made up of a number of dissimilar components. C. Research showed that the factors of intelligence correlated strongly with one another. D. Research showed that spatial intelligence is not related to verbal or perceptual intelligence.

C. Research showed that the factors of intelligence correlated strongly with one another.

Which of the following major psychological disorders is characterized by distorted thoughts and perceptions, odd communication, inappropriate emotion, and other unusual behaviors?

C. Schizophrenia

30._________________ occurs when the presence of others improves our performance

C. Social facilitation

The intelligence test developed by Lewis Terman is known as the __________. A. SAT-Quantitative test B. Kaufman-Assessment Battery for Children C. Stanford-Binet test D. Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scales

C. Stanford-Binet test

Which of the following is true for the commonly-used intelligence tests? A. The K-ABC tests failed to assess different types of intelligence. B. The Stanford-Binet tests were guided by Cattell and Horn's theories of intelligence. C. The Stanford-Binet tests failed to consider Piaget's theory of cognitive development. D. The K-ABC tests had no relevance to the concepts of fluid and crystallized intelligence.

C. The Stanford-Binet tests failed to consider Piaget's theory of cognitive development.

An IQ test predicts academic achievement better for a particular ethnic group compared to another. What does this suggest about the test? A. The test is standardized. B. The test is not reliable. C. The test is biased. D. The test is not valid.

C. The test is biased.

As argued by Sternberg and Gardner, what is a drawback of Wechsler and Stanford-Binet tests? A. They do not measure verbal, spatial, and mathematical forms of intelligence. B. They had incorporated developments in neurosciences in their studies. C. They do not measure social, musical, and naturalistic forms of intelligence. D. They lay emphasis on quantitative reasoning and visual-spatial processing.

C. They do not measure social, musical, and naturalistic forms of intelligence.

.Which of the following is true of needs?

C. They occur due to some deficiency

Which of the following is a component of crystallized intelligence? A. Using spatial visualization in problem-solving B. Using abstract reasoning in problem-solving C. Using cultural knowledge in problem-solving D. Using pattern recognition in problem-solving

C. Using cultural knowledge in problem-solving

Which of the following is a component of the newest version of the Stanford-Binet intelligence tests? A. Intrapersonal processing B. Long-term memory C. Visual-spatial processing D. Kinesthetics

C. Visual-spatial processing

What is the difference between the WISC and the WAIS? A. WISC considers abstract intelligence, while WAIS considers kinesthetic intelligence. B. WISC is culturally fair while WAIS is not. C. WISC is for children while WAIS is for adults. D. WISC is used with individuals who are not native speakers of English.

C. WISC is for children while WAIS is for adults.

Which type of memory can retain about seven bits of information for a short while and aids in solving an immediate problem? A. Sensory memory B. Long-term memory C. Working memory D. Procedural memory

C. Working memory

23. Stress occurs when

C. a situation overwhelms a person's perceived ability to meet the demands of that situation

55.Sonya's physician prescribed Valium for her. Tonya most likely has

C. anxiety

Scores from the WAIS can be successfully used to estimate both one's academic class rank in high school and one's college grade point average. This indicates that the test has __________. A. internal reliability B. variable reliability C. construct validity D. predictive validity

C. construct validity

People with dissociative identity disorder:

C. do not remember anything about a particular period of their life

28. Kelly usually lives by the moment. She does whatever makes her feel good at the moment, without considering the reality of the situation. She says she doesn't have time to clean her house, yet she finds plenty of time to go out and party with her friends. Psychoanalytic theory would suggest that Kelly has a strong ___________.

C. id

The ______ of intelligence holds that the different aspects of intelligence are distinct enough that numerous abilities must be considered, not just one. A. two-factor theory B. expectancy theory C. multiple-factor theory D. g-factor theory

C. multiple-factor theory

The question "How are you intelligent?" is best answered by a theory based on the ______. A. crystallized theory of intelligence B. g-factor theory of intelligence C. multiple-factor theory of intelligence D. fluid theory of intelligence

C. multiple-factor theory of intelligence

According to Howard Gardner's theory of intelligence, a botanist and a hunter in a primitive society would both have a high level of __________. A. bodily-kinesthetic intelligence B. linguistic intelligence C. naturalistic intelligence D. interpersonal intelligence

C. naturalistic intelligence

32.As a star soccer player, Salim performs better in his game when more people are watching him perform. Salim's behavior is an example of ________________.

C. social facilitation

Gardner and Sternberg did not consider the Wechsler and Stanford-Binet tests to be valid measures of intelligence because __________. A. the tests viewed intelligence as a collection of multiple abilities rather than as a single ability B. the tests measured aspects such as emotional, social and kinesthetic intelligence C. the tests measured only verbal, spatial, and mathematical forms of intelligence D. the tests did not provide the same results consistently when taken at different times

C. the tests measured only verbal, spatial, and mathematical forms of intelligence

Which of the following statements is true of the brain activity of people suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder?

Children with post-traumatic stress symptoms show reduced brain activity in the hippocampus while performing a verbal memory task.

Which of the following animals shares a distinct conscientiousness dimension with humans?

Chimpanzees

Axis I

Clinical Disorders

Hallucinaions

Convincing sensory experiences that occur in the absence of external stimulus

Which of the following is a true conclusion obtained on researches done in creative insights?

Creative insights increases the frontal lobe activity.

__________ refers to the ability to analyze facts, generate and organize ideas, defend opinions, make comparisons, draw inferences, evaluate arguments, and solve problems.

Critical thinking

Culture Affecting Conformity

Culture affects conformity as well. In collectivist cultures, groups matter more than the individual, so any group-preserving behavior (such as conformity) would be valued and encouraged. In Japan, the company that one works for is elevated to the status of family. An employee is expected to make personal sacrifices for the company to preserve group unity (A. S. Miller & Kanazawa, 2000). Cross-cultural replications of the Asch experiments reveal that people in collectivist cultures like Japan are more likely to conform than are people in individualistic cultures like the United States (Bond & Smith, 1996).

Ashley's mother is concerned as Ashley has become increasingly reclusive and prefers not to interact with anyone. She rarely shows any expression or emotion and remains cheerless all the time. Her mother is alarmed when she expresses a desire to live alone for the rest of her life. Ashley is most likely to be diagnosed with _____ A) personality disorder. B) paranoid C) antisocial D) borderline schizoid

D

Brianna suffers from episodes of an immoderate fear of danger. When this happens, she suffers from heart palpitations, shortness of breath, and nausea. She remains in this condition for around 10 minutes at a time but sometimes it continues for an hour or more. Brianna is most likely to be suffering from _____. A) manic episodes B) diathesis C) impulse control disorders D) panic attacks

D

Damian has a thinking pattern that gives rise to stressful thoughts. This often results in long periods of depressed moods. This type of thinking is called _____ thinking. A) psychogenic B) compulsive C) obsessive D) depressogenic

D

Damien is cold-shouldered by most of his colleagues as he was the only one in the team to be promoted. Adding to this, he recently lost a good friend in an accident. In the context of stress and depression, Damien is likely to develop depression if there is an: A) activation of his body's emergency response system. B) increase in the amounts of serotonin in his brain. C) increase in the number of neurons in his hippocampus. D) activation of his hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system.

D

Derrick is lethargic and not motivated to do anything. He has difficulty sleeping and he feels guilty about ill-treating his wife. Additionally, there is a recurrent feeling of worthlessness and a strong desire for suicide. Which of the following explains Derrick's condition? A) Dysthymia B) Alzheimer's disease C) Hypersomnia D) Major depressive disorder

D

Dr. Barbara combines techniques from humanistic, cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), and psychoanalytic therapies in the treatment of her phobia patients. Dr. Barbara's approach is called ___________________. A) free association B) cognitive dissonance C) Freudian therapy D) integrated therapy

D

Dr. Barbara combines techniques from humanistic, cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), and psychoanalytic therapies in the treatment of her phobia patients. Dr. Barbara's approach is called ___________________. free association cognitive dissonance Freudian therapy integrated therapy

D

Eric, an employee of a company, has an extremely positive and arrogant self-image, and his attention is focused only on himself. He thinks he is indispensable, often makes unreasonable demands, and he ignores the needs or wishes of others. Which of the following disorders best illustrates Eric's condition? A) Borderline personality disorder B) Schizotypal personality disorder C) Antisocial personality disorder D) Narcissistic personality disorder

D

If following Howard Gardner's theory of intelligence, an employer sifting through candidates for the role of a team leader would look for someone with high levels of __________. A) bodily-kinesthetic intelligence B) linguistic intelligence C) naturalistic intelligence D) interpersonal intelligence

D

In an examination, Dorothy deductively zeroes in on one of the options of a multiple choice question. What kind of thinking can she be said to engage in? A) Divergent thinking B) Visual thinking C) Creative thinking D) Convergent thinking

D

In the context of drug therapies, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors work by: A) binding with random receptor sites on the postsynaptic neuron to stimulate the firing of that neuron. B) releasing serotonin from the postsynaptic neuron into the synapse. C) creating a synaptic gap between receptors and presynaptic neuron. D) inhibiting the reuptake process of serotonin and allowing more serotonin to bind with the postsynaptic neuron.

D

Isabel is a three-year-old kindergarten student who is often seen fidgeting in her chair and blurts out whatever she is thinking. Her teacher regularly must ask her to be quiet and stop disrupting others. She is very restless in school and makes careless mistakes. All of these symptoms suggest that Isabel suffers from: A) anxiety disorder. B) autistic spectrum disorder. C) bipolar disorder. D) attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

D

Jack experiences panic attacks in his office and in the park where he goes jogging. This makes him feel trapped with no escape route in these places. He prefers to stay cooped up in the refuge of his home. This suggests that Jack has developed: A) Alzheimer's disease. B) bipolar disorder. C) acrophobia. D) agoraphobia.

D

Justin feels the need to wash his hands several times a day because he is afraid of contracting diseases due to germs. He washes his hands so often that the skin on his palms is peeling off. Which of the following best describes Justin's behavior? A) Anxiety B) Depression C) Cyclothymia D) Compulsion

D

Lauren is an excessively self-conscious girl who exhibits pronounced fear of humiliation even while talking to perfect strangers. She cannot even muster enough courage to ask anyone nearby to help her out with something lest they ridicule her. She is most likely to be diagnosed with _____. A) obsessive-compulsive disorder B) schizophrenia C) depression D) social anxiety disorder

D

Liam often behaves eccentrically, such that his behavior affects every day functioning with a heightened risk to others. As a result, he fails to hold a regular job and is seldom productive. According to the "4 Ds" of determining whether something is a mental disorder, it is most likely that Liam: A) has Parkinson's disease. B) has Alzheimer's disease. C) shows signs of anorexia nervosa. D) shows signs of dysfunctional behavior.

D

mnemonic for symptoms of mania

D-I-G-F-A-S-T

Mrs. Ross, a teacher, wanted to measure the IQ of the newly admitted students in her class. While using William Stern's method for calculating intelligence, she found out that Sarah, a ten-year-old girl, had the mental age of a 14 year old. What is Sarah's intelligence score? A. 80 B. 100 C. 120 D. 140

D. 140

35.The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) originates from a(n) _____ perspective of psychological illness.

D. American

Which of the following is a criterion to be considered for intellectual disability? A. Both mental and physical deficits must be apparent after age 18. B. The deficits must be acquired habits which lead to intellectual disability. C. An individual must show minor limitations in intellectual functioning and major limitations in physical functioning. D. An individual must show significant limitations in everyday adaptive behavior.

D. An individual must show significant limitations in everyday adaptive behavior.

Which of the following is a criterion used to assess the reliability of an intelligence test? A. Does the test accurately measure intelligence, or does it measure some other quality? B. Does the test measure all the aspects of intelligence, including kinesthetic intelligence? C. Do the test scores predict the test-taker's performance in real-world settings? D. Are the results obtained by a person the same every time he or she takes the test?

D. Are the results obtained by a person the same every time he or she takes the test?

According to Jean Piaget, which of the following is true? A. Cognitive abilities are inborn and do not change over time. B. The cognitive abilities of young children are the same as those of adults. C. Both children and adolescents can reason abstractly. D. Cognitive abilities develop in stages rather than gradually.

D. Cognitive abilities develop in stages rather than gradually.

43. Which of the following best illustrates impulse-control disorder

D. Compulsive gambling

______ is applicable to the tests that measure the concept it claims to measure. A. Internal validity B. Predictive validity C. Construct validity D. Conclusion validity

D. Conclusion validity

Pauline was born with a chromosomal disorder. She was diagnosed to have three rather than two number 21 chromosomes. She also suffered from learning disabilities. Her intellectual disability is a result of __________. A. Edward's syndrome B. Asperger's syndrome C. Fragile X syndrome D. Down syndrome

D. Down syndrome

Which of the following is an advantage of fluid intelligence measures over crystallized intelligence measures? A. Fluid intelligence measures have greater predictive validity. B. Fluid intelligence measures can accurately predict creativity. C. Fluid intelligence measures require numeric scales. D. Fluid intelligence measures are free of cultural bias.

D. Fluid intelligence measures are free of cultural bias.

Identify the four types of Cluster B personality disorders.

D. Histrionic personality disorder, antisocial personality disorder, borderline personality disorder, and narcissistic personality disorder

Which of the following best describes adaptive behavior? A. How a person takes on the personality characteristics of his social group B. How a person survives and copes after a traumatic life event C. How well a person understands symbolism and nonverbal communication D. How well a person adjusts to and copes with everyday life

D. How well a person adjusts to and copes with everyday life

What are current IQ scores based on? A. How well a person does on tests relative to the norms that are established by testing people of different ages B. How well a person does on any given test based on the aptitudes for different intelligences relative to the general population C. How well a person does on tests relative to the average scores of the general population D. How well a person does on tests relative to norms established by testing people of the same age

D. How well a person does on tests relative to norms established by testing people of the same age

Which of the following best describes the two main views of intelligence? A. Intelligence as a static versus intelligence as a dynamic ability B. Intelligence as unaffected by environment versus intelligence as influenced by environment C. Intelligence as a hereditary ability versus intelligence as a learnt ability D. Intelligence as a single general ability versus intelligence as a collection of multiple abilities

D. Intelligence as a single general ability versus intelligence as a collection of multiple abilities

Which of the following best describes the theory of intelligence propounded by John Carroll? A. Intelligence does not depend on inherent ability but on acquired knowledge. B. Intelligence comprises into two parts: fluid and crystalline. C. Intelligence is a function of eight distinct skills. D. Intelligence consists of three levels, arranged in a hierarchy.

D. Intelligence consists of three levels, arranged in a hierarchy.

Which of the following is most closely related to the concept of emotional intelligence? A. Bodily-kinesthetic intelligence B. Fluid intelligence C. Naturalistic intelligence D. Interpersonal intelligence

D. Interpersonal intelligence

What happens to the crystallized intelligence as one goes from young adulthood to middle adulthood? A. It starts developing. B. It deteriorates. C. It stops developing. D. It improves.

D. It improves.

Identify a characteristic of creative intelligence. A. It involves judging and evaluating information. B. It includes the ability to solve problems of everyday life efficiently. C. It involves comparing and contrasting information. D. It includes the ability to come up with fresh and useful ideas for solving problems.

D. It includes the ability to come up with fresh and useful ideas for solving problems.

The Binet test was adapted for American students by __________. A. William Stern B. David Wechsler C. Theodore Simon D. Lewis Terman

D. Lewis Terman

57. In the context of bipolar disorder, _____ is still widely used for the treatment of mania.

D. Lithium

40. _____ disorders include depressive disorders and bipolar disorders

D. Mood

48.Which of the following terms was earlier used in place of dissociative identity disorder?

D. Multiple personality disorder

Which of the following is associated with crystallized intelligence rather than with fluid intelligence? A. Speed of learning B. Abstract reasoning C. Pattern recognition D. Size of vocabulary

D. Size of vocabulary

Which of the following is one of Howard Gardner's eight forms of intelligence? A. General intelligence B. Analytical intelligence C. Crystallized intelligence D. Spatial intelligence

D. Spatial intelligence

Which of the following lends support to Gardner's multifaceted view of intelligence? A. Students demonstrate better comprehension when they learn in the same way as everyone else. B. Students demonstrating ability in one area tend to do well in other aspects of intelligence. C. The intelligence of students can be accurately measured as a single, general ability. D. Students who demonstrate ability in some areas do poorly on traditional intelligence tests.

D. Students who demonstrate ability in some areas do poorly on traditional intelligence tests.

According to Howard Gardner's theory of intelligence, which of the following refers to naturalistic intelligence? A. The ability to perceive and understand other people's emotions, motives, and behavior B. The ability to employ one's natural, innate intelligence in problem-solving C. The ability to utilize intelligence that controls our natural reflexes D. The ability to recognize and classify the living organisms in one's environment

D. The ability to recognize and classify the living organisms in one's environment

According to psychologists, which of the following is one of the "4 Ds" of determining whether something is a mental disorder?

Deviant dysfunction distress disturbance

There are 3 criteria that are used to determine whether a behavior was abnormal. Identify and describe these 3 criteria.

Deviant: Violates social norms -Behavior differs from what society accepts as normal Dysfunctional for person or society -Everyday adaptive functioning is impaired -Social or occupational functioning decreases Distressing to self or others -Individual reports personal distress (experiencing some sort of pain or distress)

What is the tool that psychologists use to determine if someone has a psychological disorder?

Diagnostic and statistical manual, The DSM places disorders in one of two diagnostic classifications, or axes. Axis I disorders and Axis II disorders

_____ therapy is the first treatment program that was effective in reducing symptoms of borderline personality disorder.

Dialectical behavior

Discrimination

Discrimination is the preferential treatment of certain people that is usually driven by prejudicial attitudes. Discrimination can also result from institutionalized rules, such as the requirement that flight attendants cannot be excessively overweight.

Which of the following emotions is known to slow down heart movement?

Disgust

Difference between Axis I and Axis II

Disorders tend to be viewed by people suffering from them as inconsistent with their personality, and therefore they cause some degree of subjective stress.

Define mood disorder.

Disorders where emotional disturbances of varied kinds disrupt physical, perceptual, social, and thought process. Almost half the people who suffer from anxiety disorders suffer from a mood disorder.

_________________ attributions ascribe other people's behavior to something within them, such as their personality, motives, or attitudes.

Dispositional

Which of the following is true about dispositional attributions?

Dispositional attributions are otherwise known as internal attributions

_________ produce extreme splits or gaps in memory, identity, or consciousness

Dissociative disorders

Dissociative disorder

Dissociative disorders magnify this effect: They produce extreme disruptions or gaps in memory, identity, or consciousness. These disorders lack a clear physical cause, such as brain injury, and often stem from extreme stress, trauma, or abusive experiences, especially during childhood. Although dissociative disorders are often associated with trauma, the DSM-5 places them in their own category

Which of the following statements is true of the disturbances in the areas of the brain impaired by schizophrenia?

Disturbances in the occipital lobe

_____ is a neurotransmitter majorly involved in the development of schizophrenia.

Dopamine

Neurochemistry of schizophrenia

Dopamine hypothesis which states that people with schizophrenia have an excess of dopamine activity in certain areas of the brain.

Pauline was born with a chromosomal disorder. She was diagnosed to have three rather than two number 21 chromosomes. She also suffered from learning disabilities. Her intellectual disability is a result of __________.

Down syndrome

Dramatic and emotional disorders

Dramatic and emotional disorders, of which there are four (APA, 2013). Individuals with narcissistic personality disorder have an extremely positive and arrogant self-image, and most of their time and attention are self-focused. They have an exaggerated sense of self-importance and are grandiose. As a result, they often make unrealistic and unreasonable demands of others and ignore others' needs or wishes.

Antisocial Personality Disorder

Dramatic emotional personality disorder characterized by extremely impuslsive, deceptive, violent, ruthless, and callous behaviors; a serious and potentially dangerous disorder.

Narcissistic Personality Disorder

Dramatic emotional personality disorder characterized by having a extremely positive an arrogant self image being extraordinarily self-centered; other symptoms are an exaggerated sense of self importance and grandiosity

Borderline Personality Disorder

Dramatic emotional personality disorder characterized by out-of-control emotions, fear of being abandoned by other and a vacillation between idealizing and despising people who are close to the person with the disorder.

Drawbacks to technology-based therapy

Drawbacks to technology-based therapy, however, include its difficulty in ensuring confidentiality and in intervening if patients become an immediate danger to themselves or others. Evidence indicates that electronic distribution can work effectively for certain anxiety symptoms, including measures of panic disorder (Wims et al., 2010).

Which of the following explains inductive reasoning?

Drawing general conclusions from specific evidence

Which of the following is a true statement about the relationship between emotions and drives?

Drives are linked to very specific needs or triggers, whereas emotions are not.

Which of the following statements is true for mental sets in problem-solving?

Having strategies for problem-solving can prevent the development of fresh perspectives.

Fred usually believes in making heuristic decisions. Based on this statement, which of the following is most likely to be true

He does not debate with himself for very long before making a decision.

While conducting the Adverse Childhood Experiences study, Brandon reports five childhood experiences that affected him adversely. What does this imply?

He is two and a half times as likely to suffer from anxiety disorder as someone who reported no adverse childhood experiences.

What is the diathesis-stress model?

Explanation for the origin of psychological disorders as a combination of biological predispositions (diathesis0 plus stress or an abusive environment.

Situation Attributions (External)

External, or situational, attributions happen when an individual thinks that something outside the person, such as the nature of the situation, is the cause of his or her behavior.

Symptoms of bipolar disorder

Extreme swings in mood between depressive and manic episodes

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is a common anxiety disorder, characterized by a pervasive, excessive, hard-to-control state of anxiety or worry that lasts at least 6 months (APA, 2013). People with GAD may also have trouble with sleep, body restlessness or agitation, difficulty concentrating, or muscle tension. Adults must exhibit at least three of the preceding symptoms to receive a diagnosis of GAD (APA, 2013). GAD affects between 3% and 9% of the U.S. population, although females are twice as likely as males to have GAD (APA, 2013). It is also more common in the United States in people of European descent than in those of non-European descent.

Which of the following statements is true of the development of schizophrenia?

Genes are epigenetically turned on or off by environmental experiences during brain development to produce the disorder.

Describe the etiology of schizophrenia (there are 4 possible explanations

Genetic Vulnerability • Large heritability factory • 19 genes contribute to development Neurochemical Factors • Dopamine hypothesis-excessive dopamine Structural abnormalities in brain • Enlarged ventricle, degeneration of brain tissue, smaller hippocampus, dysfunction of the PFC Neurodevelopmental Hypothesis • Prenatal exposure to virus (flu, rubella, herpes) or malnutrition causing subtle neurological damage

What are some causes of mood disorders?

Genetic vulnerability • Greater concordance rate in identical twins o 67% for depression o 40-70% for bipolar disorder Environmental factors influence expression Neurochemical and neuroanatomical • Abnormal levels of NE (now and up) and 5-HT (low) • Reduced hippocampal volume in depressed individuals

What was Lewis Terman's contribution to intelligence testing?

He translated Binet's test for American students and established national norms for the test.

Which of the following is NOT a symptom of major (unipolar) depression?

Hallucinations

Which symptom of schizophrenia does antipsychotic medication work best on?

Hallucinations

_____ are convincing sensory experiences that occur in the absence of an external stimulus.

Hallucinations

Hallucinations

Hallucinations are convincing sensory experiences that occur in the absence of an external stimulus. Auditory hallucinations are the most common type of hallucination in schizophrenia, typically taking the form of hearing voices inside one's head in the absence of external auditory stimulation.

Garrett is taking a phenothiazine as prescribed by his psychiatrist. Which of the following clusters of symptoms is his psychiatrist most likely attempting to treat?

Hallucinations, confusion, and paranoia

Harold is diagnosed with schizophrenia after it was observed that his brain size has changed considerably. Which of the following reasons, if true, is most likely to have led to Harold developing schizophrenia? Harold was born as a premature baby. Harold's father suffers from polio. Harold suffered abuse and neglect after birth. His brain shows a reduction in the activity of dopamine.

Harold suffered abuse and neglect after birth

Harold is diagnosed with schizophrenia after it was observed that his brain size has changed considerably. Which of the following reasons, if true, is most likely to have led to Harold developing schizophrenia?

Harold suffered abuse and neglect after birth.

Histrionic personality disorder

Histrionic personality disorder want very much to be the center of attention and often behave in very dramatic, seductive, flamboyant, and exaggerated ways. They can also be very emotional, intense, self-centered, and shallow in their emotions and relationships.

_____ is a dramatic-emotional personality disorder characterized by the desire to be the center of attention by exhibiting dramatic, seductive, flamboyant, and exaggerated behaviors.

Histronic

Depression treatment

In addition to poverty and unemployment, psychosocial factors—especially life stress and a pessimistic outlook on life—increase the risk of depression (Southwick, Vythilingam, & Charney, 2005). For this reason, some intervention programs for teens focus on teaching them skills for dealing with stress, including developing a more optimistic outlook.

Cyclothymia

In an even milder but longer-lasting form of bipolar disorder called cyclothymia, both the manic and the depressive episodes are less severe than they are in bipolar II disorder—that is, the hypomanic and depressive symptoms never reach the criteria for hypomania and major depression.

Behavior therapies

In behavior therapies, therapists apply the principles of classical and operant conditioning to treat psychological disorders. They focus on changing behavior rather than thoughts, feelings, or motives. The idea is to help clients eliminate undesirable behaviors and increase the frequency of desirable ones.

Neurochemistry

In both manic and depressed phases, serotonin levels are low, but low serotonin may be coupled with high levels of norepinephrine in the manic phase and with low levels in the depressed phased.

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

In repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), physicians expose particular brain structures to bursts of high-intensity magnetic fields instead of electricity. Like ECT, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation is usually reserved for people with severe depression who have not responded well to other forms of therapy. Although some people experience relief from this therapy, it is not yet clear how much magnetic stimulation is optimal and for what length of time (P. B. Fitzgerald et al., 2006; Turner-Shea, Bruno, & Pridmore, 2006).

Which of the following is true of systematic desensitization?

In systematic desensitization, the therapist generates a hierarchy of increasing contact with the feared object, ranging from mild to extreme.

Axis I disorders

In the DSM-IV-TR the major clinical syndrome that cause significant impairment

Axis II disorders

In the DSM-IV-TR, the more long standing personality disorders as well as mental retardation. These tend to appear in childhood or adolescence and usually last a lifetime.

When did theories of intelligence start emerging?

In the early twentieth century

Transference

In the process of transference, the client unconsciously reacts to someone in a current relationship as though that person were someone from the client's past. While the client is in therapy, that someone is the therapist, but it can be anyone in the person's present life circumstances.

Virtual-reality therapy

In virtual reality therapies, virtual (digital simulation) environments create therapeutic situations that might be hard to create otherwise. For instance, virtual reality therapy has been used for the treatment of phobias, such as a fear of flying (as we saw in the section on desensitization), or the treatment of PTSD by re-creating a traumatic situation (McLay et al., 2010, 2012; Ready et al., 2010; Riva, 2009). Both of these situations would be either costly or nearly impossible to replicate in real-life therapy (Cukor et al., 2009). Recent research shows virtual reality therapy to also be an effective treatment for social phobia (P. L. Anderson et al., 2013).

Which of the following best mirrors the concept of informational social influence?

Incoming freshmen look to other students for details about where to hang out.

In the creative problem-solving process, which of the following refers to putting a problem aside for a while and working on something else for a time?

Incubation

People in Western cultures are more concerned with how their behavior will affect their personal goals. Which of the following dimensions reflects this personality?

Individualism

Borderline personality disorder

Individuals with borderline personality disorder have out-of-control emotions, are very afraid of being abandoned by others, and vacillate between idealizing and despising those who are close to them. They are more likely than most to hurt themselves (cutting, burning, or attempting suicide) or suffer from eating disorders or substance abuse.

Narcissistic personality disorder

Individuals with narcissistic personality disorder have an extremely positive and arrogant self-image, and most of their time and attention are self-focused. They have an exaggerated sense of self-importance and are grandiose. As a result, they often make unrealistic and unreasonable demands of others and ignore others' needs or wishes.

Which of the following statements is true of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-5)?

It aims to be consistent with international standards for disorder classification.

Which of the following makes human language unique?

It can be used to transmit ideas in abstraction.

Which of the following is true about prolonged exposure therapy?

It combines cognitive-behavioral therapy with the imagined exposure form of systematic desensitization and relaxation.

Why is matrix reasoning considered as a fluid intelligence?

It does not depend on acquired knowledge

Which of the following statements best describes a self-serving bias?

It is the tendency to make situational attributions for one's failures but dispositional attributions for one's successes.

Which of the following is the most important function of the presence of others in group therapy?

It shows participants that they are not alone in their experience.

Which of the following reasons is true for why SSRIs take about four weeks to have a therapeutic effect?

It takes that long for new receptor sites to form to make use of the increased serotonin supply

Which of the following reasons is true for why SSRIs take about four weeks to have a therapeutic effect?

It takes that long for new receptor sites to form to make use of the increased serotonin supply.

How did the K-ABC differ from the Stanford-Binet and Wechsler tests?

It was designed to measure several distinct aspects of intelligence.

Symptoms of major depressive disorder

Low mood, lack of motivation, low energy, feelings of worthlessness and guilt that last for at least two weeks

Which of the following statements is true about the link between the Big Five personality dimensions and Alzheimer's disease?

Most studies report no significant change on the agreeableness dimension of the Big Five traits.

Which of the following drugs interact with many foods and common over-the-counter drugs to produce side effects such as a life threatening increase in blood pressure?

MOA inhibitors

Depression treatments

Medications that make more serotonin available in the brain stimulate neural growth, which lessens the symptoms of depression (Malberg et al., 2000; Papakostos et al., 2008). This may be an important avenue for treatment, given that depression is associated with decreased brain density, which may reflect stress-related neuronal death (Lai, 2013). The physiological effects of depression may be observable even at the sub-cellular level. The mitochondria are structures inside cells (in this case, inside neurons) that play a key role in cell metabolism. Several studies point to mitochondrial dysfunction in specific brain tissues linked with the occurrence of depression, but it is not clear if this is a cause or an effect of the disease (Tobe, 2013). Stressful environments, however, appear to interact with particular biological dispositions and personality traits to produce depression, especially in people who have experienced stress, trauma, and abuse (Clark, 2005; Hankin, 2010; Krueger, 1999; Slavich et al., 2010; Uher & McGuffin, 2010). People who are deficient in the neurotransmitters serotonin and neuropeptide Y (NPY) are most susceptible to depression after experiencing extremely stressful situations (Lowry et al., 2008; Morales-Medina, Dumont, & Quirion, 2010; Risch et al., 2009). For example, a meta-analysis of 34 studies found support for an interaction between differences in serotonin genes, adverse experiences, and the development of depression (Uher & McGuffin, 2010). Also, the personality traits of anxiety, neuroticism, and negative emotionality, for instance, are most associated with vulnerability to depression.

Which of the following is recommended if one wants to alleviate the symptoms of depression?

Medications that make more serotonin available in the brain to stimulate neural growth

Which of the following abilities did Carroll assign to broad intelligence?

Memory

Four treatments of treatment

Mental health professionals rely on four major forms of treatment to help alleviate the symptoms of—and sometimes to cure—psychological disorders: biomedical, psychological, technology-based, and combined therapies

Nancy, a three-year old, enters a store by pushing a door open. Every time she comes to a door after that, she pushes the door expecting it to open even though many doors open by pulling rather than pushing. What is this an example of?

Mental set

Mere exposure (Direct)

Mere exposure, or direct experience with an object, an idea, or a person, increases our overall preference for it (Zajonc, 1968).

__________ requires the ability to think and then to reflect on one's own thinking and to question it.

Metacognitive thinking

_____________ is defined as the urge to move toward one's goals.

Motivation

Asperger's Syndrome

Have social and communicative deficits, but typically at a higher level than individuals with autism, better prognosis than high functioning autism

Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) effectiveness

Not only is DBT effective in treating borderline personality disorder, but it has also been adapted to treat eating disorders, conduct disorders, and domestic violence (Kristeller, Baer, & Quillian-Wolever, 2006; Nelson-Gray et al., 2006; Rathus, Cavuoto, & Passarelli, 2006). In a recent study of a group of people with a variety of diagnoses, participation in a weekly DBT course led to reductions in self-reported anxiety and depression and offered participants an increased sense of hope (Ritschel, Cheavens, & Nelson, 2012).

Social Learning theory (Bobo the Doll)

Observing aggressive people and the consequences of their actions can make us more aggressive. This is the fundamental idea behind Albert Bandura's social learning theory. Bandura's research demonstrated repeatedly that, if children see adults punching an inflatable Bobo doll, they will do it, too, especially if they see the adult being rewarded for the aggressive behavior.

Symptoms of schizophrenia fall into three major categories:

POSITIVE (presence of behaviors)-NEGATIVE(absence of behaviors)-COGNITIVE

Panic Attacks

Panic attacks involve sudden changes in body and mind, characterized by an overwhelming sense of impending doom, heart palpitations, trembling, sweating, shortness of breath, dizziness, intense dread, nausea, and even a fear of dying. Such attacks are associated with perceptions of threat and can occur for a number of reasons: fear of danger, an inability to escape, fear of embarrassment, or fear of a specific category of objects. Panic attacks usually last about 10 minutes but sometimes come and go over a period of an hour or more. Due to their physiological effects, people undergoing a panic attack may believe they are having a heart attack or are "going crazy."

What has neuroscientific research on anxiety revealed?

People prone to anxiety are deficient in receptors for GABA

Axis II

Personality Disorders and mental retardation

Personality Disorders

Personality disorders are maladaptive and inflexible patterns of cognition, emotion, and behavior that generally develop in late childhood or adolescence and continue into adulthood. There are three distinct clusters of personality disorders: odd-eccentric, dramatic-emotional, and anxious-fearful (see Figure 15.12). Almost 15% of the general adult population (older than 18) and 20% of the young adult population (ages 18-25) suffer from some form of personality disorder (APA, 2013; Blanco et al., 2008; Lenzenweger et al., 2007).

Persuasion

Persuasion is an attempt by a person or group to change our opinions, beliefs, or choices by explaining or arguing their position. The success of persuasion depends on three things: who the persuader is (source), the method used to convey the message, and who the receiver (audience) is (Lippa, 1994).

Hypochondriasis

Pervasive and debilitating fear of suffering from serious physical illness although none is found by a medical professional

Which of the following drugs were discovered in the 1950s to help diminish hallucinations, confusion, agitation, and paranoia in people with schizophrenia?

Phenothiazines

Which of the following refers to a persistent and unreasonable fear of a particular object, situation, or activity?

Phobia

Which of the following is NOT a cluster of personality disorders?

Phobic-delusional

Which of the following is a cause of the development of dissociative identity disorder?

Physical or sexual abuse

What are the positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia?

Positive • Behavioral excesses added • Hallucinations • Delusions • Bizarre behavior Negative • Behavioral deficits( loss of) • Flattened emotions • Catatonic behavior • Inability to speak

Which of the following are the three major categories of the symptoms of schizophrenia?

Positive, negative, and cognitive

Which of the following involves a set of intrusive and persistent cognitive, emotional, and physiological symptoms triggered by exposure to a catastrophic or horrifying event?

Post-traumatic stress disorder

___________________ therapy is an integrative treatment program for people who have post-traumatic stress disorder.

Prolonged exposure

Prolonged exposure therapy

Prolonged exposure therapy is an integrative treatment program for people who have post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD; Foa et al., 2005; Powers et al., 2010). It combines CBT with the imagined exposure form of systematic desensitization and relaxation. For clients with PTSD, this involves a course of individual therapy in which clients directly process traumatic events and thus reduce trauma-induced psychological disturbances. Thus, a person with combat-related PTSD might revisit traumatic war scenes (such as the death of a compatriot) in her mind and engage in cognitive approaches with the therapist to reduce irrational thinking about her role in that event (e.g., she could not have saved him). This technique has been used effectively for the treatment of combat- and rape-related PTSD (Cahill et al., 2006; Foa et al., 1999, 2005; Nacash et al., 2007; Powers et al., 2010). Sometimes drugs prescribed for anxiety disorders are used in combination with prolonged exposure therapy to treat PTSD (Rothbaum et al., 2006).

Prosocial behavior

Prosocial behavior benefits others. In this section we will explore social processes that benefit others: altruism and empathy.

_____ therapy is the original form of "talk therapy" and is oriented toward major personality change with a focus on uncovering unconscious motives, especially through dream interpretation.

Psychoanalytic

Patrick has been tested to have an IQ of 32. But, he plays the piano exceptionally well. Patrick suffers from ______.

Savant syndrome

Shawn refuses to step out of his house as he feels that the entire neighborhood has malicious plans for him. He says he can hear his neighbors talking in his head, conspiring to kill him. Even though he hardly ventures out, he keeps a gun and a butcher's knife at hand to thwart any attempt to murder him. Which of the following best describes Shawn's condition? Trichotillomania Cachexia Schizophrenia Hypomania

Schizophrenia

Diathesis-stress model

Schizophrenia offers a perfect, though tragic, illustration of the dynamic interplay between biology and experience in the development of a psychological disorder. Historically, this explanation has been called the diathesis-stress model. Diathesis is the Greek word for "predisposition," so the diathesis-stress view is that biological predispositions plus stress or abusive environments together produce psychological disorders. Some researchers describe the diathesis-stress interaction between biological dispositions and environmental forces as a two-stage model (Kandel, 2000a; Lewis & Levitt, 2002). Stage one is the biological-genetic foundation, or disposition, and stage two is an environmental event that occurs at some point after conception, such as maternal infection, chronic stress, or certain drug use (such as marijuana or amphetamines) at particular critical points in development (Fergusson, Horwood, & Ridder, 2005).

Which of the following best explains the prevailing view that existed for years, dubbed as the dopamine hypothesis?

Schizophrenia resulted from an excess of dopamine in the brain.

Research shows which psychotic disorder to be most strongly associated with creativity?

Schizotypal

Of the various classes of antidepressants, which of the following medications have the fewest adverse side effects and can be used for long-term treatments?

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors

Which neurotransmitter is reduced in both the manic and depressive phases of bipolar disorder?

Serotonin

Stereotypes

Stereotypes are defined as schemas of how people are likely to behave based simply on groups to which they belong. When we resort to stereotypes, we form conclusions about people before we even interact with them just because they are of a certain race-ethnicity or live in a certain place. The human mind has a tendency to categorize and understand all members of a group in terms of characteristics that are typical of the group (Rosch, 1975).

____________ is a psychological defense mechanism that involves expressing a socially unacceptable impulse in a socially acceptable and even desirable way.

Sublimation

According to Howard Gardner's theory of intelligence, which of the following refers to naturalistic intelligence?

The ability to recognize and classify the living organisms in one's environment

Which of the following refers to practical intelligence?

The ability to solve problems of everyday life

Martha is taking a test which requires her to solve problems through inductive and deductive reasoning. Which part of the brain will she use the most?

The frontal lobe

Which of the following must occur for a minority to change the majority view?

The minority must present an unwavering message

Attitude

Social psychologists define attitudes as a person's favorable or unfavorable feelings, beliefs, or actions toward an object, an idea, or a person (Olson & Zanna, 1993). Thus, attitudes have affective, cognitive, and behavioral components. The affective component includes the feelings or emotions associated with the belief; the cognitive component consists of the rational thoughts and beliefs that make up the attitude; and the behavioral component includes the motive to act in a particular way toward the person or object of the attitude.

Implicit / Explicit Responses

Social psychologists distinguish between explicit and implicit prejudice. Explicit ideas are plainly stated. Implicit views are indirect, perhaps unconscious. (Greenwald & Banaji, 1995).

In ___________________, the therapist poses questions that help the client recognize erroneous logic that may support problematic thinking

Socratic method

Identify the major psychological disorder that occurs when psychological symptoms take a physical form even though no physical causes can be found.

Somatic symptom disorder

The primary difference between somatization disorder and hypochondriasis

Somatization disorder involves recurrent and frequently changing physical symptoms, whereas hypochondriasis involves excessive irrational worry about a particular disease

Wernicke's area and Hallucinations

The part of the brain involved in interpreting and comprehending speech (Wernicke's area of the left hemisphere) is also activated during hallucinations (Stephane, Barton, & Boutros, 2001). Also noteworthy, however, is the lack of activity in the frontal lobes during the hallucination, which suggests that the person is unable to monitor and determine the source of the images or sounds (Shergill et al., 2003).

If a baby is exposed to factors causing schizophrenia while still a developing fetus, which of the following conditions is true of the baby's brain?

The path taken by neurons when they migrate during fetal brain growth is affected.

Positive Symptoms (of Schizophrenia)

The perceptual experiences associated with schizophrenia, including hallucinations, delusional thinking, and disorganized thought and speech

Psychotic disorders

Some disorders result primarily from disturbances of thought and perception; as a group, these are known as the psychotic disorders. They are characterized by an inability to distinguish real from imagined perceptions.

Atypical antipsychotics

Some newer antipsychotic drugs, called atypical antipsychotics, do not have these side effects and are considered by many physicians as the first line of treatment for schizophrenia. Clozapine (Clozaril), olanzapine (Zyprexa), and risperidone (Risperdal) are examples of atypical antipsychotics. These drugs preferentially block a different type of dopamine receptor than the traditional antipsychotics do, which makes them less likely to create tardive dyskinesia (Potkin et al., 2003).

Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy

Some newer therapies integrate the nontraditional practice of mindfulness meditation with psychotherapeutic techniques to treat psychological disorders (Chiesa, Brambilla, & Serretti, 2010; N. Farb et al., 2010). Their approach combines elements of CBT with mindfulness meditation to create a treatment known as mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT). Both mindfulness meditation and cognitive therapy involve restructuring one's thoughts.

Specific Phobias

Some of us, however, go beyond mild levels of fear. In the United States, up to 9% of the population has a specific phobia for a particular object or situation, such as spiders (arachnophobia), heights, flying, enclosed spaces (claustrophobia), doctors and dentists, or snakes (APA, 2013). Specific phobias are marked by an intense and immediate fear, even panic, when confronted with very particular situations or objects; even thinking about those situations or objects may set off the fear reaction. People with specific phobias are not generally anxious people, but they will do almost anything to avoid coming in contact with the feared object or experiencing the feared event or object.

Catharsis

Some or all of these techniques may lead the client to catharsis, the process of releasing intense, often unconscious, emotions in a therapeutic setting.

Social Phobia

Some people suffer extreme anxiety when they have to interact with other people, viewing each interaction as a possible opportunity to be scrutinized by others. Social phobia, or social anxiety disorder, is marked by a pronounced fear of humiliation or embarrassment in the presence of others or severe self-consciousness about one's appearance, behavior, or both.

Savant syndrome

Some people with Autism spectrum disorder are extremely gifted in one domain, such as music or math, a phenomenon known as savant syndrome (see Chapter 10). Most autistic savants do not produce great works of original genius, because their amazing feats of calculation and recall are not original. However, some savants produce truly creative works of art, usually math analyses, musical compositions, drawings, or paintings (M. Fitzgerald, 2004).

cyberchondriacs

With the Internet and easy access to medical information, more and more people are self-diagnosing without evidence of real symptoms and without professional evaluations. People who self-diagnose primarily from information found on the Internet are referred to informally

Jerry is suffering from schizophrenia. His friends and family find it difficult to derive meaning from his speech although he follows grammatical rules while forming sentences. His speech comprises of random words and names which have no relation to the context of the situation. He coins new words that are not commonly accepted. Which of the following best describes his speech? Thought block Word salad Digress Derailment

Word salad

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

a common anxiety disorder, characterized by a pervasive and excessive hard-to-control state of anxiety or worry that lasts at least 6 months. Females are twice as likely as males to have GAD. Unlike those suffering from other anxiety disorders, people with GAD often have been anxious throughout their lives and cannot recall when they began to feel that way.

sublimation

a defense mechanism in which unacceptable energies are directed into socially admirable outlets, such as art

psychogenic fugue

a dissociative disorder where a person loses all sense of identity, wanders away, and establishes a new life.

delusion (one of the symptoms of schizophrenia)

a false belief or exaggeration held despite evidence to the contrary, such as the idea that one is a famous person.

Delusion

a false belief, often exaggerated claim, that a person holds in spite of evidence to the contrary.

Prefrontal lobotomy

a form of psycho therapy in which the connections between the prefrontal cortex and the lower portion of the brain are served; no longer in use.

schizophrenia

a group of severe disorders characterized by disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions

dysthymia

a low-grade chronic depression with symptoms that are milder than those of severe depression but are present on a majority of days for 2 or more years

major depressive disorder

a mood disorder characterized by low mood, lack of motivation, low energy, and feelings of worthlessness, and guilt that lasts for atleast two consecutive weeks.

Bipolar disorder

a mood disorder characterized by substantial mood fluctuations, cycling between very low (depressive) and very high (manic) episodes; at one time, this disorder was called "manic-depression

mania

a mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state

Phobia

a persistent and unreasonable fear of a particular object, situation, or activity.

dissociative identity disorder

a person exhibits two or more personality states, each with its own patterns of thinking and behaving

psychogenic amnesia

a person responds to a stressful event with extensive but selective memory loss

deviant only if also dysfunctional too

a person whose behavior deviates from what is acceptable especially in sexual behavior,

borderline personality disorder

a personality disorder characterized by lack of stability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and emotion; impulsivity; angry outbursts; intense fear of abandonment; recurring suicidal gestures

antisocial personality disorder

a personality disorder in which the person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members. May be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist.

Laine is so afraid of airplanes and flying that he even experiences extreme anxiety when he watches a plane in a movie take off or land. In this case, it is likely that Laine would be classified as having:

a phobic disorder

schizophrenia

a psychotic disorder characterized by significant disturbances in thoughts & emotions, specifically problems w/ perception, including hallucinations.

Cyclothymia

a relatively mild but long lasting form of bipolar disorder.

Compulsion

a repetitive behavior performed in response to uncontrollable urges or according to a ritualistic set of rules. In short, obsessions are thought disturbances, whereas compulsions are repetitive behaviors.

Lithium

a salt that is prescribed for its ability to stabilize the mania associated with bipolar disorder

undifferentiated schizophrenia

a schizophrenic disorder that is characterized by a mixture of symptoms and does not meet the diagnostic criteria of any one type.

Syndrome

a set of related conditions

structured interviews

a set of specific questions that are administered to every participant

Charles Spearman's theory of human intelligence viewed intelligence as __________.

a single general factor made up of specific components

conversion disorder

a somatoform disorder in which a person displays blindness, deafness, or other symptoms of sensory or motor failure without a physical cause

DSM-V is the abbreviation for:

a standard classification for mental disorders

factor analysis

a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items (called factors) on a test; used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie one's total score.

Mallory, a compulsive gambler, regularly attends therapeutic meetings in which there is a group facilitator and an open format. Although there are no formal program goals, she says she benefits greatly from the sense of community offered by people who share common situations in life. Nancy is attending _____.

a support group

Which of the following is true of personality traits?

They are normally distributed in the population.

Benzodiazepines (Valium, Librium) and the barbiturates

Two major classes of drugs, the benzodiazepines (Valium, Librium) and the barbiturates, are prescribed for anxiety. Both have calming effects and can be addictive, but barbiturates have the higher risk of overdose.

Defense mechanisms

Unconscious strategies the mind uses to protect itself from anxiety by denying and distorting reality in some way

Tardive dyskinesia

Unfortunately, they have many unpleasant side effects, including fatigue, visual impairments, and a condition called tardive dyskinesia, which consists of repetitive, involuntary movements of the jaw, tongue, face, and mouth (such as grimacing and lip smacking) and body tremors. Tardive dyskinesia is particularly problematic, as the effects often continue for months after the drugs have been discontinued (Trugman, 1998).

Quick good-bad and like-dislike assessments

The tendency to automatically make quick good-bad and like-dislike assessments is a fundamental cognitive process with clear evolutionary benefits: It helps people make quick decisions in life-threatening situations (Cunningham & Zelazo, 2006; Neuberg & Cottrell, 2006).

Self-serving Bias

The tendency to make situational attributions for our failures but dispositional attributions for our successes. Making situational attributions for our failures but dispositional attributions for our successes is known as a self-serving bias.

Out-group homogeneity

The tendency to see all members of an out-group as the same is known as out-group homogeneity.

Peter takes an intelligence test that yields a different IQ score each time he takes it. Which of the following does this fact most indicate?

The test does not have test-retest reliability

dopamine hypothesis

Theory that schizophrenia is caused by an excess amount of dopamine in brain. Research has found that medication to reduce dopamine can reduce the positive symptoms of schizophrenia.

Group therapy

Therapeutic settings in which several people who share a common problem all meet regularly with a therapist to help themselves and one another

Behavior therapies

Therapies that apply the principles of classical and operant conditioning in the treatment of psychological disorders

Psychodynamic psychotherapy

Therapy aimed at uncovering unconscious motives that underline psychological problems

DSM-5 defines a mental disorder as

a syndrome—a set of related conditions—of clinically significant disturbances of thoughts, feelings, or behaviors. More specifically, they argue for the "4 Ds" of determining whether something is a mental disorder. There has to be: o DISTURBANCE of thought, emotion, or behavior o DYSFUNCTION of biological or developmental processes o DISTRESS OR DISABILITY in everyday life (especially relationships, work, or other activities) o DEVIANT(different from the norm) thought, emotion, or behavior, but only if also dysfunctional; deviance alone is not enough

50. Which of the following involves a set of intrusive and persistent cognitive, emotional, and physiological symptoms triggered by exposure to a catastrophic or horrifying event? a. Post-traumatic stress disorder b. Dissociative identity disorder c. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder d. Separation anxiety disorder

a. post-traumatic stress disorder

bipolar disoder

alternations between full manic episdoes and depressive episodes -it was called manic depression

self-consistency

an absence of conflict among self-perceptions

phobia

an anxiety disorder ; an ongoing and irrational fear of a particular object, situation, or activity.

obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

an anxiety disorder in which obsessive thoughts lead to compulsive behaviors.

Agoaphobia

an anxiety disorder involving fear of being in places from which escape might be difficult or in which help might not be available should a panic attack occur.

Agoraphobia

an anxiety disorder involving fear of being in places from which escape might be difficult or in which help might not be available should a panic attack occur. The primary "fear" in agoraphobia is not of being out in public. Panic attacks are associated with agoraphobia in about one-third of the cases

Social phobia (Social anxiety disorder)

an anxiety disorder involving fear of humiliation in the presence of others, characterized by intense self-consciousness about appearance or behavior or both.

Impulse control disorder

an anxiety disorder related to obsessive compulsive disorder in which a person feels an intense, repetitive desire to perform certain behaviors

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

an anxiety disorder that is manifested in both thought and behavior.

Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MCMB)

an approach that combines elements of CBT with mindfulness meditation to help people with depression learn to recognize and restructure negative thought patterns

Integrative therapy

an eclectic approach in which the therapist draws on different treatment approaches and uses those that seem most appropriate for the situation

mental disorder(4 -Ds)

an illness that affects a person's thoughts, emotions, and behaviors

Obsession

an unwanted thought, word, phrase, or image that persistently and repeatedly comes into a person's mind and causes distress.

Obsession

an wanted thought, word, phrase, or image that persistently and repeatedly comes into a person's mind and causes distress

Haloperidol is one of the traditional _____.

antipsychotics

Sonya's physician prescribed Valium for her. Tonya most likely has ___________________.

anxiety

panic disorder

anxiety disorder characterized by panic attacks and persistent anxiety about having more attacks.

agoraphobia

anxiety disorder fear of being in places from which escape might be difficult or in which help might not be available, if a panic attack were to occur.

obsessive compulsive disorder (ocd)

anxiety disorder in which obsessive thoughts lead to compulsive behaviors.

Phobia

anxiety disorder; an ongoing and irrational fear of a particular object, situation, or activity.

phobia

anxiety disorder; an ongoing irrational fear of a particular object, situation, or activity.

social phobia (social anxiety disorder)

anxiety disorder; fear of humiliation in the presence of others, characterized by intense self-consciousness about one's app. behavior or both.

3 biological factors that make people vulnerable to

anxiety disorders are deficiencies in neurotransmitter GABA, their genetic heritage, and their personality.(people prone to anxiety are deficient in receptors for GABA, a major inhibitory neurotransmitter)

avoidant personality disorder

anxious-fearful personality disorder characterized by extreme fear of being criticized, low self-esteem, and avoidance of social interaction

avoidant personality disorder

anxious-fearful personality disorder characterized by extreme fear of being criticized, low self-esteem, and avoidance of social interaction.

obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

anxious-fearful personality disorder characterized by rigid habits and extreme perfectionism; more general than obsessive-compulsive disorder.

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)

approximately 1% of the American population is afflicted with schizophrenia/is less common than depression.

Dementia and Alzheimer's disease

are cognitive disorders related to age. Other disorders, such as sleep disorders, can occur at any time in a person's life (see Cognitive Decline in the Aging Brain, Chapter 5).

Individuals with at least 1 short allele of the serotonin gene

are more likely to experience depression than those with 2 long alleles. Those with 2 short forms of the gene are most vulnerable to depression if they experience at least 3 stressful life events

Deficiency in neurotransmitter serotonin & neuropeptide y

are most susceptible to depression after experiencing extremely stressful situation.

Hypomanic episodes

are nearly the same symptoms as manic episodes but shorter in duration—they last at least four days.

Dementia and Alzheimer's disease

are neurocognitive disorders related to age.

Psychotic disorders

are psychological disorders of thought and perception, characterized by an inability to distinguish real from imagined perceptions.

Gwyneth is a three-year-old kindergarten student who is often restless. She cannot sit still in school and makes careless mistakes. All of these symptoms suggest that Gwyneth suffers from:

attention deficit disorder

Isabel is a three-year-old kindergarten student who is often seen fidgeting in her chair and blurts out whatever she is thinking. Her teacher regularly must ask her to be quiet and stop disrupting others. She is very restless in school and makes careless mistakes. All of these symptoms suggest that Isabel suffers from: anxiety disorder. autistic spectrum disorder. bipolar disorder. attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

Social psychologists define _________________ as a person's favorable or unfavorable feelings, beliefs, or actions toward an object, idea, or person.

attitudes

depressive attributional pattern

attributing successes or other positive events to factors outside the self while attributing negative outcomes to personal factors

joint attention

ability to make eye contact w/ others, & to look in the same direct. as some1 else.

joint attention

ability to make eye contact with others and to look in the same direction as someone else

Joint attention

ability to make eye contact with others and to look in the same direction that someone else is looking

One advantage of the interview method of personality assessment is the ___________.

ability to pose open-ended questions

Unconditional positive regard

acceptance of another person regardless of his or her behavior.

Deviant behavior can be classified as disordered only if it is:

also dysfunctional

27. Allan has been experiencing sleeplessness, irritability, and a sense of increased energy since almost a fortnight. There are times when he feels euphoric for no reason. His thoughts begin to race and he imagines himself to be the messiah. Which of the following conditions does Allan most likely suffer from? a. dysthymia b. manic episode c. cyclothymia d. hypomanic episode

b. manic episode

13. Phobias tend to persist because the act of avoiding things that make one afraid is: a. positively reinforcing b. negatively reinforcing c. desensitizing d. silly

b. negatively reinforcing

1. A schizophrenic who has delusions of grandeur and persecution claiming to be Jesus Christ is most likely a _____type a. disorganized b. paranoid c. catatonic d. undifferentiated

b. paranoid

35. Which of the following refers to a persistent and unreasonable fear of a particular object, situation, or activity? a. Depression b. Phobia c. Obsession d. Mania

b. phobia

37. Which of the following is a cause of the development of dissociative identity disorder? a. Parental negligence b. Physical or sexual abuse c. Malnourishment d. Lifestyle diseases

b. physical or sexual abuse

People who find meaning in their lives in general and even in negative and tragic experiences are likely to:

be happier than those who do not see meaning and purpose in life.

distress

behavior leads to real discomfort or anguish, either in the person directly or in others

abnormal behavior

behavior that causes people to experience distress and prevents them from functioning in their daily lives

efficacy

beliefs concerning their ability to perform behaviors needed to achieve desired outcomes

The ability to recognize and classify the living organisms in one's environment

below her chronological age

Valium and Librium are _____.

benzodiazepines

abnormalities in the brains of people who suffer from bipolar disorder may be caused by

biochemical, genetic, and environmental elements that contribute to the disorder

The number of fat cells that a person has is determined by ____________.

biological factors

Drives come from the _____________ environment, while incentives come from the _____________ environment.

biological; external

People with ______________ disorder experience periods of excessive elation and excitability alternating with periods of extreme sadness and feelings of hopelessness.

bipolar

Telma's father suffers from anxiety and depression. However, the last few months, she observes him sleeping for less than two hours a day. She also notices that he is either extremely depressed or full of energy with delusions of grandeur. Telma's father will most likely be diagnosed with _____ disorder. impulse control obsessive-compulsive bipolar attention deficit hyperactivity

bipolar

tricyclic antidepressants

block the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine

A(n) _____ explains the "paradoxical" effects of giving children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder a stimulant to calm them down.

brain with improper neuroplasticity

sociopath

breaks the rules and laws takes advantage of other people

panic attacks

brief episodes of anxiety associated with a perception of threat and occurring bc. of fear of danger, an inability to escape, embarrassment, or specific objects.

2 characteristics of schizophrenia

butterfly shaped enlarged ventricles(fluid-filled spaces in brain) and smaller brain

4. DSM-V is the abbreviation for: a. the doctoral degree obtained by mental health professionals b. a standardized classification scheme for mental disorders c. the federal law that defines a "mental disorder" d. a book describing the psychoactive drugs used to treat mental illness

b. a standardized classification scheme for mental disorders

28. The existence of two or more disorders at the same time is called _____. a. cyclothymia b. comorbidity c. joint attention d. compulsion

b. comorbidity

11. A schizophrenic individual is sitting in his political science class, convinced that the professor is speaking only to him and, in addition, is flirting with him. Which of the following types of delusions is the individual probably suffering from? a. Delusions of grandeur b. Delusions of reference c. Delusions of influence d. Delusions of persecution

b. delusions of reference

34. An individual suffering from bipolar disorder: a. appears to be in control of his thoughts b. finds the initial onset of the manic phase to be pleasant c. is not likely to indulge in indiscretion d. finds the symptoms less frightening with time

b. finds the initial onset of the manic phase to be pleasant

24. People with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD): a. have thoughts that they can dismiss, especially negative thoughts that most people can disregard. b. have thoughts that they cannot dismiss, especially negative thoughts that most people cannot disregard. c. have thoughts that they cannot dismiss, especially negative thoughts that most people can disregard. d. have thoughts that they can dismiss, especially positive thoughts that most people will disregard.

c. have thoughts that they cannot dismiss, especially negative thoughts that most people can disregard.

18. The language of some individuals who have a schizophrenic disorder has been described as something of a "word salad." This term is used to describe utterances that are: a. colorful b. food-related c. loosely associated and disorganized d. well-organized

c. loosely associated and disorganized

5. Chris has been having repeated attacks of sudden, overwhelming anxiety in which his heart races and he feels like he's going to die. Chris' diagnosis would likely be: a. generalized anxiety disorder b. simple phobic disorder c. panic disorder d. obsessive-compulsive disorder

c. panic disorder

16. Which of the following is NOT one of the major problems faced by individuals who suffer from schizophrenia? a. delusions b. hallucinations c. split personality d. inappropriate emotions

c. split personality

23. Bipolar disorder affects __________. a. more women than men b. more men than women c. women and men equally d. primarily children

c. women and men equally

PTSD

catastrophic or horrifying events cause this

The type of schizophrenia that involves a frozen posture is:

catatonic

___________________ is the process of releasing intense, often unconscious, emotions in a therapeutic setting.

catharsis

normal

certain ways of behaving in the world are shown by more of the population on a regular basis and seem to be well adaptive for functioning well in their environment

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

childhood disorder characterized by inability to focus attention for more than a few minutes, to remain still and quiet, to do careful work.

Autistic syndrome disorder or autism

childhood disorder characterized by severe language and social impairment along with repetitive habits and inward focused behaviors.

autistic spectrum disorder (ASD)-autism

childhood disorder characterized by severe language and social impairment along with repetitive habits and inward focused behaviors.(increased 10 times-to 60 per 1000 in US met criteria

Autistic spectrum disorder (ASD)

childhood disorder characterized by severe language and social impairment along with repetitive habits and inward-focused behaviors; it is formally known as autism. oChildren with ASD have difficulty with joint attention, the ability to make eye contact with others and to look in the same direction as someone else.

Monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors

class of drugs used to treat depression; they slow the breakdown of monoamine neurotransmitters in the brain.

The most prominent figure in humanistic therapy is Carl Rogers who developed ___________________.

client-centered therapy

Any type of psychotherapy that works to restructure irrational thought patterns is known as ___________________ therapy.

cognitive

Paula is a schizophrenic who has poor memory and is often easily distracted. She has trouble focusing, has slow understanding and poor computing skills, and her speech begins to slur. Her traits are characteristic of the _____ symptoms of schizophrenia. cognitive covert physiological positive

cognitive

gender schemas

cognitive structures that influence how people perceive the behaviors of females and males

neurodevelopmental disorders

cognitive, learning, and language disabilities, autism spectrum disorders, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and so on

___________________ therapy entails restructuring thoughts, loosening the client's belief in irrational thoughts that may perpetuate the disorder, and offering incentives for acquiring more adaptive thought and behavior patterns.

cognitive-behavioral

Emil Kraepelin

coined term schizophrenia(Literally "split mind")

social-cognative theories

combine the behavioral and cognitive perspectives into an approach to personality hat stresses the interaction of a thinking human with a social environment that provides learning experiences

The existence of two or more disorders at the same time is called _____.

comorbidity

The occurrence of two or more disorders at the same time is known as

comorbidity

Somatic symptom disorder occur(5-7% in US) when a person

complains of multiple physical disorders that cause distress and disruption of a person's life and that persist for at least 6 months.

______ is applicable to the tests that measure the concept it claims to measure.

conclusion validity

When people look only for information that confirms what they already believe and seldom look for information that disconfirms what they think, they are said to be characterized by a(n) ______.

confirmation bias

oedipus complex

conflictual situation involving love for the mother and hostility toward the father

Causes of OCD some scientists argue brain circuit that

connects the caudate, the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), and limbic structures (such as the amygdala and hypothalamus) is working overtime in OCD

congruence

consistency between self-perceptions and experience

behavioral signatures

consistent ways of responding in particular classes of situations

hallucinations

convincing sensory experiences that occur in the absence of an external stimulus.

Hallucinations

convincing sensory experiences that occur in the absence of an external stimulus. Auditory hallucinations are the most common form of hallucination in schizophrenia, typically taking the form of hearing voices in one's head.

The absence of a ___________ means that information processed in one of the brain's hemispheres cannot be communicated to the other hemisphere. This is a condition sometimes observed in savants.

corpus callosum

According to Hans Eysenck, ____________ refers to how active the brain is at a resting state as well as how sensitive it is to stimulation.

cortical arousal

narcissistic

crave admiration from others extremely self-centered

20. Kelly fidgets a lot, blurts out what she is thinking, and makes many careless mistakes in her homework, even when she knows the answers. Kelly most likely would be diagnosed with which childhood disorder? a. low IQ b. autism c. Asberger's d. ADHD

d. ADHD

47. When a person hallucinates, which of the following instances occur in his or her brain? a. There is heightened ability to determine the source of images and sounds b. Wernicke's area exhibits poor activity and thereby renders poor speech comprehension c. The frontal lobes have heightened activity d. Activity in the visual cortex is similar to brain activity when visual stimulus is present

d. Activity in the visual cortex is similar to brain activity when visual stimulus is present

48. Which of the following leads to panic disorder? a. Anxiety over being in claustrophobic places b. Anxiety over being left alone and unattended c. Anxiety over finding oneself having delusions d. Anxiety over having another attack

d. Anxiety over having another attack

Ashley's mother is concerned as Ashley has become increasingly reclusive and prefers not to interact with anyone. She rarely shows any expression or emotion and remains cheerless all the time. Her mother is alarmed when she expresses a desire to live alone for the rest of her life. Ashley is most likely to be diagnosed with _____ personality disorder. paranoid antisocial borderline schizoid

schizoid

Which of the following major psychological disorders is characterized by distorted thoughts and perceptions, odd communication, inappropriate emotion, and other unusual behaviors?

schizophrenia

According to infant-caregiver attachment system, _________________ adults report that they easily get close to others, readily trust others, and have more satisfying romantic relationships.

securely attached

reality principle

seeks to delay gratification of the id's urges until appropriate outlets and situations can be found

Prozac, Zoloft, Paxil, and Celexa are some of the more widely used ___________________.

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors

Autos

self

Making situational attributions for our failures but dispositional attributions for our successes is known as a(n) ________________.

self-serving bias

After experiencing extremely stressful situations, people who are most susceptible to depression are those who are deficient in the neurotransmitters:

serotonin and neuropeptide Y

Tricyclic antidepressants appear to work by blocking the reuptake of ___________________.

serotonin and norepinephrine

The normal human body temperature of 98.6° F is the _____________ for that particular bodily system.

set point

autistic spectrum disorder ASD

severe language and social impairment along with . repetitive habits and . inward focused behaviors

Hypomanic episodes are nearly the same symptoms (as manic) but

shorter in duration- last at least 4 days . Useful mnemonic for remembering symptoms of mania: DIGFAST-- D=Distractibility I=Indiscretion G=Grandiosity F=Flight of Ideas A=Activity Increased S=Sleep(decreased need for) T=Talkativeness

Liam often behaves eccentrically, such that his behavior affects every day functioning with a heightened risk to others. As a result, he fails to hold a regular job and is seldom productive. According to the "4 Ds" of determining whether something is a mental disorder, it is most likely that Liam: has Parkinson's disease. has Alzheimer's disease. shows signs of anorexia nervosa. shows signs of dysfunctional behavior.

shows sign of dysfunctional behavior

Liam often behaves eccentrically, such that his behavior affects every day functioning with a heightened risk to others. As a result, he fails to hold a regular job and is seldom productive. According to the "4 Ds" of determining whether something is a mental disorder, it is most likely that Liam:

shows signs of dysfunctional behavior.

schizophrenia

significant disturbances in though and emotion perception

Rudo remains detached at school and does not get involved emotionally. He doesn't seem to care that his classmates perceive him to be what he is not. Karen Horney's psychoanalytic theory suggests that Rudo has a neurotic trend of ___________.

moving away from others

People make _________________ attributions when they think that something outside the person, such as the environment or circumstances, is the cause of his or her behavior.

situational

Karen Horney's psychoanalytic theory focused more on ____________ than did Sigmund Freud's.

social and cultural forces behind neurosis

Lauren is an excessively self-conscious girl who exhibits pronounced fear of humiliation even while talking to perfect strangers. She cannot even muster enough courage to ask anyone nearby to help her out with something lest they ridicule her. She is most likely to be diagnosed with _____. obsessive-compulsive disorder schizophrenia depression social anxiety disorder

social anxiety disorder

competency

must be able to understand the nature or object of the proceedings AND assist in his or her defense; time of the trial**

milgram experiment

nazi

Phobias tend to persist because the act of avoiding things that make one afraid is:

negative reinforcement

Traditional psychodynamic therapies viewed anxiety as the main symptom of what was then commonly called _____.

neurosis

Raj and a few of his cousins were asked to help their uncle move to a new house. However, Raj ate most of the snacks, drank all the soda, and did not move nearly as many boxes as everyone else did. In this scenario, Raj's behavior is an example of ________________.

social loafing

Hikikimori

social withdrawal which involves shutting oneself off from society and rarely leaving one's bedroom

Thinking outside the box implies that ______.

solutions can be found by looking at a problem from a new perspective

How is hyperactivity in the brain related to OCD

some scientists argue that the brain circuit that connects the caudate, the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), and limbic structures

In psychological research, a confederate is:

someone who pretends to be a participant in a research experiment but actually works for the experimenter.

word salad

speech of ppl w/ schiz. which may follow grammatical rules but be nonsensical in terms of content.

Which of the following is NOT one of the major problems faced by individuals who suffer from schizophrenia?

split personality

generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

state of pervasive and excessive anxiety lasting at least 6 months.

self-enhancement

strong and pervasive tendency to gain and preserve a positive self image

Juan is entering group therapy for treatment of his alcoholism. Which of the following can he expect during the therapy?

structured process

Arwan, a teenager, has had a history of bad temper. Ever since childhood, he has experienced extreme anger, and this has often led him into trouble. However, he has now found means of venting out his frustration and channeling his anger into activities such as boxing and Pilates. This is an example of the Freudian defense mechanism known as ___________.

sublimation

Jim consumes cocaine regularly and is dependent on it. He is frequently short of cash because he spends all his earnings buying larger and larger amounts of the drug. Jim is most likely to be suffering from:

substance-related disorder

Jim consumes cocaine regularly and is dependent on it. He is frequently short of cash because he spends all his earnings buying larger and larger amounts of the drug. Jim is most likely to be suffering from:

substance-related disorder.

diathesis-stress model(heritability rate 80%-85%)largely to genetic factors

suggests that a person may be predisposed for a mental disorder that remains unexpressed until triggered by stress

Mallory, a compulsive gambler, regularly attends therapeutic meetings in which there is a group facilitator and an open format. Although there are no formal program goals, she says she benefits greatly from the sense of community offered by people who share common situations in life. Nancy is attending _____.

support group

Which of the following is an example of the biological form of treatment to help alleviate the symptoms of and sometimes cure psychological disorders?

surgical treatments

According to the evolutionary model of motivation, the major motives of living organisms involve:

survival and reproduction needs and drives.

paranoid

suspicious argumentative

According to Sigmund Freud, dreams can be interpreted through:

symbols

major depression

symptoms last for long period of time and are chronic . persistent low mood . lack of motivation . low energy

negative symptoms (of schizophrenia)

symptoms that include non-responsiveness, emotional flatness, immobility, catatonia, problems with speech, and the inability to complete tasks

Negative symptoms (of schizophrenia)

symptoms that include nonresponsiveness, emotional flatness, immobility, cataonia, problems with speech, and inability to complete tasks.

negative symptoms

symptoms that include nonresposiveness, immobility, emotional flatness, problems w/speech, and inability to complete tasks.

Geri, who is schizophrenic, experiences a cluster of adverse side effects from taking antipsychotics. Her symptoms include involuntary facial movements and body tremors. Geri is most likely to have developed a condition called _____.

tardive dyskinesia

Word salad

term for the speech of people with schizophrenia, which may follow grammatical rules but be nonsensical in terms of content.

word salad

term for the speech of people with schizophrenia,which may follow grammatical rules but be nonsensical in terms of content.

conditions of worth

the conditions a person must meet in order to regard himself or herself positively

superego

the moral arm of the personality

positive symptoms of schizophrenia

the perceptual experiences associated with schizophrenia, including hallucinations, delusional thinking, and disorganizes thought and speech.(ex. people with schiz. have trouble with frag. watch pic.)

reciprocal determinism

the person, the person's behavior and the environment all influence one another in a pattern of two-way casual links

. The focus on ___________ is known as the stimulus view of stress

the situations that cause stress

self-verification

the tendency to seek evidence to confirm the self-concept

Malik does not get along with his female supervisor. His psychotherapist observes that Malik relates to his supervisor the way he does to his youngest sister, who died a couple of months ago. In the context of psychotherapy, Malik is experiencing _____.

transference

Dialectical behavioral therapy (DBT)

treatment that integrates elements of CBT with exercises aimed at developing mindfulness without meditation and is used to treat borderline personality disorders

disorganized schizophrenia

type of schizophrenia characterized by severely disturbed thought processes, frequent incoherence, disorganized behavior, and inappropriate affect.

Manic episodes

typically involve increased energy, sleeplessness, euphoria, irritability, delusions of grandeur, increased sex drive, and "racing" thoughts that last at least one week.

According to Carl Rogers, ____________ is the ability to respect and appreciate another person irrespective of their behavior.

unconditional positive regard

Dr. Hall is in a therapy session with his client Steve, who is a violent criminal. Although Dr. Hall does not approve of his actions, he still shows genuine acceptance and empathy for him, regardless of what he has done. In the context of client-centered therapy, Dr. Hall is expressing _____.

unconditional positive regard

In client-centered therapy, the therapist must show genuine acceptance and empathy for the client, regardless of what he or she has said or done. This is called _____.

unconditional positive regard

defense mechanisms

unconscious mental operations that deny or distort reality

rosemary kennedy

underwent a lobotomy at age 23 to treat violent moodswings

obsession

unwanted thoughts that come to mind & cause distress.

obsessive - compulsive disorder OCD

urges are disruptive to daily living

Brian, 6 months of age, utters a string of single syllables yet to be recognized as words. With regard to the stages of language development, Brian is:

uttering gibberish.

self monitoring

very attentive to situational cues and adapt their behavior to what they think would be most appropriate

borderline

very unstable relationships erratic emotions self-damaging behavior unpredictable

which of the following therapies is most likely to be used for the treatment of phobias such as fear of flying

virtual reality therapies

schizotypal personality disorder

wanting to live in isolated area and asocial life but also asocial life.

Before 1952, scientists believed that dopamine:

was a precursor of epinephrine.

Somatic symptom disorder occurs

when a person complains of multiple physical disorders that cause distress and disruption of a person's life and that persist for at least 6 months.

psychotic disorders (quiz)

which of the following are disorders of thought and perception, characterized by an inability to distinguish between real and imagined perceptions

schizophrenia (quiz)

which of the following major psychological disorders is characterized by distorted thoughts and perceptions odd communication, inappropriate emotion, and other unusual behaviors

minnesota multiphasic personality inventory-2 (MMPI-2)

widely used personality test developed according to the empirical approach

Dramatic-Emotional cluster

wild, exaggerated behaviors, extreme need for attention, suicidal, seductive, unstable relationships, shifting mods, dramatic, impulsive, self-injury, grandiose thoughts, sense of one important exploitative, arrogant, lack of concern for others, violent, deceptive, and criminal behavior (Histrionic, Borderline, Narcissitic, Antisocial)

For an individual to be diagnosed with Internet Gaming Disorder in a 12-month period, the individual must exhibit:

withdrawal symptoms when games are taken away.

Bipolar disorder affects __________.

women and men equally

ego

your consciousness of your own identity

Head size and autism

• Head size is a marker of possible autism spectrum disorder. Often the brain is smaller than normal at birth but grows much faster during the first few years of life than the brains of nonautistic children. The brain of a 5-year-old with ASD is the same size as that of a typical 13-year-old. In addition, the frontal lobes, where much processing of social information occurs, are less well connected in children with ASD than in normal children.

25. Which of the following best describes the diathesis-stress view? a. Abusive environments and cultural dispositions together produce psychological disorders. b. It is mainly the biological predispositions that produce psychological disorders. c. Biological predispositions, cultural dispositions, and abusive environments together produce psychological disorders. d. Biological predispositions plus stress or abusive environments together produce psychological disorders.

d. Biological predispositions plus stress or abusive environments together produce psychological disorders.

31. Which of the following statements is true of the disturbances in the areas of the brain impaired by schizophrenia? a. Disturbances in the basal ganglia impair learning and memory formation b. Disturbances in the frontal lobe contribute to schizophrenic agitation c. Disturbances in the limbic system lead to difficulty in organizing thoughts d. Disturbances in the occipital lobe make it difficult to interpret complex images

d. Disturbances in the occipital lobe make it difficult to interpret complex images

2. One general way in which the brains of schizophrenics are different from the brains of others is that they show: a. higher levels of activity in all brain regions b. a smaller connection between the two hemispheres c. lower levels of activity in all brain regions d. enlarged ventricles (spaces filled with fluid)

d. enlarged ventricles (spaces filled with fluid)

17. Which of the following would be classified as a "positive symptom" of schizophrenia? a. apathy b. flattened affect c. social withdrawal d. hallucinations

d. hallucinations

8. Which of the following is NOT a symptom of major (unipolar) depression? a. Insomnia b. Worthlessness c. Anhedonia d. Hallucinations

d. hallucinations

36. Obsessive-compulsive disorder is an anxiety disorder that is: a. neither manifested in thought nor in behavior b. manifested in thought but not in behavior c. manifested in behavior but not in thought d. manifested in both thought and behavior

d. manifested in both thought and behavior

42. _____ include depressive disorders and bipolar disorders. a. Somatic symptom disorders b. Substance-related disorders c. Factitious disorders d. Mood disorders

d. mood disorders

6. Max repeatedly worries that there will be an electrical fire, so he checks each light switch and electrical outlet and appliance several times a day. The checking is repetitive and ritualistic. Max rarely goes out because of his need to check the house. Max's problem is: a. simple phobic disorder b. dissociative disorder c. panic disorder d. obsessive-compulsive disorder

d. obsessive-compulsive disorder

44. A(n) _____ explains the "paradoxical" effects of giving children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder a stimulant to calm them down. a. environmental factor b. nervous system with poor reflexes c. brain with improper neuroplasticity d. understimulated brain

d. understimulated brain

Sigmund and Anna Freud described psychological ____________ as strategies that the mind develops to protect itself from anxiety-provoking desires, thoughts, and memories.

defense mechanisms

Three biological factors that make people vulnerable to anxiety disorders are

deficiencies in the neurotransmitter GABA, their genetic heritage, and their personality.

DSM 5

defines mental disorder as a syndrome

Tiana strongly believes that she is being spied upon. She takes the help of her friend to search her apartment but she does not find any video cameras. Although her friend is convinced that no one is spying on Tiana, Tiana feels that the spies must have known they were going to search the house. Hence, they must have moved the video cameras before her search. In terms of the symptoms of schizophrenia, Tiana is:

delusional.

histrionic personality disorder

desire to be center of attention.

also dysfunctional

deviant behavior can be classified as disordered only if it is

Treatment that integrates elements of cognitive behavioral therapy with exercises aimed at developing mindfulness without meditation is called _____ therapy.

dialectical behavior

The __________model assumes that genetic and environmental factors combine to produce schizophrenia and some other mental disorders.

diathesis-stress model

in order to receive a diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder, one must have:

directly experienced a distressing event or witnessed such an event occurring to others.

disturbance

disorders are distinguished by their clinically significant disturbance of psychological processes of thought, emotion, or behavior

dissociative disorders

disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings

Professor Wagner told her psychology class that they must have performed poorly on their midterm exam because they were lazy and did not study. Professor Wagner's belief is an example of a(n) ________________.

dispositional attribution

As a child, Ethan was sexually and physically abused by his neighbor for almost three years. While growing up, a split began to develop in his memory and consciousness. Ethan is most likely to be diagnosed with _____. somatoform disorder dissociative disorder generalized anxiety disorder factitious disorder

dissociative disorder

Years ago this disorder was known as multiple personality disorder:

dissociative identity disorder

Zoey has two distinct personalities. At times she says that her name is Michael and behaves in an arrogant manner. When her therapist asked her about her experiences in life at any particular moment, Zoey is unable to remember anything. When alone, Zoey tends to behave in ways that are self-destructive. Zoey's condition provides a clue that she most likely has: somatoform disorder. obsessive-compulsive disorder. bipolar disorder. dissociative identity disorder.

dissociative identity disorder

Tony's behavior often causes his parents a lot of anguish, pain, and discomfort in addition to embarrassment in front of guests. According to the "4 Ds" of determining whether something is a mental disorder, such behavior is known as _____.

distressing

Tony's behavior often causes his parents a lot of anguish, pain, and discomfort in addition to embarrassment in front of guests. According to the "4 Ds" of determining whether something is a mental disorder, such behavior is known as _____. discordant dichotic dysthymic distressing

distressing

The ability to generate original ideas or develop a novel solution to problems is known as __________.

divergent thinking

A child begins to cry when the mother refuses to buy a doll that the child liked. Hearing the child's cries, the mother becomes distressed. The mother buys the doll to reduce the child's distress. According to Batson's empathy-altruism hypothesis, the mother's decision to buy the doll is due to ______ motivation.

empathic

If agreeing or disagreeing with the statement "I become violent when I am angry" distinguishes a hostile person from a nonhostile person, this statement would be used in the ____________ method of personality assessment.

empirical

One general way in which the brains of schizophrenics are different from the brains of others is that they show:

enlarged ventricles (spaces filled with fluid)

***When psychologists make treatment choices based on the empirical evidence of their efficacy, they are engaging in ___________________ therapies.

evidence-based

internal-external locus of control

expectancy concerning the degree of personal control we have in our lives

diathesis-stress model

expl. for the origin of psych disorders as a combin. of biological predispositions (diathesis) plus stress or an abusive environment

Diathesis-stress model

explanation for the origin of psychological disorders as a combination of biological predisposition (diathesis) plus stress or an abusive environment

diathesis-stress (schizophrenia)

explanation for the origin of psychological disorders as a combination of biological predispositions plus stress or an abusive environment

The deliberate attempt to inhibit the outward display of an emotion is known as ____________.

expressive-suppression

specific phobias

extreme fears of specific objects or situations that cause an individual to routinely avoid those objects or situations

paranoid personality disorder

extreme suspensions and mistrust of others.

splitting

failure to integrate positive and negative aspects of anthers behavior

delusions

false beliefs, despite evidence

delusions

false beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders.

halucinations

false perceptions that have a compelling sense of reality

hallucinations

false sensations

dependent personality disorder

fear of being rejected and a strong need to be cared for.

agoraphobia

fear of no escape in public places if a panic attack occurs

agoraphobia

fear of open spaces

illness anxiety disorder

fear of somatic symptom but without any somatic symptoms

illness anxiety disorder

fear of somatic symptoms but w/o any somatic symptoms.

electra complex

female counterpart of the oedipus complex

An individual suffering from bipolar disorder:

finds the initial onset of the manic phase to be pleasant

According to Raymond Cattell's theory of intelligence, ___________ involves how fast you learn new things.

fluid intelligence

Raven's Progressive Test is a commonly used measure for ______.

fluid intelligence

object relations theories

focus on the images/mental representations that people form of themselves and other people as a result of early experiences with caregivers

The _________________ technique is a method of gaining compliance by getting people to agree to a moderate request.

foot-in-the-door

Diagnosis of schizophrenia-at least 1 of these symptoms

for one month-moreover, must come from the first 3- -delusions-hallucinations-disorganized speech-grossly disorganized behavior, or catatonic behavior (immobile and unresponsive, though awake)-negative symptoms (such as not speaking or being unable to experience emotion)

persistant depressive disorder

form of depression that is milder in intensity but longer in duration than major depressive disorder.

dysthmia

form of depression that is milder in intensity but longer in duration, than major depressive disorder

persistent depressive disorder(PDD)

form of depression that is milder in intensity, but longer in duration, than major depressive disorder

______ is a disorder on the X chromosome, resulting in the abnormal development of a gene involved in neural development.

fragile x syndrome

Alan is in psychotherapy. The therapist tells Alan to recall the recurring dream he's been having and to say whatever comes to his mind, regardless of how threatening or troubling it may seem. The aim of this process is to unlock the meaning of Alan's dream. The technique being used by the therapist in this scenario is called ___________________.

free association

In ___________________, the client recounts a dream and then tries to take one image or idea and say whatever comes to mind, regardless of how threatening, disgusting, or troubling it may be.

free association

Freud's two major techniques for interpreting dreams in order to uncover their unconscious content were __________________.

free association and symbols

Panic disorder

frequent panic attacks and pervasive and persistent fear, worry, embarrassment, and concern about having future panic attacks.

For the past 8 months Sebastian has been worrying constantly, about everything. His constantly high autonomic arousal has started to produce physical symptoms such as chronic diarrhea and indigestion. In this case, it is likely that Sebastian would be classified as having:

general anxiety disorder

anxiety disorder are more likely in

genetic predisposition to anxiety, low levels of GABA, or personality trait of neuroticism and experience chronic stress or abuse most likely to develop

In ___________________ therapies, several people who share a common problem all meet regularly with a therapist to help themselves and one another; the therapist acts as a facilitator.

group

Sometimes people go to great lengths to do what the group is doing, when it does not make sense, especially in groups engaged in decision-making. This phenomenon is called ________________.

group think

Carl Rogers described a person as psychologically well adjusted if he or she ___________.

had congruence between the ideal and real selves

Which of the following would be classified as a "positive symptom" of schizophrenia?

hallucinations

_____ are convincing sensory experiences that occur in the absence of an external stimulus.

hallucinations

schizoid

has few friends unable to form relationships

People with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD):

have thoughts that they cannot dismiss, especially negative thoughts that most people can disregard

According to the g-factor theory of intelligence, people who achieve high scores on the verbal section of an intelligence test are likely to have:

high scores in the spatial, perceptual, and quantitative sections.

depressive disorder

highest order of depres. disorders (major depress. disorder & persistent depressive disorder)

self-actualization

highest realization of human potential

Traditional antipsychotics

historically, the first medications used to manage psychotic symptoms.

Caroline is emotional but self-centered. She desires to be the center of attention everywhere as evidenced by her theatrical, loud, and larger-than-life behavior. Based on the description of Caroline, it can be inferred that she has ______ personality disorder. borderline antisocial histrionic narcissistic

histrionic

learned helplessness theory

holds that depression occurs when people expect that bad events will occur and that there is nothing they can do to prevent them or cope with them.

Yuan insulted Sylvia, who got really mad and slapped him. Sylvia's aggression is labeled ________________.

hostile

archetypes

ideas and images of the accumulated experience of all human beings

The most compelling (i.e., best/strongest) evidence that certain mental disorders have a genetic component comes from correlations observed between:

identical twins raised separately

somantic symptom disorder

identify the major psychological disorder that occurs when psychological symptoms take a physical form even though no physical causes can be found

Autism major disorders

impaired social interaction, impaired communication, repetitive and stereotypic behaviors

___________________ is an extreme form of in vivo exposure in which the client experiences extreme exposure to the phobic object.

implosion therapy

antisocial personality disorder

impulsive, ruthless, and callous behaviors; a serious & potentially dangerous disorder.

Evolutionary pressures to preserve group membership favor ________________.

in-group bias

Harry is fond of all the members of his baseball team, but he dislikes the members of the other teams, telling people they are all "dumb jerks." In this case, Harry is displaying a(n) ________________bias.

in-group/out-group

psychotic disorders

inability to distinguish between real and imagined perceptions

attention deficit hyper activity disorder ADHD

inability to focus attention for more than a few mins

ADHD major symptoms

inattention, hyper activity, impulsiveness

Illness anxiety disorder

includes fear of somatic symptom but without any somatic symptoms. oThe person with this disorder will also frequently and excessively check for the symptoms.

In the context of drug therapies, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors treat depression by:

increasing the availability of serotonin in the brain.

In the context of treatment of psychological disorders, some therapists draw on numerous techniques and use those that seem most appropriate for the situation. This form of therapy is known as _____ therapy.

integrative

The WAIS and WISC are tests of ___________ that were created by __________.

intelligence; Wechsler

dysfunction

interferes with everyday functioning and can be a risk to oneself or others

Dysfunctional behavior

interferes with everyday functioning and occasionally can be a risk to oneself or others. Dysfunctional also implies that it prevents the person from participating in everyday social relationships, holding a regular job, or being productive in other ways.

id

intermost core of the personality, the only structure present at birth and the source of all psychic energy

If following Howard Gardner's theory of intelligence, an employer sifting through candidates for the role of a team leader would look for someone with high levels of __________.

interpersonal intelligence

According to Robert Sternberg's triangular theory of love, in passionate love:

intimacy and passion are high and commitment is low.

Panic attacks

involve sudden changes in body and mind, characterized by an overwhelming sense of impending doom, heart palpitations, trembling, sweating, shortness of breath, dizziness, intense dread, nausea, and even a fear of dying.

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

involves a set of intrusive and persistent cognitive, emotional, and physiological symptoms triggered by exposure to a catastrophic or horrifying event, such as experiences of war, attempted murder, rape, natural disasters, sudden death of a loved one, or physical or sexual abuse

Schizophrenia

involves profound disturbances in thought and emotion—in particular, impairments in perception such as hallucinations. • According to the National Institute of Mental Health approximately 1% of the American population is afflicted with this disorder at any given time, making schizophrenia much less common than depression. Genetically, however, if a first-degree relative (biological parent, sibling, or child) has the disorder, the odds of a person having the disorder rise to 10%.

compulsions

irresistible impulses to perform senseless acts

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)(children with this show reduced brain activity in the hippocampus while performing verbal memory task)

is one of the trauma and stressor-related disorders. involves a set of intrusive and persistent cognitive, emotional, and psycholgical symptoms triggered by exposure to a catastrophic or horrifying event, such as experiences of war, attempted murder, rape, natural disasters, sudden death of a loved one, or physical or sexual abuse.

Schizotypal personality disorder

isolated and asocial, but in addition has very odd thoughts, perceptual distortions, and beliefs.

Skinner's explanation of language could not fully explain how humans learn languages because:

it did not explain how new words were uttered without imitation and reinforcement.

A person taking Guildford's Alternate Uses test suggests that one alternate use of a brick is as a weapon. This answer would be considered original if __________.

it is uncommon compared to the answers of others taking the test

pleasure principle

it seeks immediate gratification or release regardless of rational considerations and environmental realities

rational-theoretical approach

items are based on the theorists conception of the personality trait to be measured

empirical approach

items are chosen not bc their content seems relevant to the trait on rational grounds, but bc each item has been answered differently by groups of people

In the context of stress and depression, research in animals show that experimental induced stress:

kills neurons in the hippocampus which can lead to symptoms of depression.

Distressing behavior

leads to real discomfort or anguish, either in the person directly or in others.

Which of the following drugs interact with many foods and common over-the-counter drugs to produce side effects such as a life threatening increase in blood pressure?

monoamine oxidase inhibitors

_____ disorders include depressive disorders and bipolar disorders.

mood

Major depressive disorder

mood disorder characterize by pervasive low mood, lack of motivation, low energy, and feelings of worthlessness and guilt that last for at least two consecutive weeks.

major depressive disorder(must impact daily function in terms of both social and work related contexts)

mood disorder characterized by pervasive low mood, lack of motivation, low energy, and feelings of worthlessness and guilt that last for at least two consecutive weeks

bipolar disorder

mood disorder characterized by substantial mood fluctuations, cycling between very low(depressive) and very high (maniac) moods.

bipolar disorder

mood disorder: mood fluctuations, low-depressive, & high (manic) moods.

According to Freudian psychoanalytic theory, the superego operates on the ______.

moralistic principle

Research reveals that individuals exposed to high levels of testosterone in the womb are likely to be:

more attracted to women.

manic episodes

one mood cycle in bd includes increased energy, sleeplessness, euphoria, irritability, increased sex drive, and "racing" thoughts that last at least 1 week

Manic Episode

one mood cycle in bipolar disorder, typically involving increased energy, sleeplessness, euphoria, irritability, delusions of grandeur, increased sex drive and "racing" thoughts

manic episode

one mood cycle in bipolar disorder, typically involving increased energy, sleeplessness, euphoria, irritability, delusions of grandeur, increased sex drive, and racing thoughts

Causes for ADHD and conduct disorder

one of the environmental factors is whether the mother smokes while pregnant. Yet, smoking during pregnancy leads to conduct and impulse problems only if the child has one form of a dopamine gene but not another.

delusions

one of the symptoms of schizophrenia, false beliefs or exaggerations held despite evidence to the contrary, idea that one is famous.

self-esteem

one's feelings of high or low self-worth

Linguists define human language as a(n) __________ and __________ communication system.

open; symbolic

A treatment that uses a combination of light stimulation and genetics to manipulate the activity of individual neurons is known as _____.

optogenetics

histrionic

overly dramatic attention seeker easily angered

Brianna suffers from episodes of an immoderate fear of danger. When this happens, she suffers from heart palpitations, shortness of breath, and nausea. She remains in this condition for around 10 minutes at a time but sometimes it continues for an hour or more. Brianna is most likely to be suffering from _____. manic episodes diathesis impulse control disorders panic attacks

panic attacks

Chris has been having repeated attacks of sudden, overwhelming anxiety in which his heart races and he feels like he's going to die. Chris' diagnosis would likely be:

panic disorder

genetic heritability estimates for generalizes anxiety,

panic disorder, and agoraphobia range from 30% to 40%

A schizophrenic who has delusions of grandeur and persecution claiming to be Jesus Christ is most likely a _____type.

paranoid

zar

parts of Middle East-some people suffer from this) the belief that they are possessed by spirits-and run around in fits of laughter, shouting, and singing

personality disorders

patterns of cognition, emotion, and behavior that develop in late childhood or adolescence and are maladaptive and inflexible; they are more consistent than clinical disorders.

personality dirsorders

patterns of cognition, emotion, and behavior.

Dissociative identity disorder (DID)

people develop at least two distinct personalities, each with a unique set of memories, behaviors, thoughts, and emotions.

comorbidity

people sometimes experience two or more disorders at the same time

Paranoid personality disorder

people with this disorder are extremely suspicious and mistrustful of other people, in ways that are both unwarranted and not adaptive.

Avoidant personality disorder

people with this disorder are so afraid of being criticized that they avoid interacting with others and become socially isolated.

Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

people with this disorder are very rigid in their habits, extremely perfectionistic in how things have to be done, and frequently very rigid list makers and rule followers. This personality disorder is similar to the clinical disorder with the same name but is more general and it does not have true obsessions and compulsions.

Schizoid personality disorder

people with this disorder do not want close relationships; are emotionally aloof, reclusive, humorless; and want to live a solitary life.

Dependent personality disorder

people with this disorder fear being rejected and have such a strong need to be cared for that they form clingy and dependent relationships with others.

Narcissistic personality disorder

people with this disorder have an extremely positive and arrogant self-image, and most of their time and attention are self-focused.

Borderline personality disorder

people with this disorder have out-of-control emotions, are very afraid of being abandoned by others, and vacillate between idealizing and despising those who are close to them.

Histrionic personality disorder

people with this disorder want very much to be the center of attention and often behave in very dramatic, seductive, flamboyant, and exaggerated ways.

positive symptoms

perceptual experiences associated w/ schizophrenia, including hallucinations, delusional thinking, and disorganized thought & speech.

obsessive compulsive

perfectionist preoccupied with details, rules, schedules

social phobias

persistent and irrational fear that arises in anticipation of a public situation in which an individual can be observed by others

social phobia

persistent fear of humiliation in the presence of others

obsessions

persistent ideas, thoughts, or impulses that are unwanted and inappropriate, causing marked distress

panic disorder

persistent worry about having a panic attack

dissociative identity disorders

person develops two distinct personalities, each w/ its own emotions, thoughts, and behaviors.

Psychologists use the term ____________ when they are referring to the unique and relatively enduring set of behaviors, feelings, thoughts, and motives that characterize an individual.

personality

One of the major problems in treating schizophrenia is:

persuading patients to continue taking the medication.

generalized anxiety disorder

persuasive/excessive anxiety lasting at least 6 months

Which of the following is an example of a traditional antipsychotic drug?

phenothiazine

Which of the following drugs were discovered in the 1950s to help diminish hallucinations, confusion, agitation, and paranoia in people with schizophrenia?

phenothiazines

narcissistic personality disorder

positive and arrogant self image, self-centered.

unconditional positive regard

positive regard that is given without conditions or strings attached

_____ focuses on identifying risk factors for developing disorders, targeting at-risk populations, and offering training programs that decrease the likelihood of disorders occurring

prevention

cognitive symptoms (of schizophrenia)

problems with working memory, attention, verbal and visual learning and memory, reasoning and problem solving, processing, and speech.

Transference

process in psychotherapy in which the client reacts to a person in a present relationship as though that person were someone from the clients past

somatic symptom disorder

psych disorder in which a person complains of multiple physical disorders that cause disruption, until 6 months.

dissociative disorders

psych disorders characterized by extreme splits or gaps in memory, or identity.

psychotic disorders

psych disorders of thoughts & perception, characterized by an inability to distinguish between real & imagined perceptions.

POST TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER (PTSD)

psych. symptoms triggered by catastrophic or horrifying events.

neoanalytic theorists

psycho-analysts who disagreed with certain aspects of freud's thinking and developed their own theories

The oldest and most direct lineage to Freudian therapy is known as ___________________ therapy.

psychoanalytic

regression

psychoanalytic defense mechanism in which an individual faced with anxiety retreats to a more infantile psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated

Leo is in psychotherapy. The therapist tells Leo to recall the recurring dream he's been having and to say whatever comes to his mind, regardless of how threatening or troubling it may seem. The aim of this process is to unlock the meaning of Leo's dream. Leo's therapist is most likely to be employing _____ therapy.

psychodynamic

Leo is in psychotherapy. The therapist tells Leo to recall the recurring dream he's been having and to say whatever comes to his mind, regardless of how threatening or troubling it may seem. The aim of this process is to unlock the meaning of Leoâ s dream. Leoâ s therapist is most likely to be employing _____ therapy.

psychodynamic

Dissociative disorder

psychological disorder characterized by extreme splits or gaps in memory, identity, or consciousness. These disorders lack a clear physical cause, such as brain injury, and often stem from extreme stress are abusive experiences, especially during childhood.

somatic symptom disorders

psychological disorder in which a person complains of multiple physical disorders that cause disruption and that persist for at least 6 months

Somatoform disorder

psychological disorder that take bodily or physical form and mimic physical diseases but have no known physical cause or medical basis

46% of Americans will suffer from at least one

psychological disorder- more than half of them will be diagnosed with 2 or more

anxiety disorders

psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety

dissociative identity disorder

psychological disorders characterized by extreme splits or gaps in memory, identity, or consciousness

dissociative disorders

psychological disorders characterized by extreme splits or gaps in memory, identity, or consciousness.

Dissociative disorders

psychological disorders characterized by extreme splits or gaps in memory, identity, or consciousness. These disorders lack a clear physical cause, such as brain injury, and often stem from extreme stress or abusive experiences, especially during childhood.

psychotic disorders

psychological disorders of thought and perception, characterized by inability to distinguish between real and imagined perceptions

somatic symptom disorders

psychological disorders that take bodily or physical form and mimic physical diseases but have no known physical cause or medical basis.

Somatic symptom disorders are

psychological disorders that take bodily or physical form and mimic physical diseases, but have no known physical cause or medical basis.

behavioral assesment

psychologists devise a explicit coding system that contains the behavioral categories of interest

___________________ is the use of psychological techniques to modify maladaptive behaviors or thought patterns, or both, and to help patients develop insight into their own behavior.

psychotherapy

schizophrenia

psychotic disorder characterized by significant disturbances in thought and emotion, specifically problems with perception, including hallucinations

What causes bipolar disorders?

pyschological disorders, multiple biological, and environmental factors interact

Arthur Jensen proposed that there are limits to increases in the improvement of IQ scores for people of different __________.

racial groups

According to Freudian psychoanalytic theory, the ego operates on the ____________ principle.

reality

Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) encourages the ___________________ of events previously viewed as stressful.

reappraisal

self regulation processes

refer to the internal, self-administered rewards and punishments

syndrome

related conditions

cyclothymia

relatively mild but longer-lasting form of bipolar disorder.

personality traits

relatively stable cognitive, emotional, and behavioral characteristics of people that help establish their individual identities and distinguish them from others

panic disorders

repeated and unexpected panic attacks, along with either persistent concerns aobut future attack or a change in personal behavior in an attempt to avoid them

compulsion

repetitive behavior or uncontrollable urges according to a ritualistic set of rules.

In ___________________, physicians expose particular brain structures to bursts of high-intensity magnetic fields instead of electricity to treat depression.

repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation

Tardive dyskinesia

repetitive, involuntary, movements of jaw, tongue, face, and mouth, resulting from the extended use of traditional anti psychotic drugs.

remote behavior sampling

researchers and clinicians can collect self-reported samples of behavior from respondents as they live their daily lives

In a classic study of sexual behavior and culture, Clellan Ford and Frank Beach categorized societies into ____________ societies.

restrictive, semirestrictive, and permissive

hypomanic disorder

same symptoms as manic episodes, just shorter in duration.

Ron is a fourteen-year-old. He has an incredible memory which allows him to recall the contents of thousands of books verbatim after reading them just once. Given that his IQ sore is 40 and his adaptive skills are poor, his sister helps him out with almost all the daily activities. Ron is most likely to be a __________.

savant

Which of the following is typically characteristic of savants?

Low IQ scores

obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (OCPD)

PERFECTIONALISM

personal constructs

The dimensions used by a person to organize his or her experience.

__________ refers to the process of drawing inferences or conclusions from principles and evidence.

Reasoning

Social Phobia

-Persistent fear of humiliation in the presence of others - Highly anxious, extremely self-conscious about appearance or behavior or both, possibly housebound.

Disorders usually first diagnosed in infancy, childhood, or adolescence

(Axis I Disorder) Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, autistic spectrum disorders, learning disorders, conduct and oppositional disorders, separation anxiety disorder, and feeding, tic, and elimination disorders

Mood Disorders

(Axis I Disorder) Characterized by a primary disturbance in mood; include depressive disorders and bipolar disorders (Manic Depression)

Substance-related disorders

(Axis I Disorder) Characterized by abuse or dependence on drugs, such as alcohol, cocaine, and hallucinogens

Schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders

(Axis I Disorder) Characterized by distorted thoughts and perceptions, odd communication, inappropriate emotion, and other unusual behaviors

Adjustments disorders

(Axis I Disorder) Characterized by distressing emotional or behavioral symptoms in response to an identifiable stressor

Anxiety Disorder

(Axis I Disorder) Characterized by motor tension, hyperactivity and apprehensive expectation/thoughts. Include generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, phobic, obsessive-compulsive disorders, and post traumatic stress disorders.

Factitious Disorder

(Axis I Disorder) Characterized by the individuals deliberate fabrication of a medical or mental disorder to gain medical attention

Sleep Disorders

(Axis I Disorder) Consist of primary sleep disorders, such as insomnia and narcolepsy and sleep disorders due to a general medical condition, such as sleep apnea

Sexual and gender-identity

(Axis I Disorder) Consists of three main types of disorders: -gender identity disorders (Person is not comfortable with identity was a female or male) -Paraphilia (Person has a preference for unusual sexual acts to stimulate sexual arousal) -Sexual Dysfunctions (Impairments in sexual function)

Delirium, dementia, amnesic, and other cognitive disorders

(Axis I Disorder) Disorders involving problems in consciousness and cognition such as substance-induced delirium or dementia related to Alzheimer disease

Impulse control disorders not elsewhere classified

(Axis I Disorder) Include kleptomania, pyromania, and compulsive gambling

Eating Disorders

(Axis I Disorder) Includes anorexia nervosa, and bulimia nervosa

Dissociative disorders

(Axis I Disorder) Involve a sudden loss of memory or change of identity

Somatoform Disorders

(Axis I Disorder) Occur when psychological symptoms take a physical form even though no physical causes can be found. Include hypochondriasis and conversion disorder.

Personality disorders

(Axis II Disorder) Develop when personality traits become inflexible and maladaptive

Other conditions that may be a focus of clinical attention

(Axis II Disorder) Includes relational problems (with a partner, sibling, and so on), problems related to abuse or neglect (Physical abuse of a child), or additional conditions (such as bereavement, academic problems, and religious or spiritual problems)

Mental Retardation

(Axis II Disorder) Low intellectual functioning and an inability to adapt to everyday life

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

-Anxiety disorder triggered by a traumatic experience -Possible flashbacks; nightmares about traumatic event -Emotional numbness and avoidance of thoughts, feelings and activities associated with the trauma -Irritability or outbursts of anger; hyper vigilance and trouble sleeping

Psychological Disorders D's

-Dangerous -Debilitating/disruptive -Distress -Deviant -Dysfunctional

Agoraphobia

-Fear of not being able to escape or of help not being available if panic attack should occur in a public place -Unwilling to leave home so as to avoid panic attacks

Dissociative identity disorder

(DID) dissociative disorder in which a person develops at least two distinct personalities, each with its own memories, thoughts behaviors, and emotions. Some psychiatrists question the legitimacy of the disorder.

paranoid personality disorder

(Odd-Eccentric)personality disorder characterized by extreme suspicions and mistrust of others in unwarranted and maladaptive ways.

4 Ds

(disturbance of thought, emotion, or behavior)(dysfunction of biological or developmental processes) (distress or disability in everyday life-especially relationships, work, or other activities) (deviant -different from the norm-thought, emotion, or behavior, but only if also dysfunctional; deviance alone is not enough)

Major Symptoms of Schizophrenia

(must persist for one month) o Delusions o Hallucinations o Disorganized speech o Grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior (immobile and unresponsive, though awake) o Negative symptoms (such as not speaking or being unable to experience emotion) • Symptoms of schizophrenia fall into three major categories—positive, negative, and cognitive.

regression

(psychiatry) a defense mechanism in which you flee from reality by assuming a more infantile state

koro

(some Asian cultures certain men suffer from this) debilitating belief that one's genitals are retracting into one's body

***What are current IQ scores based on?

***How well a person does on tests relative to the average scores of the general population

dependent personality disorder

- anxious and fearful personality disorder characterized by fear of being rejected and having a strong need to be cared for.

Koro syndrome

- is a psychiatric disorder characterized by anxiety and a deep fear of the shrinking of the penis and/or retraction of the genitals into the abdominal until they disappear. For koro syndrome sufferers, it is believed when the genitals do disappear you will die.

Generalized Anxiety Disorders (GAD)

-A common anxiety disorder, characterized by a pervasive and excessive state of anxiety lasting at least 6 months. - People with GAD often have been anxious throughout their lives and cannot recall when they began to feel that way

Types of therapists

-Psychiatrists are medical doctors who specialize in psychiatry. They are typically the only therapists who can prescribe medications. They often treat the most severe psychological disorders. -Clinical psychologists are trained to help people with moderate to severe psychological disorders that interfere with everyday functioning. They assess, diagnose, and treat people with disorders. Clinical psychologists often focus on past experiences as the causes of current problems. -Counselors work in social settings and help people adjust to normal work- and family-related difficulties. They focus on the present rather than the past. Counselors are often trained in education departments. -Social workers have a master's degree in social work (MSW) and are trained in clinical practice. Once they pass the licensing exam, they are licensed clinical social workers (LCSWs). -Marriage and family therapists (MFTs) are people who receive a master's degree in clinical psychology; they have many hours of supervised training and pass the licensing exam. As the name implies, MFTs specialize in helping couples and families deal with conflict or difficulties.

Specific Phobia

-Undue anxiety response to particular objects or situations -Intense fear or panic when confronted with particular situations or objects or even when thinking about them

PET scan

-blue and green indicate low levels of brain activity -Red and yellow indicate high levels of brain activity

Three biological factors that make people vulnerable to anxiety disorders

-deficiencies in the neurotransmitter GABA -Their genetic heritage -personality

Symptoms of Schizophrenia

-delusions -hallucinations -disorganized speech, grossly disorganized behavior, or catatonic behavior (immoblie and unresponsive, though awake) -Negative symptoms (such as not speaking or being unable to experience emotion)

Deficiencies in GABA

-lead to excessive activation in certain brain regions, especially the limbic structures associated with fear -Major medication for treating anxiety disorder work on GABA receptors is further evidences for GABA's role in anxiety

Three categories of PTSD

-re-experiencing the trauma -avoiding thoughts, feelings, and activities associated with the trauma; emotional numbing and distancing from loved ones -increased arousal such as irritability, sleeping, or exaggerated startle response

13. An ______ is the process by which two pieces of information from the environment are repeatedly linked, so that we begin to connect them in our minds.

. association

deviant

. different from what most people do . can be classified as disordered only if it is also dysfunctional

Drake teaches his three-year-old daughter, Sarah, how to sharpen a pencil. The next day, Sarah successfully sharpens her pencils. This scenario is an example of ______.

. learning by association

4 In the __________ and ____________ stages of the scientific method, researchers express their expectations as a theory.

. observation; prediction

.Variation in consciousness can be attributed to the difference in degrees of:

. wakefulness and awareness

Major Psychological Disorders-10- page 592(definitions)

...

schizoid personality disorder

...

List and define all 11 defense mechanisms:

1. BLAME---blaming or attacking others instead 2. RATIONALIZATION-------putting something into a different light or offering a different explanation for one's perceptions or behaviors in the face of a changing reality. 3. EXCUSES-----Coming up with a list of reasons why a particular action occurred or examples of why action couldn't be taken, instead of taking responsibility for behaviors and actions. 4. DEFLECTION-----When you change the subject and focus on someone or something else, instead of speaking about yourself. 5. PLAY THE VICTIM---- make the other person the bad guy and believes that everything happens to them. 6. DISPLACEMENT-----reduces anxiety or pressure by transferring feelings toward one person to another 7. CONVERSION----Mental conflict converted to a physical symptom. 8. REGRESSION----- reversion to an earlier stage of development in the face of unacceptable thoughts or impulses. 9. REACTION FORMATION--------converting of unwanted or dangerous thoughts, feelings or impulses into their opposites. 10. SIMPLE DENIAL---refusal to accept reality or fact, acting as if a painful event, thought or feeling did not exist. 11. FANTASY---- Retreating into a dream world of times past

Identify and define the different mood disorders.

1. Bipolar- Emotional extremes at both ends of mood continuum 2. Unipolar- Emotional extreme at only one end of mood continuum

Define Dr. Kubler Ross's stages of Death and Dying/Grief and Loss define each stage and explain her theory.

1. DENIAL & ISOLATION- We block out the words and hide from the facts. This is a temporary response that carries us through the first wave of pain.buffers the immediate shock of the loss 2. ANGER- As the masking effects of denial and isolation begin to wear, reality and its pain re-emerge. The intense emotion is deflected from our vulnerable core, redirected and expressed instead as anger. The anger may be aimed at inanimate objects, complete strangers, friends or family. 3. BARGAINING- We may make a deal with God or our higher power in an attempt to postpone the inevitable. This is a weaker line of defense to protect us from the painful reality. The normal reaction to feelings of helplessness and vulnerability is often a need to regain control 4. DEPRESSION- Sadness and regret. Our quiet preparation to separate and to bid our loved one farewell. 5. ACCEPTANCE- marked by withdrawal and calm.

What are the 3 different somatoform disorders discussed in lecture?

1. Hypochondriasis 2. Somatization 3. Conversion

In the context of needs, which of the following is true of human behavior?

A lack of belongingness leads to physical and psychological problems.

Identify and describe the different personality disorders found the 3 different clusters (odd-eccentric, dramatic-emotional & anxious-fearful; there are 10).

1. Schizoid personality disorder- odd-eccentric personality disorder characterized by a desire to avoid close relationships as well as by emotional aloofness, reclusively and a lack of humor 2. Schizotypal personality disorder- odd eccentric personality disorder characterized by a desire to live an isolated land asocial life, but also by the presence of odd thoughts and beliefs. 3. Paranoid personality disorder- odd-eccentric personality disorder characterized by extreme suspicions and mistrust of others in unwanted and maladaptive ways. 4. Histrionic personality disorder- dramatic-emotional personality disorder characterized by the desire to be the center of attention and by dramatic, seductive, flamboyant and exaggerated behaviors. 5. Narcissistic personality disorder- dramatic-personality disorder characterized by having an extremely positive and arrogant self-image and being extraordinarily self-centered. 6. Borderline personality disorder- dramatic-emotional personality disorder characterized by out-of-control emotions, fear of being abandoned by others, and a vacillation between idealizing and despising people who are close to the person with the disorder. 7. Antisocial personality disorder- dramatic-emotional personality disorder characterized by extremely impulsive, deceptive, violent, ruthless, and callous behaviors; a serious and potentially dangerous disorder. 8. Avoidant personality disorder- anxious-fearful personality disorder characterized by extreme fear of being criticized, low self- esteem and avoidance of social interaction. 9. Obsessive compulsive personality disorder- anxious-fearfu personality disorder characterized by rigid habits and extreme perfectionism; more general than obsessive compulsive disorder. 10. Dependent personality disorder- Anxious-fearful personality disorder characterized by fear of being rejected and having a strong need to be cared for.

Mrs. Ross, a teacher, wanted to measure the IQ of the newly admitted students in her class. While using William Stern's method for calculating intelligence, she found out that Sarah, a ten-year-old girl, had the mental age of a 14 year old. What is Sarah's intelligence score?

140

Frieda learns to make two-word utterances. As others usually do not grasp the meanings of the words she utters, her parents often serve as translators. Considering these factors, Frieda's age would be about:

18 months.

comorbidity

2 or more disorders in one person

comorbidity

2 or more psych disorders at same time

. ________ is the act of organizing and interpreting sensory experience.

A. Perception

The heritability rate for schizophrenia is roughly

80%

Audrey is a savant who does not have a corpus callosum. Which of the following holds true for Audrey? A) The processing of information in the brain's hemispheres is incomplete. B) The processing of information in the brain's hemispheres is immediate. C) The central nervous system degenerates completely over a period of time. D) There are excess ganglia in both the hemispheres of the brain.

A

Based on his parents' IQs, Timmy's reaction range for IQ should be from 115 to 140. When he took an IQ test, his score indicated an IQ of 138. What does this most indicate? A) Timmy is likely to have been raised in an enriched environment. B) Timmy's IQ is exclusively determined by his genes. C) Timmy is likely to have been raised in an impoverished environment. D) Timmy's IQ is determined more by his own ability to understand information

A

Dolareen suffers from cynophobia, which is an abnormal fear of dogs. Her therapist is treating her with systematic desensitization, which means that the therapist is ___________________. A) pairing relaxation with gradual exposure to dogs B) hypnotizing her to be unafraid of dogs C) transferring her fear of dogs to a fear of cats D) reducing her real-world contact with dogs

A

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

A childhood disorder characterized by inability to focus attention for more than a few minutes, to remain still and quiet, to do careful work. To receive the diagnosis of ADHD, the child must have displayed these symptoms before age 12. Between 5% and 10% of American school-age children, 8% of children in the United Kingdom, and 3%-5% of children worldwide meet the diagnostic criteria of ADHD (Alloway, Elliott, & Holmes, 2010; Kessler et al., 2005). Boys are more likely to be diagnosed with ADHD than girls by a ratio of about 2 to 1 (APA, 2013). ADHD begins in childhood but, for about 30%, the symptoms continue into adulthood (Barbaresi et al., 2013).

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD)

A childhood disorder characterized by severe language and social impairment along with repetitive habits and inward-focused behaviors. Autism spectrum disorder is characterized by severe language and social impairment combined with repetitive habits and inward-focused behaviors. Evidence suggests that people with autism spectrum disorder are extremely sensitive to sensory stimulation and have trouble integrating multiple sources of sensory information, such as sight, sound, and touch (Iarocci & McDonald, 2006; Reynolds & Lane, 2008). Children with ASD also are more interested in inanimate objects than in people and social activities, and have difficulty with joint attention (Baron-Cohen et al., 2001).

Benzodiazepines

A class of anxiety reducing drugs that can be addictive, but are less dangerous than barbiturates.

Which of the following holds true with regard to creative people?

A creative person will typically display flexibility in thinking.

Cult

A cult is an extremist group led by a charismatic, totalitarian leader in which coercive methods are used to prevent members from leaving the group.

Amok

A culture-bound syndrome occurring primarily in southeast Asian and Pacific Island cultures that describes a trancelike state in which a person suddenly becomes highly excited and violently attacks other people or destroys objects. May not recall episode

dissociative identity disorder(DID)

A dissociative disorder in which a person develops two or more distinct personalities, each with its own memories, thoughts, behaviors, and emotions. Some psychiatrists question the legitimacy of the disorder.

Client-centered therapy

A form of humanistic therapy in which the therapist shows unconditional positive regard for the patient

Which of the following is true about meditation-based therapies?

A general goal in mindfulness meditation is for a person to gain perspective on one's own thoughts and feelings and, ultimately, change one's relationships with them.

social causation hypothesis

A hypothesis that attributes the higher prevalence of schizophrenia to the higher levels of stress that low-income people experience

social drift hypothesis

A hypothesis that proposes that as a people develop schizophrenia, their personal and occupational functioning deteriorates, so that they drift down the socioeconomic ladder

Who is credited with developing the first test of intelligence? A. Alfred Binet B. Sigmund Freud C. Charles Spearman D. John Carroll

A. Alfred Binet

In a test, a child is asked to decipher the meaning of an uncommon word from its context in a sentence. What is the child being tested for? A. Analytical intelligence B. Practical intelligence C. Creative intelligence D. Fluid intelligence

A. Analytical intelligence

Which of the following researchers was the one to "break intelligence in two"? A. Charles Spearman B. Robert Sternberg C. Raymond Cattell D. Howard Gardner

A. Charles Spearman

Who is credited with developing the first theory of intelligence? A. Charles Spearman B. Howard Gardner C. Sigmund Freud D. Ivan Pavlov

A. Charles Spearman

50.Which of the following is a symptom of schizotypal personality disorder?

A. Perceptual distortions

45.Identify the major symptom of generalized anxiety disorder.

A. Pervasive tendency to worry

6. A(n)____________ is a large coiled molecule that contains genes.

A. DNA

What are the levels of intelligence as propounded by John Carroll? A. General intelligence, broad intelligence and narrow intelligence B. Emotional intelligence, linguistic intelligence and creative intelligence C. Fluid intelligence, practical intelligence and creative intelligence D. Analytical intelligence, crystallized intelligence and practical intelligence

A. General intelligence, broad intelligence and narrow intelligence

What was Lewis Terman's contribution to intelligence testing? A. He translated Binet's test for American students and established national norms for the test. B. He developed the concept of mental age and formulated a system to calculate intelligence. C. He theorized that intelligence has multiple components and devised a system of nomenclature. D. He developed the first intelligence test based on the multiple abilities theory of intelligence.

A. He translated Binet's test for American students and established national norms for the test.

16.______ can be defined as a set of cognitive skills that includes abstract thinking, reasoning, problem solving, and the ability to acquire knowledge.

A. Intelligence

______ can be defined as a set of cognitive skills that includes abstract thinking, reasoning, problem solving, and the ability to acquire knowledge. A. Intelligence B. Creativity C. Proposition D. Behavior

A. Intelligence

Which of the following best describes cognitive fixation? A. The inability to break out of a particular mind-set in order to think about a problem from a fresh perspective B. The ability to methodically develop step-by-step methods to solve a problem C. The ability to break out of a particular mind-set in order to think about a problem from a fresh perspective D. The inability to methodically develop step-by-step methods to solve a problem

A. The inability to break out of a particular mind-set in order to think about a problem from a fresh perspective

34. Which of the following is true about social norms?

A. They are rules about acceptable behavior imposed by the cultural context in which one lives.

Which of the following tests does NOT demonstrate test-retest reliability? A. Timmy's scores improve each time he takes a particular aptitude test. B. Teachers find that students' performance on a given test is a good indicator of their grades. C. Chloe's score on an IQ test were the same in school as well as college. D. Nathan did badly on an IQ test because its vocabulary level was very high.

A. Timmy's scores improve each time he takes a particular aptitude test.

Jayne is a student at a community college. She has been tested to have an IQ of 18. This suggests that she has a ______ level of intellectual disability. A. profound B. moderate C. severe D. mild

A. profound

Kelly fidgets a lot, blurts out what she is thinking, and makes many careless mistakes in her homework, even when she knows the answers. Kelly most likely would be diagnosed with which childhood disorder?

ADHD

culture-bound disorders

Abnormal syndromes found only in a few cultural groups

Empathy-altruism hypothesis

According to Batson's empathy-altruism hypothesis, people will offer selfless help only when they truly empathize with the victim.

Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) study

An ambitious study that is changing the way psychologists view the interaction between biology and environment in the development of psychological disorders, including anxiety disorders, is the Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) study. For the ACE study, more than 17,000 participants have been interviewed about eight "adverse childhood experiences," including abuse, domestic violence, and serious household dysfunction (meaning that someone in the household abused drugs, had a psychological disorder, or committed criminal acts). Researchers correlated the adverse childhood experiences with health and mental health outcomes in adulthood. The results were dramatic. The more adverse childhood experience participants reported, the worse the psychological outcomes.

Panic Disorder

An anxiety disorder characterized by panic attacks and persistent anxiety about having more attacks. One key factor is the preoccupation and anxiety over having another attack, which creates an anxious mood which increases the likelihood of more worrisome thoughts. with out this they do not qualify for the diagnosis.

panic disorder

An anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent panic attacks in which the person suddenly experiences intense fear or terror without any reasonable cause and having more attacks

Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD)

An anxiety disorder in which obsessive thoughts lead to compulsive behaviors

agoraphobia

An anxiety disorder marked by fear of being in situations in which escape may be difficult or impossible or help might not be available, should a panic attack occur.

What is impulse control disorder?

An anxiety disorder related to obsessive compulsive disorder in which a person feels an intense, repetitive desire to perform certain behaviors.

social phobia (Social anxiety disorder)

An anxiety disorder: fear of humiliation in the presence of others, characterized by intense self-consciousness about appearance or behavior or both.

Social Phobia (Social Anxiety Disorder)

An anxiety disorder; fear of humiliation in the presence of others, characterized by intense self-consciousness about appearance or behavior or both.

Cognitive-behavior therapy

An approach to treating psychological disorders that combines techniques for restructuring irrational thoughts with opperant and classical conditioning techniques to shape desirable behaviors

anxiety

An emotional state of high energy, with the stress response as the body's reaction to it.

Flooding

An extreme form of vivo exposure in which the client experiences extreme exposure to the phobic object

Evidence-based therapies

An increasingly prevalent view is that therapists need to make treatment choices based on the empirical evidence of their efficacy—that is, they need to be evidence-based therapies (APA Presidential Task Force, 2006).

What is an anxiety disorder and what are the 7 different types of anxiety disorders

Anxiety Disorder-state of pervasive and excessive state of anxiety lasting at least six months. 1. Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)- Major symptoms; pervasive/ excessive anxiety lasting at least six months. Behaviors; Inability to relax. 2. Panic Disorder- major symptoms; persistent worry about having a panic attack; Behaviors....Panic attack and panic disorder 3. Agoraphobia- Fear of not being able to escape or help not being able if panic attack should occur in public place. Behaviors; Unwilling to leave home so as to avoid panic attacks. 4. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)- Anxiety disorder triggered by a traumatic experience. Behavior-1. Possible flashbacks; nightmares about the traumatic event. 2. Emotional numbness and avoidance of thoughts, feelings and activities associated with the trauma. 3. Irritability or outbursts of anger, hypervigilance and trouble sleeping. 5. Social Phobia- persistent fear of humiliation in the presence of others. Behaviors- Highly anxious self-conscious about appearance or behavior or both, possibly housebound. 6. Specific Phobias- Undue anxiety response to particular objects or situations. Behavior- Intense fear or panic when confronted with particular situations or objects or even thinking about them. 7. Obsessive-compulsive disorder- Preoccupation with unwanted thoughts and repetitive behaviors to control the anxiety caused by the distressing thoughts, which are often understood to be irrational. Behaviors- Cleaning and checking behaviors that may help to control the obsessive thoughts but that interfere with daily life.

Which of the following leads to panic disorder?

Anxiety over having another attack

Anxious- Fearful cluster

Anxious and worrying, sense of inadequacy, fear of being criticized, nervousness, extreme perfectionism (Avoidant Dependent, Obsessive Compulsive)

Dependent personality Disorder

Anxious- fearful personality disorder characterized by fear of being rejected and having a strong need to be cared for

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

Anxious- fearful personality disorder characterized by rigid habits and extreme perfectionism more general than obsessive compulsive disorder

Avoidant Personality Disorder

Anxious-fearful personality disorder characterized by extreme fear of being criticized, low self esteem and avoidance of social interaction

Cognitive therapy

Any type of psychotherapy that works to restructure irrational thought patterns

Cognitive Therapy

Any type of psychotherapy that works to restructure irrational thought patterns is known as cognitive therapy. Typically, in cognitive therapy the therapist helps the client identify irrational thought patterns and then challenges these thoughts. Cognitive therapy (CT) is structured and problem-oriented, with the primary goal of fixing erroneous thought patterns, as we will illustrate with an example shortly. It is also time-limited and involves a collaborative effort by the therapist and the client. In using cognitive therapy, the therapist relies on what is known as the Socratic method: The therapist poses questions that help the client recognize erroneous logic that may support problematic thinking (Beck & Emery, 1985).

What is a psychotic disorder and how is this different from other disorders?

Are mental disorders that cause abnormal thinking and perceptions. People with psychoses lose touch with reality. This is different because two of the main symptoms are delusions and hallucinations. Delusions are false beliefs such as thinking that someone is plotting against you or that the TV is sending you secret messages. Hallucinations are false perceptions, such as hearing, seeing or feeling something that is not there. Schizophrenia is one type of psychotic disorder. Or Primarily

Minority / Majority

At times a single individual or small number of individuals can influence an entire group. In social psychology, a single person or small group within a larger group is called a minority, while the larger group is referred to as the majority. Just as the majority pushes for group unity, the minority can push for independence and uniqueness.

Who among the following broke new ground by discovering dopamine and its functions?

Arvid Carlsson

Maternal Infections and Schizophrenia

As first discussed in Chapter 3, during fetal development, neural growth can occur at a rate of 250,000 new neurons per minute and peak at approximately 3 million per minute (Purves & Lichtman, 1985)! Consequently, what happens to both the mother and the fetus is crucial; any kind of disease or toxic substance experienced by the mother may dramatically affect neural growth in the fetus. If a woman contracts an infection during pregnancy, the risk of the child's developing schizophrenia later in life increases dramatically (Boska, 2008; A. S. Brown, 2006; Koenig, 2006; J. Moreno et al., 2011). Prenatal exposure to infections and diseases such as influenza, rubella, toxoplasmosis, and herpes has been linked to increased risk of schizophrenia (A. S. Brown, 2006; Buka et al., 2001) and deficits in brain development (J. Moreno et al., 2011; Short et al., 2010). The effect appears not to exist, however, during the first and second trimesters of pregnancy (months 1-6; Selten et al., 2010).

Tim is a child with above-average intelligence and is quite advanced in his speech. He engages his parents in long-winded discussions on one rather narrow topic. However, he is not interested in making friends. All these symptoms point to the fact that he may be suffering from:

Asperger's syndrome

Travis is a child with above-average intelligence and is quite advanced in his speech. He engages his parents in long-winded discussions on one rather narrow topic. However, he is not interested in making friends. All these symptoms point to the fact that he is most likely to have: bipolar disorder. Asperger's syndrome. delusional disorder. joint attention.

Asperger's syndrome

Which of the following holds true for the developers of the Stanford-Binet and Wechsler tests?

Both failed to factor in developments in the field of neuroscience.

Autism and Aspergers

Autism encompasses a range of disorders, ranging from severe disability to high functioning. On the high-functioning end of the spectrum, children have impaired social interest and skills and restricted interests, but they may be quite advanced in their speech and have above-average intelligence (APA, 2013). For instance, children on the high-functioning end of the spectrum may engage adults in long-winded and "professorial" discussions on one, rather narrow topic. Because Hans Asperger (1991/1944) first described this type of high-functioning autistic behavior, it became known as Asperger syndrome. The DSM-5 eliminated Asperger syndrome as a separate diagnostic category, although many people previously diagnosed as such still identify with the term and may call themselves "Aspies."

_____ disorder is a childhood disorder characterized by severe language and social impairment along with repetitive habits and inward-focused behaviors.

Autistic spectrum

Average

Average means that the size, location, and shape of each feature of the face—nose, eyes, mouth, cheekbones—are mathematically average in the population. They are neither too big nor too small, neither too far apart nor too close together. Averaged faces tend to be more symmetrical, and people seem to prefer symmetry when they rate faces for attractiveness (Etcoff, 1999). Moreover, symmetry is a rough indicator of genetic fitness; that is, symmetrical faces and bodies are signs of fewer genetic mutations (G. F. Miller, 2000).

People with this personality disorder are so afraid of being criticized that they stay away from others and become socially isolated

Avoidant

Which of the following is a form of anxious-fearful personality disorder?

Avoidant personality disorder

DSM-IV-TR Axes

Axes I and II describe the disorders and their symptoms. Axes III, IV, and V take into account factors in an individuals background and environment that might affect the diagnosis or treatment of a psychological disorder

Describe the different axes?

Axis I- the major clinical syndromes, or clusters of related symptoms that cause significant impairment: anxiety, depression, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia. Develop after adolescence, can wax and wane, not always permanent. Axis II- personality disorders and mental retardation, which tend to appear in childhood or adolescence and are more difficult to treat than Axis I disorders.

As a child, Ethan was sexually and physically abused by his neighbor for almost three years. While growing up, a split began to develop in his memory and consciousness. Ethan is most likely to be diagnosed with _____. A) somatoform disorder B) dissociative disorder C) generalized anxiety disorder D) factitious disorder

B

Emily is a menace to all those around her. She has rapid mood swings which are punctuated by uncontrollable bouts of aggression. She has cuts on her arms and legs owing to self-inflicted injuries. This has forced her parents to limit her interaction with others. They find it hard to control her themselves. According to the "4 Ds" of determining whether something is a mental disorder, what does this reveal about Emma's behavior? A) Her behavior is dysthymic. B) Her behavior is dysfunctional. C) Her behavior is dichotic. D) Her behavior is delirious.

B

Garrett is taking a phenothiazine as prescribed by his psychiatrist. Which of the following clusters of symptoms is his psychiatrist most likely attempting to treat? A) Anxiety and apprehensive expectations B) Hallucinations, confusion, and paranoia C) Loss of energy, motivation, and enjoyment of life D) Amnesia and loss of identity

B

Lithium

Because no one drug can manage all these effects, treatment often consists of a combination of drug therapies. Lithium has long been prescribed for its ability to stabilize the mania associated with bipolar disorder. We do not know how lithium works, although it appears to influence many neurotransmitter systems in the brain, including glutamate, the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain, which appears to play a substantial role in schizophrenia (Chuang, 2004; Jope, 1999).

distressing behavior

Behavior that leads to real discomfort or anguish either in the person directly or to others.

Which of the following is true about behavior therapies?

Behavior therapies focus on changing behavior, rather than thoughts, feelings, or motives.

negative symptoms

Behavioral deficits, such as flattened emotions, social withdrawal, apathy, impaired attention, and poverty of speech

Token economies

Behavioral therapists employ the basic principles of operant conditioning through the use of token economies to treat maladaptive behaviors. This technique is based on a simple principle: Desirable behaviors are reinforced with a token, such as a small chip or fake coin, which the client can then exchange for privileges.

Behavioral therapy effectiveness

Behavioral treatments such as systematic desensitization are very effective in treating certain anxiety disorders, especially simple phobias, including performance anxiety and public speaking (Lazarus & Abramovitz, 2004; Tyron, 2005). In vivo exposure appears to offer the most effective treatment of simple phobias, such as snake phobia, but people are more likely to drop out of such therapies than are those undergoing other forms of systematic desensitization (J. Buchanan & Houlihan, 2008; Choy, Fyer, & Lipsitz, 2007).

Mike, an artist, experiences one of his hypomanic phases. Which of the following characteristics describes his state?

Being inspired to generate creative behavior

Which of the following pairs of children features one child who would be classified as intellectually disabled and one child who would be classified as gifted?

Bill's IQ is 54, and Bob's IQ is 137

What are the different explanations of the causes for anxiety disorders?

Biological factors • Disorders could be inherited (30-40%) • Neurotransmitters systems could be disrupted o GABA deficiency Conditioning and Learning Factors • Anxiety can be acquired through CC and maintained through OC Personality Factors - neruosistim Stress Most likely explanation of development of anxiety disorders is • Both! Bio and environment

Which of the following best describes the diathesis-stress view?

Biological predispositions plus stress or abusive environments together produce psychological disorders

Carlsson

Biological theories of Sz have largely been constructed following research by Carlsson (1957) which showed that excessive dopamine at the synapse, as seen in the use of amphetamine use, led to hallucinations and delusions.

2 types of Bipolar

Bipolar I is more severe, involves meet criteria for at least 7 days. Bipolar II is less severe-meets criteria for hypomania-at least 4 days-Degree of depression is the same in both but the mania is less severe in Bipolar II

Which of the following conditions was previously known as "manic depression"?

Bipolar disorder

Positive symptoms

Bizarre perceptual experiences associated with schizophrenia, including hallucinations, delusional thinking, and disorganized thought and speech.

Parental Investment

Both are effective ways to increase one's reproductive fitness, but each strategy has strengths and weaknesses. Sex differences in attraction arise because parental investment is greater for women than for men (Trivers, 1972). Consequently, men devote a larger portion of their total mating effort to short-term mating than do women (D. M. Buss, 1999).

Botox Treatment

Botox treatment for wrinkles involves injection of a very small amount of botulism toxin (a naturally occurring paralytic agent) into the facial muscles underlying common wrinkle areas (such as the area between the eyebrows), causing paralysis and relaxing nearby wrinkles. Once the Botox is injected, people frown less, which reduces muscle feedback from the face, you reduce the emotional experience (Dimberg & Söderkvist, 2011). A handful of studies have shown that after Botox injections to the glabellar region, people feel less depressed (Davis et al., 2010), because feedback to the brain from the facial muscles involved in certain negative emotions is reduced. There is even evidence for significant improvements in mood for people who have major depressive disorder (Wollmer et al., 2012). Botox may offer an easy new treatment for certain types of depression, but further research is needed to test the long-term effectiveness of this treatment. Botox treatment is not without drawbacks, however, as it can reduce one's ability to read other people's facial expressions, which is likely due to reduced facial mimicry during social interaction (Neal & Chartrand, 2011).

Panic Attacks

Brief episode of anxiety associated with perceptions of threat and occurring because of fear of danger, inability to escape, embarrassment, or specific objects. They usually last for about 10 minutes. Due to their physiological effects, people undergoing a panic attack may believe they are having a heart attack or are "going crazy".

panic attacks

Brief episodes of anxiety associated with perceptions of threat and occuring because of fear of danger, inability to escape, embarrassment, or specific objects, for example.

In which of the following areas of the brain of a depressed patient did Helen Mayberg discover hyperactivity?

Brodmann's Area 25

Area 25

Brodmann's area 25 is both in the cingulate region and surrounded by the limbic system. Mayberg and her colleagues had stumbled on a surprising phenomenon: Area 25 was actually hyperactive in these depressed patients! Rather than discounting this unexpected finding, Mayberg tested it further. She found the same pattern of overactivation in Area 25 in depressed people with Alzheimer's, epilepsy, and Huntington's disease (Mayberg, 1997). Perhaps it played a role in depression more generally.

Which of the following is true about behavior therapies? A) In behavior therapies, the client recounts the dream and then tries to take one image or idea and say whatever comes to mind, regardless of how threatening, disgusting, or troubling it may be. B) Behavior therapies hold that people have mental health problems because there is a gap between who they are and who they would ideally like to be. C) Behavior therapies focus on changing behavior, rather than thoughts, feelings, or motives. D) Operant conditioning is a widely used application of behavior therapy that is especially effective for treating simple phobias.

C

Which of the following is true about group therapies? A) Group therapies entail restructuring thoughts and loosening the client's belief in irrational thoughts that may perpetuate the disorder. B) In group therapies, the presence of other people with the same problem often adds to the feelings of isolation. C) Group therapies often follow a structured process, with clear treatment goals such as learning to overcome social anxiety disorder. D) In group therapies, therapists apply the principles of classical and operant conditioning to treat psychological disorders.

C

Which of the following is true with respect to the effectiveness of SSRIs and tricyclic antidepressants in treating depression? A) SSRIs and tricyclic antidepressants have less effect when given in high doses. B) While tricyclic antidepressants are effective, they cannot be given in combination with SSRIs. C) SSRIs and tricyclics show comparable effectiveness in the treatment of depression. D) MAO inhibitors are more effective than a combination of SSRIs and tricyclic antidepressants.

C

Which of the following led Charles Spearman to arrive at his theory of intelligence? A) Research showed that individual intelligence does not differ much from group intelligence. B) Research showed that intelligence is made up of a number of dissimilar components. C) Research showed that the factors of intelligence correlated strongly with one another. D) Research showed that spatial intelligence is not related to verbal or perceptual intelligence.

C

Which of the following pairs of children features one child who would be classified as intellectually disabled and one child who would be classified as gifted? A) Tamara's IQ is 88, and Tracy's IQ is 188 B) Richard's IQ is 14, and Raphael's IQ is 84 C) Bill's IQ is 54, and Bob's IQ is 137 D) Brad's IQ is 79, and Barbara's IQ is 112

C

Which of the following statements is true about antidepressants? A) They calm the physiological symptoms of anxiety by bringing down heart rate, blood pressure, and rate of breathing. B) They can treat or prevent panic attacks in high-anxiety situations. C) They appear to help people disengage from the repetitive cycle of anxiety-provoking thoughts. D) They soothe the agitation of anxiety, especially for people who suffer from panic attacks.

C

Which of the following statements is true about traditional antipsychotics? A) Traditional antipsychotics are considered to be the first line of treatment for anxiety disorders. B) Clozapine, olanzapine, and risperidone are examples of traditional antipsychotics. C) Tardive dyskinesia is a particularly problematic side effect of traditional antipsychotics. D) Traditional antipsychotics have the same side effects as atypical antipsychotics.

C

Why do some psychologists and scholars criticize Howard Gardner's theory of intelligence? A) Gardner considered people from diverse age groups for the tests he formulated. B) Gardner did not take into account factors such as economic conditions. C) Gardner's ideas were argued to be more theoretical than empirical. D) Gardner ignored many other skills and intelligences a person can possess.

C

Why is matrix reasoning considered as a fluid intelligence? A) It does not involve abstract reasoning B) Its solutions require culturally acquired experience C) It does not depend on acquired knowledge D) It involves using skills and knowledge to solve problems

C

collective unconsciousness

Carl Jung's concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species' history

Mood Disorder

Category of psychological disorder that is characterized by disturbances in emotional behavior that inhibit normal everyday functioning

Behavior major depressive disorder

Change in eating behavior, intense anxiety or sadness, feeling of being disconnected, and/ or inability to take pleasure in enjoyable experinces

attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

Childhood disorder characterized by inability to focus attention for more than a few minutes to remain still and quiet, to do careful work.to be diagnosed-display symptoms before age 125%-10% am. child. diagnosed)

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

Childhood disorder characterized by inability to focus attention for more than a few minutes, to remain still and quiet to do careful work. Child must have displayed these symptoms before age 7.

The _________________ component of attitude consists of the rational thoughts and beliefs that make up the attitude.

Cognitive

Describe the different possible causes for the somatoform disorders?

Cognitive Factors- • Focus excessively on internal physical processes • Amplify normal body sensation • Unrealistically believe that healthy person should not have any discomfort Personality Factors • Big 5-neurotic Sick role • Enjoy being in the sick role • Avoid assuming lifes responsibilities • Receive a great deal of attention

According to Jean Piaget, which of the following is true?

Cognitive abilities develop in stages rather than gradually.

Cognitive dissonance

Cognitive dissonance is the feeling of discomfort caused by information that is at odds with one's conception of oneself as a reasonable and sensible person (Festinger, 1957).

Cognitive therapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy effectiveness

Cognitive therapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy have shown perhaps the greatest effectiveness of any form of psychotherapy for treating various psychological disorders, but they are especially effective for certain cases of depression and anxiety disorders (Kehle, 2008; Tolin, 2010). Recent data suggest that cognitive therapy is as effective as antidepressants in treating severe depression (Hollon et al., 2005). In one study, depicted in the Research Process for this chapter (Figure 16.9), experimental groups of individuals diagnosed with depression received either cognitive therapy or drug therapy, while a control group was treated with a placebo. Cognitive therapy was as effective as drug therapy in treating depression, with fewer risks (DeRubeis et al., 2005). In the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder, CBT slows metabolism in the caudate nucleus, an area of the brain that is overactive in people suffering from this disorder (Linden, 2006). In short, psychotherapy can change the brain.

___________________ therapy entails restructuring thoughts, loosening the client's belief in irrational thoughts that may perpetuate the disorder, and offering incentives for acquiring more adaptive thought and behavior patterns.

Cognitive-behavioral

Cognitive-behavioral therapy

Cognitive-behavioral therapy helps people with anxiety disorders identify irrational thoughts and undo thinking patterns that support fear. It also helps them modify their response to anxiety-provoking situations. CBT effectively treats specific phobias and social phobias in children as well as adults.

Justin feels the need to wash his hands several times a day because he is afraid of contracting diseases due to germs. He washes his hands so often that the skin on his palms is peeling off. Which of the following best describes Justin's behavior? Anxiety Depression Cyclothymia Compulsion

Compulsion

Which of the following refers to a mental grouping of objects, events, or people?

Concept

______ is applicable to the tests that measure the concept it claims to measure.

Conclusion validity

_________________ occurs when people adjust their behavior to what others are doing or to adhere to cultural norms.

Conformity

Conformity

Conformity occurs when people adjust their behavior to what others are doing or adhere to cultural norms. The reasons for conformity vary, depending on the situation.

Which of the following is the most recently evolved personality trait that involves impulse control and therefore requires highly developed brain regions capable of controlling impulses?

Conscientiousness

In an examination, Dorothy deductively zeroes in on one of the options of a multiple choice question. What kind of thinking can she be said to engage in?

Convergent thinking

Michael works in an IT firm that is well known for making innovative products. Michael is asked to develop a product that would serve an unmet need. Though he has many ideas for it, none of them quite fits the bill. He finally decides to stand back from the problem for a period of time and ceases to consciously think about the yet-to-be-developed product. After a week, as he looks over his notes, he realizes the solution. The period of time in which Michael did not consciously work on the problem is referred to as __________. A) remote association B) verification C) elaboration D) incubation

D

Mike has acrophobia, an extreme fear of heights. His therapist is going to attempt to help him resolve his fear by using flooding. Which of the following is the therapist most likely planning for Mike? A) The therapist is going to pair relaxation with gradual exposure to high places. B) The therapist is going to find him a job in a building where he doesn't need to be on a high floor. C) The therapist is going to show him movies of people high up on rooftops, having fun. D) The therapist is going to take him to the top of a 40-story building and make him look down.

D

Mrs. Ross, a teacher, wanted to measure the IQ of the newly admitted students in her class. While using William Stern's method for calculating intelligence, she found out that Sarah, a ten-year-old girl, had the mental age of a 14 year old. What is Sarah's intelligence score? A) 80 B) 100 C) 120 D) 140

D

One of the major problems in treating schizophrenia is: A) monitoring psychological changes in patients on drug therapy. B) decreasing depressive symptoms with atypical antipsychotics. C) the non-availability of drugs to effectively treat positive symptoms. D) persuading patients to continue taking the medication.

D

Patrick has been tested to have an IQ of 32. But, he plays the piano exceptionally well. Patrick suffers from ______. A) Down syndrome B) Fragile X syndrome C) Asperger's syndrome D) Savant syndrome

D

Pauline was born with a chromosomal disorder. She was diagnosed to have three rather than two number 21 chromosomes. She also suffered from learning disabilities. Her intellectual disability is a result of __________. A) Edward's syndrome B) Asperger's syndrome C) Fragile X syndrome D) Down syndrome

D

Ryan, aged 18, has an IQ of 65. This suggests that he has a ___________ level of intellectual disability. A) profound B) moderate C) severe D) mild

D

Serena has turned nonresponsive and has an expressionless face. She stays locked in her room for days and hardly ever moves or speaks. She does not complete any tasks, and exhibits catatonic behavior. Given this scenario, which of the following statements is true of Serena's condition? A) Her behavior is a means of gaining medical attention. B) She shows symptoms of bipolar disorder. C) Her condition can be diagnosed and treated easily. D) She exhibits negative symptoms of schizophrenia.

D

Tony's behavior often causes his parents a lot of anguish, pain, and discomfort in addition to embarrassment in front of guests. According to the "4 Ds" of determining whether something is a mental disorder, such behavior is known as _____. A) discordant B) dichotic C) dysthymic D) distressing

D

What did Takeuchi and colleagues find in their research that sought to measure creativity and neural connectivity? A) They found a direct and positive relationship between the subjects' creativity scores and their neural connectivity in the parietal lobe. B) They found an indirect and negative relationship between the subjects' creativity scores and their neural connectivity in the frontal lobe. C) They found an indirect and negative relationship between the subjects' creativity scores and their neural connectivity in the parietal lobe. D) They found a direct and positive relationship between the subjects' creativity scores and their neural connectivity in the frontal lobe.

D

What did researchers find when association tests were administered to either the right or left visual fields of participants? A) Information presented to the left visual field is processed in the left hemisphere of the brain. B) When the problem was presented in the right visual field and processed in the right hemisphere, insight into the problems occurred frequently. C) Information presented to the left visual field could never be processed in the right hemisphere of the brain. D) When the problem was presented in the left visual field and processed in the right hemisphere, insight into the problems occurred frequently.

D

Which of the following lends support to Gardner's multifaceted view of intelligence? A) Students demonstrate better comprehension when they learn in the same way as everyone else. B) Students demonstrating ability in one area tend to do well in other aspects of intelligence. C) The intelligence of students can be accurately measured as a single, general ability. D) Students who demonstrate ability in some areas do poorly on traditional intelligence tests.

D

Zoey has two distinct personalities. At times she says that her name is Michael and behaves in an arrogant manner. When her therapist asked her about her experiences in life at any particular moment, Zoey is unable to remember anything. When alone, Zoey tends to behave in ways that are self-destructive. Zoey's condition provides a clue that she most likely has: A) somatoform disorder. B) obsessive-compulsive disorder. C) bipolar disorder. D) dissociative identity disorder.

D

There is a useful mnemonic for remembering the symptoms of mania is D-I-G-F-A-S-T

D = Distractibility I = Indiscretion G = Grandiosity F = Flight of ideas A = Activity increased S = Sleep (decreased need for) T = Talkativeness

25.Psychologists use the term ____________ when they are referring to the unique and relatively enduring set of behaviors, feelings, thoughts, and motives that characterize an individual.

D PERSONALITY

When one plots intelligence scores on a graph, one sees a very clear bell curve, with most people falling in the middle and a few people at the high and low ends of the curve. Which of the following is true for the bell curve? A. Exceptionally gifted people will make up the middle section of the bell curve. B. The middle section, which has the majority of people, indicates the highest intelligence. C. People with mental retardation are represented at both extremes of the curve. D. The curve indicates that relatively few people are exceptionally gifted.

D. The curve indicates that relatively few people are exceptionally gifted.

Most intelligence tests determine a person's overall intelligence score by his or her scores on specific subtests. On which of the following theories are such tests based? A. The multiple-factor theory B. The triarchic theory C. Gardner's theory D. The g-factor theory

D. The g-factor theory

Which of the following theories answers the question "How intelligent are you?"? A. The theory that considers the analytic, creative, and practical intelligence as distinct B. The theory that focuses on seven different primary mental abilities of a person C. The theory that considers multiple abilities to assess different aspects of intelligence D. The theory that considers intelligence as a single, general capacity

D. The theory that considers intelligence as a single, general capacity

What was an important aspect of intelligence that aided in solving a problem at hand that was not considered in intelligence tests before 1985? A. Abstract reasoning B. Linguistic ability C. kinesthetics D. Working memory

D. Working memory

Charles Spearman's theory of human intelligence viewed intelligence as __________. A. a collection of multiple unrelated capacities B. fixed by hereditary and unchangeable C. impossible to measure using standardized tests D. a single general factor made up of specific components

D. a single general factor made up of specific components

According to Sternberg's theory, the elements of successful intelligence are __________. A. emotional intelligence, interpersonal intelligence, and general intelligence B. emotional intelligence, creative intelligence, and interpersonal intelligence C. general intelligence, linguistic intelligence, and practical intelligence D. analytic intelligence, creative intelligence, and practical intelligence

D. analytic intelligence, creative intelligence, and practical intelligence

According to Binet's mental-age scale, a mentally challenged girl's mental age would be __________. A. equal to her intelligence quotient B. higher than her intelligence score C. inversely proportional to her intelligence ratio D. below her chronological age

D. below her chronological age

Obsessive-compulsive disorder is an anxiety disorder that is manifested in:

D. both thought and behavior.

39. Katelyn suffers from anorexia nervosa and Aliyah has bulimia nervosa. These disorders constitute:

D. eating disorders.

According to Raymond Cattell's theory of intelligence, ___________ involves how fast you learn new things. A. crystallized intelligence B. creative intelligence C. emotional intelligence D. fluid intelligence

D. fluid intelligence

The WAIS and WISC are tests of ___________ that were created by __________. A. mental aptitude; Jung B. creativity; Sterner C. independence; Stanford D. intelligence; Wechsler

D. intelligence; Wechsler

If following Howard Gardner's theory of intelligence, an employer sifting through candidates for the role of a team leader would look for someone with high levels of __________. A. bodily-kinesthetic intelligence B. linguistic intelligence C. naturalistic intelligence D. interpersonal intelligence

D. interpersonal intelligence

Ryan, aged 18, has an IQ of 65. This suggests that he has a ___________ level of intellectual disability. A. profound B. moderate C. severe D. mild

D. mild

.Within the brain, ____________ receive, integrate, and generate messages.

D. neurons

33.Society imposes rules about acceptable behavior that are known as social

D. norms

15.Linguists define human language as a(n) __________ and __________ communication system.

D. open; symbolic

60.The oldest and most direct lineage to Freudian therapy is known as ___________________ therapy.

D. psychoanalytic

.Monica has been feeling upset and disturbed after her divorce. Though she is quite relieved with the divorce, the long-winded and cumbersome proceedings have taken a toll on her.

D. stressed

29..One of the advantages that group living offers to human evolution is:

D. the increased potential of intraspecies recognition

If a test is equally valid for different groups and they still score differently on it, it is likely that __________. A. the test is fair but not standardized B. the test may be fair but is definitely biased C. the test is unfair but definitely standardized D. the test may be unfair but it is not biased

D. the test may be unfair but it is not biased

D-I-G-F-A-S-T

D=Distractibility I=Indiscretion G= Grandiosity F= Flight of ideas A=Activity increased S= Sleep (decreased need for) T= Talkativeness

______ created new intelligence tests to measure adult intelligence.

David Wechsler

Dodo bird verdict

Decades ago, a review of the literature on the effectiveness of various types of psychotherapies showed that people who received any kind of therapy were better off on a number of outcomes relevant to mental status than were most people who did not receive therapy (M. Smith & Glass, 1977). The study revealed no significant differences between behavior therapies and psychodynamic ones. Current meta-analyses of the effectiveness of psychotherapy continue to show that most forms of therapy are effective and few significant differences exist in effectiveness among general psychotherapy, cognitive-behavioral therapy, and psychodynamic therapy (Shedler, 2010). This conclusion is sometimes referred to as the dodo bird verdict, after the dodo bird in Alice in Wonderland (Luborsky, Singer, & Luborsky, 1975). The dodo bird proclaims, "Everybody has won, and must have prizes." The idea is that psychotherapy tends to work, but which kind of therapy one has appears not to matter too much.

Describe the different symptoms of schizophrenia (there are 3 categories).

Delusions and irrational thought • Delusions • False beliefs that are out of touch with reality • Delusions of grandeur (famous or important0 or delusions or persecutions (people are after them) Loose association • Thoughts demonstrate no logical connection Disorganized or lack of speech • Word salad, neologisms Disturbed Emotion • Blunted or flattened affect • Inappropriate emotions • Overreaction in unpredictable situations Distorted Perception • Hallucinations -Sensory perceptions that occur in the absence of a real, external stimulus or gross distortions of a perceptual input -Auditory are more common but visual and tactile can occur. Deterioration of Adaptive Behavior • Normal Functioning deteriorates -Inability to effectively socialize and work -Personal hygiene changes • Catatonic Behavior -Unresponsive and immobility

A schizophrenic individual is sitting in his political science class, convinced that the professor is speaking only to him and, in addition, is flirting with him. Which of the following types of delusions is the individual probably suffering from?

Delusions of reference

Rhea is insecure that she might lose her only friend, Kyle, to the new girl in the class. Consequently, she develops a fear of rejection and becomes clingy and possessive about her friend, who finds Rhea's behavior repulsive. Which of the following best explains Rhea's condition?

Dependent personality disorder

Two major forms of mood disorders

Depression and Bipolar disorders

Which of the following types of psychologists is most likely to conduct a research on how reasoning skills or emotional skills change with age

Developmental psychologist

Which of the following disabilities is prevalent among people of low socioeconomic status?

Familial-cultural retardation

ANXIETY DISORDERS

Fear and anxiety are normal reactions to danger or future threat. These emotions create bodily changes—such as increased heart rate—that support useful responses to danger. For some, fear and anxiety can get out of hand, occurring repeatedly in response to imagined threat and sometimes persisting for days.

Which of the following is an example of a self-conscious emotion?

Feeling disgusted after looking at stale food

Which of the following statements about generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is true?

Females are twice as likely as males to have GAD.

Foot-in-the-door technique

Foot-in-the-door technique by getting people to agree to a moderate request

Diagnosis of schizophrenia

For a diagnosis of schizophrenia, at least two of the following symptoms must persist for 1 month. Moreover, at least one of these symptoms must come from the first three (delusions, hallucinations, or disorganized speech; (APA, 2013). And also Grossly disorganized behavior or catatonic behavior (immobile and unresponsive, though awake) Negative symptoms (such as not speaking or being unable to experience emotion). The symptoms of schizophrenia fall into three major categories: positive, negative, and cognitive. Note that "positive" and "negative" in this context do not mean "good" and "bad" but rather the "presence" and "absence" of behaviors.

Dopamine Hypothesis

For decades, the prevailing view on the neurochemistry of schizophrenia was the dopamine hypothesis, which states that people with schizophrenia have an excess of dopamine activity in certain areas of the brain (Javitt & Coyle, 2004; Kegeles et al., 2010). The dopamine hypothesis was based on two findings. First, Nobel laureate Arvid Carlsson discovered that amphetamines stimulate dopamine release and therefore may mimic the hallucinations and delusions of schizophrenia (Javitt & Coyle, 2004). Second, early antipsychotic drugs that block dopamine receptors were somewhat effective at treating positive symptoms.

Word Salad

For example, the speech of a person with schizophrenia often follows grammatical rules, but the content makes little sense. Such utterances are referred to as word salad. Similarly, patients sometimes make up new words.

Agoraphobia

Formally, agoraphobia is intense anxiety, fear, and panic about being in places from which escape might be difficult or in which help might not be available, should a panic attack occur, such as in open spaces, in a public market, in line somewhere, outside of the home alone, or in enclosed spaces (e.g., movie theaters; APA, 2013). This fear of being unable to escape keeps people at home, where they feel safe. Panic attacks are associated with agoraphobia in about one-third of all cases.

Antisocial personality disorder

Formerly known as "sociopathic" or "psychopathic" personality, antisocial personality disorder is marked by extremely impulsive, deceptive, violent, ruthless, and callous behaviors. People with antisocial personality disorder are most likely to engage in criminal, deceptive, and violent behaviors. Although only about 3% of the population has this disorder, between 45% and 75% of male prison inmates are diagnosed with it (Fazel & Danesh, 2002; Hare, 1993). Only about 20% of female prisoners are diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder (Fazel & Danesh, 2002). Do not confuse antisocial with asocial. Antisocial personality is a serious and potentially dangerous disorder, whereas being asocial simply means being shy and not enjoying social situations.

Dhat

Found in Sri Lanka, India, and China. The severe anxiety about the discharge of semen, whitish discoloration of urine, feeling of weakness and exhaustion (somatoform disorder)

______ is a disorder on the X chromosome, resulting in the abnormal development of a gene involved in neural development.

Fragile X syndrome

Fritz Heider

Fritz Heider (1958) made an important distinction between two types of attributions. Internal, or dispositional, attributions and External, or situational, attributions

mirror neurons(less connected with children w/(ASD)

Frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so

Matthew sees a nail sticking out from a board which he wishes to push inside. Though there is a brick lying nearby, it does not occur to him that it can serve well to fix the nail. Consequently, he wastes time searching for a hammer. Which of the following does Matthew exhibit?

Functional fixedness`

People who are prone to anxiety are deficient in receptors for ______, a major inhibitory neurotransmitter

GABA

Axis III

General medical conditions

Drugs and Psychotherapy

Given the dynamic interplay between biological and psychological influences in many psychological disorders, combined treatments might work better than either alone (Ganasen, Ipser, & Stein, 2010). The drugs can modify some of the debilitating effects of a disorder enough that patients can function sufficiently well to learn techniques that might help in changing their problematic thinking and behavior. This approach works best for depressive and anxiety disorders, in which thinking is not severely impaired. A combined therapy to manage depression might employ drugs to help manage the depressive state along with CBT to help clients recognize and control the thought patterns that may push them into depressive states (Cuijpers et al., 2010; J. D. Teasdale et al., 2000).

Axis V

Global assessment of function

Low levels of the neurotransmitter ______ might explain why people with schizophrenia have trouble with selective attention, cognitive control, and working memory

Glutamate

_____ is a major excitatory neurotransmitter that regulates the release of dopamine.

Glutamate

Diathesis

Greek for predisposition

Which of the following best describes a cultural test bias?

Group differences in IQ scores are caused by different ethnic and educational environments.

Group Living

Group living offered many advantages in human evolution, such as increased safety in the presence of danger, cooperation with others to complete challenging tasks (such as hunting), and child rearing (Brewer & Caporael, 2006; Melis & Semmann, 2010). This heritage explains why people work to preserve group membership and why they modify their behavior when in the presence of others.

Which of the following is true about group therapies?

Group therapies often follow a structured process, with clear treatment goals such as learning to overcome social anxiety disorder.

Syndromes

Groups or clusters of related symptoms that are characteristics of a disorder

Groupthink

Groupthink occurs when the thinking of the group takes over, so much so that group members forgo logic or critical analysis in the service of reaching a decision (Janis, 1983). Juries that are hard-pressed to reach a verdict sometimes engage in groupthink, as do governments under pressure.

Causes of neurodevelopment disorders (ASD)

Head size is a marker of possible autism spectrum disorder. Often the brain is smaller than normal at birth but grows much faster during the first few years of life than the brains of nonautistic children (Courchesne, Campbell, & Solso, 2010). The brain of a 5-year-old with ASD is the same size as that of a typical 13-year-old (Blakeslee, 2005). Although we do not yet know which genes are involved, this abnormal rate of brain growth is almost certainly due to genetic influences. In addition, the frontal lobes, where much processing of social information occurs, are less well connected in children with ASD than in nonautistic children (Belmonte et al., 2004). Finally, recent evidence shows that the amygdala in children with ASD is 13% larger than in children without the disorder (Bachevalier, 2011; Mosconi et al., 2009). A promising theory about the origins of autism spectrum disorder is based on the mirror neurons (Ramachandran & Oberman, 2006). As we saw in earlier chapters, mirror neurons fire both when a person performs a particular behavior (such as reaching for an object) and when he or she simply watches someone else performing the same behavior. Mirror neurons are thought to be involved in many, if not most, social behaviors, such as observational learning, imitation, and even language learning. Because children with ASD are deficient in these skills, neuroscientists have predicted that mirror neurons malfunction in ASD children; research results show that this is indeed the case (Ramachandran & Oberman, 2006).

Emily is a menace to all those around her. She has rapid mood swings which are punctuated by uncontrollable bouts of aggression. She has cuts on her arms and legs owing to self-inflicted injuries. This has forced her parents to limit her interaction with others. They find it hard to control her themselves. According to the "4 Ds" of determining whether something is a mental disorder, what does this reveal about Emma's behavior? Her behavior is dysthymic. Her behavior is dysfunctional. Her behavior is dichotic. Her behavior is delirious.

Her behavior is dysfunctional

Emily is a menace to all those around her. She has rapid mood swings which are punctuated by uncontrollable bouts of aggression. She has cuts on her arms and legs owing to self-inflicted injuries. This has forced her parents to limit her interaction with others. They find it hard to control her themselves. According to the "4 Ds" of determining whether something is a mental disorder, what does this reveal about Emma's behavior?

Her behavior is dysfunctional.

Which of the following theorists theorized that intelligence consists of eight distinct capacities

Howard Gardner

Which of the following theorists theorized that intelligence consists of eight distinct capacities?

Howard Gardner

Why does linguist Noam Chomsky argue for an inbuilt device for language acquisition?

Human beings can easily do the most complex thing of speaking in complete grammatical sentences.

Describe each of these different somatoform disorders making sure to highlight the differences between them.

Hypochondrias- excessive preoccupation with their own health and or worry about developing an illness • Often believe physicians are incompetent -constatly doctor shopping • Over-interpret evert conceivable sign of illness -headache must be a tumor • Usually co-morbid with anxiety or depression Pain Disorder: experiebce intense pain that is out or proportion to the medical condition they may have or where no identifiable cause exsists • Minor injury is reported as being extremely painful-JUST pain • Normal functioning is also impaired -inability to work, attend school -Use/misuse of pain meds -frequent use of health care system -Interpersonal and marital problems Somatization disorder: also known as Briquet's syndrome • Long history of various physical complaints that have no identifiable physical care ( all types of problems-head, tummy, eyes etc.) • Co-morbid with anxiety and depression • More common in females and fluctuate with stress Conversion Disorder: loss of physical function that has no organic basis. • Usually a single organ system shuts down -Blindness, deafness or paralysis -Glove anesthesia -Loss of feeling in a certain area, that doesn't make since, like hand but the nerves wouldn't match up

Hypomanic episodes

Hypomanic episodes are nearly the same symptoms but shorter in duration—they last at least 4 days (APA, 2013). A useful mnemonic for remembering the symptoms of mania is D-I-G-F-A-S-T (Carlat, 1998): D = Distractibility I = Indiscretion G = Grandiosity F = Flight of ideas A = Activity increased S = Sleep (decreased need for) T = Talkativeness The DSM-5 distinguishes between two kinds of bipolar disorder, depending on the severity of the mania (APA, 2013). Bipolar I is more severe because it involves meeting the criteria for mania (at least 7 days), whereas bipolar II is less severe because it involves meeting the criteria for hypomania (at least 4 days). Recall that hypo means "below," so hypomania is not as severe as mania. Thus, the degree of depression is the same in bipolar I and II, but the mania is less severe in bipolar II than in I.

Which of the following is the first level of exposure in systematic desensitization?

Imagined

Flooding

Implosion therapy, or flooding, is a form of in vivo exposure in which the client experiences extreme exposure to the phobic object, as when someone who is arachnophobic is asked to hold three hairy tarantulas at once. Flooding, in this sense, is very different from systematic desensitization. Flooding involves heavy exposure to the feared object, whereas systematic desensitization involves gradually making the person less sensitive to the feared object, one step at a time.

Which of the following symptoms is characteristic of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder?

Impulsivity

Phenothiazines

In 1952, the French physician Henri Laborit discovered that a class of drugs, the phenothiazines, helped diminish hallucinations, confusion, agitation, and paranoia in people with schizophrenia. Phenothiazines block dopamine receptors in the brain. As discussed in Chapter 15, the prevailing view for decades was that schizophrenia resulted from an excess of dopamine in the brain—a view dubbed the dopamine hypothesis. Although the dopamine hypothesis has come into question, the major drugs for schizophrenia are still those that reduce the availability of dopamine in the brain (Javitt & Coyle, 2004).

Comorbidity

In a given year, 26% of the U.S. population suffers from a diagnosable disorder. Even though these are non-normative patterns of behavior, they are not rare. Over the course of an entire lifetime, almost half (46%) of the adults in the United States will suffer from at least one psychological disorder. Similar percentages have been reported in New Zealand and Spain (Moffitt et al., 2010; Serrano-Blanco et al., 2010). In the United States, more than half of those 46% will suffer from two or more disorders (Kessler et al., 2005). The existence of two or more disorders at the same time is called comorbidity. Some recent research suggests that fear-based disorders (phobias and panic disorder) may often develop first and predict the onset of other disorders later in life (Kessler et al., 2012).

Prefrontal Lobotomy

In a procedure known as prefrontal lobotomy, they severed connections between the prefrontal cortex and the lower portion of the brain. Because the prefrontal cortex is involved in thinking (and, we now know, is crucial for working memory and planned action) and the lower areas are more concerned with emotion, they believed the surgery would modify behavior and possibly disengage the disruptive thought patterns involved in hallucinations and confused thinking. Typically, however, prefrontal lobotomies produced profound personality changes, often leaving the patient listless or subject to seizures; some patients were even reduced to a vegetative state (Mashour, Walker, & Martuza, 2005).

Informational social influence

Informational social influence occurs when people conform to the behavior of others because they view them as a source of knowledge about what they are supposed to do. Consider the incoming freshmen who look to other students for information about where to hang out, how to behave in class, and the like. Informational social influence is most pronounced in ambiguous or novel situations. We rely on it all the time, especially as children.

Which of the following most affects the human potential for learning?

Intelligence

Which of the following best describes the two main views of intelligence?

Intelligence as a single general ability versus intelligence as a collection of multiple abilities

Which of the following best describes Raymond Cattell's theory of intelligence?

Intelligence comprises into two parts: fluid and crystalline.

Which of the following best describes the theory of intelligence propounded by John Carroll?

Intelligence consists of three levels, arranged in a hierarchy.

What is the definition of successful intelligence, as propounded by Robert Sternberg?

Intelligence is an integrated set of information-processing and cognitive abilities needed for life success

Dispositional Attributions (Internal)

Internal, or dispositional, attributions ascribe other people's behavior to something within them, such as their personalities, motives, or attitudes.

Which of the following is most closely related to the concept of emotional intelligence?

Interpersonal intelligence

Which of the following statements is true of optogenetics?

It has been used in various mental health-related applications, such as treating obsessive compulsive disorder.

Which of the following statements is true about mindfulness-based cognitive therapy?

It helps people with depression learn to recognize and restructure negative thought patterns.

Which of the following is true of emotional intelligence?

It improves cognitive function.

What happens to the crystallized intelligence as one goes from young adulthood to middle adulthood?

It improves.

Identify a characteristic of creative intelligence.

It includes the ability to come up with fresh and useful ideas for solving problems.

Which of the following indicates a popular perception of dissociative identity disorder?

It is a coping strategy gone awry.

Which of the following best explains the bystander effect?

It is a phenomenon in which the more people who witness an emergency, the less likely any one of them will help.

.Which of the following is true of motivation

It is caused by some need.

Which of the following is true about informational social influence?

It is most pronounced in ambiguous or novel situations

Identify a true statement about visual representation.

It is the ability to imagine things that are not currently being perceived.

Which of the following is true about obedience?

It occurs when a person yields to the will of another person.

In the context of Atkinson's model of motivation, identify a true statement about an individual's motivation to succeed.

It refers to an individual's extent to which he or she wants to be successful.

Which of the following is an example of social loafing?

Jack takes the presence of his colleagues at the construction site as an opportunity to get some rest.

Group Therapy

James Herbert at Drexel University is studying the efficacy of Second Life treatment for social anxiety disorder. In group therapy, several people who share a common problem all meet regularly with a therapist to help themselves and one another; the therapist acts as a facilitator. Group therapy often follows a structured process, with clear treatment goals such as learning to overcome social anxiety disorder. The group serves as both a source of support and an aid to the therapeutic process by allowing several people with a common problem to listen to, discuss with, and critique one another. The interactions among participants becomes as much a part of the treatment as people's individual comments. These relationships become real-life contexts in which the various issues play out in front of the group. The presence of other people with the same problem also helps remove feelings of isolation.

Joint attention

Joint attention is the ability to make eye contact with others and to look in the same direction as someone else. For example, if a mother points at something she is interested in, a child with ASD is less likely to look in the same direction. Researchers who were not aware of diagnoses and who closely examined eye contact made by children on their first-birthday home videos were able to correctly classify children as having autism spectrum disorder 77% of the time (Osterling & Dawson, 1994). Historically, approximately 5 to 6 children in 1,000 in the United States met the criteria for ASD, but current estimates say that up to 1% of the U.S. population meets the criteria for ASD (APA, 2013). Rates also have increased in other countries, such as Israel (Davidovitch et al., 2013) and India (Mamidala et al., 2013). Some researchers believe the disorder may be overdiagnosed; however, the evidence suggests the rise is mostly due to increased awareness.

Julianna is a nine-year-old child diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Her mother was a chain smoker even after Julianna was conceived. Which of the following factors is chiefly responsible for her condition? Julianna has one form of a dopamine gene but not the other. Julianna has abnormal brain growth rate. Julianna consumed excess amounts of sugar as an infant. Julianna inherited both forms of a dopamine gene from her mother.

Julianna has one form of a dopamine gene but not the other

What are the possible explanations for the causes of the personality disorders

Just being abused or having a psychological disorder or suffering a brain injury is enough

Which of the following people is motivated by an extrinsic factor?

Kim decides to help her mother do the dishes after Kim is promised a candy for doing it.

Kin Selection

Kin selection is the evolutionary mechanism that prompts individuals to help their close relatives, or kin, so that they will survive to reproduce and pass on related genes to their offspring (Hamilton, 1964).

Odd-ecentric cluster

Lack of interest in social relationships, inappropriate or flat emotion, thought and coldness, isolated, odd, and bizarre thoughts and beliefs, extreme, unwanted, and maladaptive suspicion (Schizoid, Shcizotypal, Paraniod)

Which of the following is an example of an adaptive behavior?

Learning to brush your teeth

Which of the following hormones suppresses appetite?

Leptin

In optogenetics, which of the following is used in combination with genetics to manipulate the activity of individual neurons?

Light stimulation

Defense Mechanisms

Like transference, defense mechanisms are also central to psychodynamic theory and therapy. Freud and his daughter Anna (who was also a noted psychoanalyst) described many different defense mechanisms, all of which operate unconsciously and involve defending against anxiety and threats to the ego. The most basic one is repression, which involves forcing threatening feelings, ideas, or motives into the unconscious. In psychodynamic therapy, dream interpretation and transference are used to uncover repressed defenses and unconscious wishes.

Which theory holds that language shapes our thoughts and perceptions to such an extent that people who speak languages that lack a common foundation have difficulty directly communicating and translating their ideas from one language to the other?

Linguistic determinism hypothesis

Lithium (Again)

Lithium is still widely used for the treatment of mania. Lithium does appear to have long-term effectiveness in treating bipolar disorder (Berghöfer et al., 2008). The evidence, however, for lithium's effectiveness in treating "acute" phases of mania is weak in spite of its regular use for this purpose in the United States (C. Reed et al., 2009). Lithium does not appear to be superior to anticonvulsant or antipsychotic medications, or both, in regulating manic episodes. Moreover, these other medications have fewer toxic side effects. Some research indicates that lithium may be most effective in preventing relapse and suicide in people with bipolar disorder, but many providers are not aware of this benefit (Carney & Goodwin, 2005).

___________________ therapy appears to improve the basic life skills of schizophrenics.

Long-term group

Attachment

Love is also closely connected to a well-known psychological phenomenon: attachment. An important concept in human development, attachment is an affection-based bond between infants and their primary caregivers that protects infants from threats to their survival (Bowlby, 1969). Attachment researchers distinguish among secure, avoidant, and anxious/ambivalent attachment styles (Ainsworth et al., 1978).

Which of the following forms of treatment helps in treating negative symptoms of schizophrenia?

Loving-kindness meditation

Derrick is lethargic and not motivated to do anything. He has difficulty sleeping and he feels guilty about ill-treating his wife. Additionally, there is a recurrent feeling of worthlessness and a strong desire for suicide. Which of the following explains Derrick's condition? Dysthymia Alzheimer's disease Hypersomnia Major depressive disorder

Major depressive disorder

What is a personality disorder?

Maladaptive and inflexible patterns of cognitive, emotion and behavior that develop in late childhood or adolescence.

Behavior of bipolar disorders

Manic episodes characterized by distractibility, increased activity, euphoria, grandiosity, decreased need for sleep, talkativeness, flight of ideas, and indiscretion.

Manic Episodes

Manic episodes typically involve increased energy, sleeplessness, euphoria, irritability, delusions of grandeur, increased sex drive, and "racing" thoughts that last at least 1 week.

With respect to the relationships between bipolar disorder and creativity, the ____ phase is more likely to produce creative behavior than the ____ phase.

Manic; depressive

Mobile addiction

Mobile addiction is the excessive, impulsive checking and use of a mobile device (e.g., smartphone), especially in potentially dangerous or illegal contexts, such as while driving (Salehan & Negahban, 2013).

psychological disorders

Mood Disorders

Bipolar Disorder

Mood disorder characterized by substantial mood fluctuations, cycling between very low (depressive) and very high (manic) moods.

_____ include depressive disorders and bipolar disorders.

Mood disorders

Positive Psychology

More recently, positive psychology has developed its own form of psychotherapy, generally referred to as positive psychotherapy (Rashid, 2008; Seligman, Rashid, & Parks, 2006).

What are the possible explanations for the causes of dissociative disorders?

Most clinicians believe they develop as a result of exposure to sever emotional trauma during childhood 4. Rejections from parents 5. Satanic rituals 6. Physical and or sexual abuse Also known as the trauma-dissociation theory • New personalities develop in response to severe stress

Ekman & O'Sullivan

Most people think that they know when people lie to them. According to the research, however, most of us are not effective lie detectors. Most people perform no better than the accuracy rate of chance guessing in detecting deception from people's behavior (Ekman & O'Sullivan, 1991).

Larry, an employee of a company, has an extremely positive and arrogant self-image, and his attention is focused only on himself. He thinks he is indispensable and he ignores the needs or wishes of others. Which of the following disorders best illustrates Larry's condition?

Narcissistic

Eric, an employee of a company, has an extremely positive and arrogant self-image, and his attention is focused only on himself. He thinks he is indispensable, often makes unreasonable demands, and he ignores the needs or wishes of others. Which of the following disorders best illustrates Eric's condition? Borderline personality disorder Schizotypal personality disorder Antisocial personality disorder Narcissistic personality disorder

Narcissistic personality disorder

The interest of social psychologist Stanley Milgram in studying obedience emerged in response to:

Nazi officers following orders during World War II.

Olivia is a schizophrenic who maintains an impassive face most of the time, does not respond to anyone, and strikes strange poses. She finds it difficult to finish any of the tasks assigned to her. Which of the following symptoms of schizophrenia does Olivia display? Adjunct symptoms Cognitive symptoms Negative symptoms Primary symptoms

Negative symptoms

Anxiety Disorders

Out of proportion to the situation and interferes with everyday functioning. This Disorders include: Generalized Anxiety Disorder Panic Disorders with or without agoraphobia Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Social Phobia Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Specific Phobias

Causes of neurodevelopment disorders (ADHD)

Neurodevelopmental disorders sometimes stem from genetic factors that may remain latent unless triggered by an environmental condition (Howe, 2010; Larsson, Larsson, & Lichtenstein, 2004). For ADHD, one of the environmental factors is whether the mother smokes while pregnant. However, smoking during pregnancy leads to conduct and impulse problems only if the child has one form of a dopamine gene but not another (Kahn et al., 2003). Neither prenatal smoke exposure alone nor the dopamine genotype alone is significantly associated with increased behavior disorders. Brain activity in general is less pronounced in people with ADHD than in those without it (Zametkin et al., 1990; Zang et al., 2005). An understimulated brain explains the "paradoxical" effects of giving children with ADHD a stimulant to calm them down. The stimulant elevates their abnormally low nervous system activity, and they require less stimulation and activity from the outside.

____________ was a new scientific movement started in the late 1990s that combined Freudian ideas with neuroscientfic methods.

Neuropsychoanalysis

Atypical antipsychotics

Newer antipsychotic drugs, which do not create tardive dyskinesia

Three Degrees Rule

Nicholas Christakis and James Fowler (2009), pioneers in research on social networks, report that attitudes, behaviors, and habits move through social networks via the three degrees rule. For instance, your behavior (say, your food preferences) can affect your friends (one degree) and their friends (two degrees) and their friends' friends (three degrees). So we are influenced by and influence our friends within three degrees of separation, but not much beyond that (Christakis & Fowler, 2009).

Normative social influence

Normative social influence is the type of conformity that occurs when people go along with the behavior of others in order to be accepted by the group. A classic example is peer pressure, in which people engage in certain behaviors, such as drinking or trying drugs, so that they will be accepted by a particular social group. This phenomenon is widespread. Look at yourself and your peers. Do you wear the same kinds of clothes? How many of you have similar hairstyles?

Obsessive-compulsive disorder

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a disorder that is manifested in both thought and behavior. An obsession is an unwanted thought, word, phrase, or image that persistently and repeatedly comes into a person's mind and causes distress. People with OCD have thoughts that they cannot dismiss, especially negative thoughts that most people can disregard (APA, 2013). A compulsion is a repetitive behavior performed in response to uncontrollable urges or according to a ritualistic set of rules. In short, obsessions are thought disturbances, whereas compulsions are repetitive behaviors. The 12-month prevalence rate of OCD in the United States is 1.2%, and internationally it is between 1.1% and 1.8% (APA, 2013). People who suffer from OCD often know that their thoughts are irrational, or at least that their compulsive behaviors are excessive, but they cannot stop themselves.

Comorbidity

Occurance of two or more disorders at the same time

Percentage of american adults who will experience a psychological disorder at some point during their lives

Of the 46% of the population who will suffer a psychological disorder during their lifetime, more than half will suffer from at least two different disorders

Cognitive-behavioral Therapy

Often therapists integrate cognitive techniques for restructuring irrational thoughts with behavioral techniques to shape desirable behaviors in what is known as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT). As the name implies, the focus of CBT is to change both thoughts and behavior. CBT entails restructuring thoughts, loosening the client's belief in irrational thoughts that may perpetuate the disorder, and offering incentives for acquiring more adaptive thought and behavior patterns. Cognitive-behavioral therapy is a short-term psychological treatment that has been successfully applied to disorders as varied as depression, phobias, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), obsessive-compulsive disorder, eating disorders, and substance abuse. Think of CBT as a tool for teaching skills that curtail depressogenic thinking, or thinking that tends to help generate depressed moods. CBT has revolutionized the treatment of many psychological disorders. Research on the cognitive processes involved in CBT in relation to treatment effectiveness shows that people who engage in more problem solving during CBT reap more benefits (Chen, Jordan, & Thompson, 2006). CBT helps clients change the way they evaluate potential emotional threats. To do this, CBT encourages reappraisal, which entails reexamining a situation that was previously seen as stressful.

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

One class of drugs brought to the market in the 1990s, the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), make more serotonin available in the synapse. Prozac (fluoxetine), Zoloft (sertraline), Paxil (paroxetine), and Celexa (citalopram) are some of the more widely used SSRIs and are among the most widely prescribed psychotherapeutic drugs in the United States.

Optogenetics

One new possible treatment involves using light to stimulate neural activity in certain brain regions—a technique generally known as optogenetics,a combination of light (hence the opto prefix) stimulation and genetics to manipulate the activity of individual neurons (Deisseroth, 2010).

Solomon Asch / Normative social influence test

One of the classic studies of social psychology, conducted by Solomon Asch in 1951, demonstrates the power of normative social influence. He found that our perceptions of the angle of a line can be biased by the frame around it (Witkin & Asch, 1948). In his study, 76% of them went along with the group at least once when a group answer was clearly wrong. On average, participants answered incorrectly 37% of the time. Yet when left alone to do the task, participants made errors less than 1% of the time.

Deep brain stimulation

One of the most promising and exciting new treatments for various psychological disorders involves deep brain stimulation, which entails implanting electrodes into the brain to allow for electrical stimulation of specific brain regions and clusters of neurons. Stimulating certain areas of the brain involved in emotion and reward in people with severe depression leads to substantial improvements in their moods. Deep brain stimulation more recently has shown promise in treating other psychological disorders as well, such as anorexia (Lipsman et al., 2013) and Alzheimer's disease.

Delusion

One of the symptoms of schizophrenia; a false belief or exaggeration held despite evidence to the contrary, such as the idea that one is a famous person

Schizophrenia

One very serious psychotic disorder is schizophrenia, which involves profound disturbances in thought and emotion—in particular, impairments in perception, such as hallucinations. Emil Kraepelin, who coined the term schizophrenia (literally "split mind") in the 1890s, viewed the disorder as a split from reality, not a split attitude or split personality, as is sometimes mistakenly assumed. According to the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH, 2007), approximately 1% of the American population is afflicted with this disorder at any given time, making schizophrenia much less common than depression. Genetically, however, if a first-degree relative (a biological parent, sibling, or child) has the disorder, the odds of a person having the disorder rise to 10% (NIMH, 2007).

Triangular theory of love

One well-known theory is Robert Sternberg's triangular theory of love (Sternberg, 1986). Sternberg proposed that three components—intimacy, passion, and commitment. Intimacy refers to close, connected, and bonded feelings in loving relationships. Passion refers to the drives that lead to romance, physical attraction, and sexual consummation, accompanied by physiological changes and arousal. Commitment refers to both the decision to love someone—or not—and the decision to commit to love for the long term.

Which of the following is one of the consequences of perceiving others as different from oneself?

One's actions are based on in-group or out-group distinctions.

In a recent study, researchers used light to stimulate neurons in the orbitofrontal region of the brain in mice and were able to decrease compulsive behaviors. Which of the following techniques have the researchers used?

Optogenetics

Which of the following therapies offer precise access to specific areas of the brain that may allow for carefully targeted stimulation-based treatments?

Optogenetics

Which of the following sexual phases do women often bypass altogether?

Orgasm

Persistent depressive disorder (PDD, previously called dysthymia).

Other forms of depressive disorder have milder symptoms but last longer. One of these milder forms is persistent depressive disorder (PDD, previously called dysthymia). Most of the symptoms are the same as in a major depressive disorder, but they are less intense in PDD, though the depressive mood lasts most of the day and most of the time for at least 2 years.

Negative Symptoms

Other patients experience less flamboyant, but no less disabling, symptoms that are characterized by an absence of what would be considered appropriate behavior. These negative symptoms include nonresponsiveness, emotional flatness, immobility or the striking of strange poses (catatonia), reduction of speaking, and inability to complete tasks. Traditionally, negative symptoms have been harder to diagnose and treat than positive symptoms.

Panic Disorder

Panic disorder is defined by frequent panic attacks and pervasive and persistent fear, worry, embarrassment, and concern about having future panic attacks (APA, 2013). The preoccupation with and anxiety over having another attack create an anxious mood, which then increases the likelihood of more worrisome thoughts and, ironically, another attack. Thus, panic disorder creates a positive feedback cycle, wherein anxiety about future attacks hijacks the body's emergency response system and catapults it out of control. To receive a diagnosis of panic disorder, a panic attack must be followed by at least a month of persistent worry over future attacks, along with the development of potentially maladaptive behaviors to avoid attacks (e.g., avoidance of putting oneself in unfamiliar situations). People who have only occasional panic attacks without intense anxiety or fear about the possibility of future panic attacks do not qualify for the diagnosis of panic disorder. Although about 10% of the U.S. population has experienced a panic attack in the past 12 months (B. F. Grant et al., 2006), only about 2%-3% of the population has panic disorder (APA, 2013). In the United States, panic disorder is more common in women than men and less common in older adults. Overall, in Asian, African, and Latin American countries, the rates are very low—less than 1%—and the specific concerns or persistent worries appear to vary by culture (APA, 2013).

Which of the following models proposes that associations between concepts activate many networks or nodes at the same time?

Parallel distributive processing

Jason is suspicious of everyone around him. He is convinced that his parents tried to get rid of him when he had an accident so that they could claim the insurance amount. He even installs a spy camera in his house. Which odd-eccentric personality disorder accounts for Jason's condition? Borderline personality disorder Histrionic personality disorder Paranoid personality disorder Antisocial personality disorder

Paranoid personality disorder

What are the 4 subtypes of schizophrenia and what are the symptoms associated with each?

Paranoid schizophrenia • Have delusions or persecutions and grandeur • Believe they are being monitored and manipulated • Lack of negative symptoms Catatonic Schizophrenia • Motor disturbances • Extreme immobility • Excessive activity • Peculiar posturing, mutism, or parroting what other people say Undifferentiated schizophrenia • General symptoms of delusions, hallucinations and disorganized speech Disorganized schizophrenia • Adaptive Behavior decline • Disorganized speech and behavior

Which of the following is associated with fluid thinking?

Pattern recognition

Personality Disorder

Patterns of cognition, emotion, and behavior that develop in late childhood or adolescence and are maladaptive and inflexible; they are more consistent than clinical disorders such as schizophrenia, depression, and bipolar disorder. The DSM places the personality disorders on Axis II, meaning they are relatively permanent, may show in early childhood, and are viewed by the person as consistent with their personality and therefore do not cause much subjective damage

Assortative mating

People also tend to be attracted to and partner with people of a level of attractiveness similar to themselves—a phenomenon known as assortative mating (D. M. Buss, 2004).

Schema

People develop models, or schemas, of the social world, which function as lenses through which we filter our perceptions. They are defined as ways of knowing that we develop from our experiences with particular objects or events. In the area of social perception, schemas are ways of knowing that affect how we view our social world.

Fundamental attribution error

People tend to explain other people's behavior in terms of dispositional attributions rather than situational ones, a bias in judgment known as the fundamental attribution error (Ross, 1977). This is not to say that dispositions don't matter but rather that, when making attributions of other people's behavior, we tend to think that dispositional characteristics matter the most. People living in Asian cultures, such as India and Japan, are much less likely to make the fundamental attribution error than are European Americans (Choi, Nisbett, & Norenzayan, 1999). This seems to be due to a cultural tendency for Asians to explain behaviors—even things as extreme as murder—in situational terms (M. W. Morris & Peng, 1994; Norenzayan & Nisbett, 2000).

Which of the following is true of second-language learning and the brain?

People who are fluent in two languages apparently are capable of more efficient cognitive processing than those who speak only one.

Bipolar disorder

People who suffer from bipolar disorder experience severe mood fluctuations, cycling between very low (major depressive) and very high (manic or hypomanic) episodes.

Causes of dissociative identity disorder

People who suffer from dissociative disorders have one characteristic in common: They lived through a highly traumatic experience. Many suffered sexual or physical abuse or survived a terrible accident or natural disaster in which a loved one was killed. Most explanations of dissociative disorders view them as a coping strategy gone awry (Putnam, 2006). The experience was so traumatic that the individual disconnects or dissociates the self from the event as a way of having it happen not to "him" or "her" but rather to "someone else." However, not everyone who experiences traumatic events develops a dissociative disorder. Also, some researchers and clinicians argue that DID results from a complex interaction of social-cognitive factors, including problems with attention and memory, disruptions in the sleep-wake cycle, and exposure to trauma or intense stress (Lynn et al., 2012). Other theorists argue that particular personality traits, such as susceptibility to hypnotism, make some people more likely to develop dissociative disorders (Kihlstrom, 2005).

Anxious-Fearful Personality Disorder

People with avoidant personality disorder are so afraid of being criticized that they avoid interacting with others and become socially isolated. They often feel inadequate and have low self-esteem; therefore, they tend to choose professions that allow them to be alone. People with dependent personality disorder fear rejection and have a strong need to be cared for. They feel safe only in dependent relationships with others; ironically, however, they tend to drive others away because they are so clingy and demanding. People with obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (OCPD) are very rigid in their habits, extremely perfectionistic in how things have to be done, and frequently very rigid list makers and rule followers. This personality disorder is similar to the clinical disorder with the same name but is more general and does not have true obsessions and compulsions. Also, people with OCD know they have a problem, whereas people with OCPD are convinced their way is the right and only way things can be done. In short, OCD is usually focused only on cleanliness or checking, whereas obsessive-compulsive personality disorder is focused on all aspects of a person's life.

Dissociative identity disorder

People with dissociative identity disorder (DID) develop at least two distinct personalities, each with a unique set of memories, behaviors, thoughts, and emotions. "multiple personality disorder" but is now referred to as dissociative identity disorder. The symptoms of dissociative identity disorder include two or more distinct personality states, amnesia, and self-destructive behaviors. People with dissociative identity disorder may not remember anything about an experience or a particular period of their life and may cut themselves. Up to 70% have attempted suicide. Also somewhat common are fugue states, in which people do not recall anything about how they got to where they are. DID often develops in childhood but may develop at any period of life (APA, 2013; Comer, 2007). Although the sample size was relatively small, one study found that only about 1.5% of people had the disorder during the last 12-month period prior to the survey (APA, 2013). A history of sexual or physical abuse is very common. In another study, more than 90% of people with DID reported being either sexually or physically abused (Ellason, Ross, & Fuchs, 1996).

Psychosis / Delusions

People with schizophrenia experience such voices as real and are convinced that someone is living inside their heads. This is a defining feature of psychosis (Nolen-Hoeksema, 2007). Similar to but distinct from hallucinations, delusions are false beliefs, often exaggerated claims, that a person holds in spite of evidence to the contrary.

Cognitive Symptoms

People with schizophrenia show cognitive symptoms, including problems with working memory, attention, verbal and visual learning and memory, reasoning and problem solving, speed of processing, and disordered speech (Barch, 2005).

Post-traumatic stress disorder

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is one of the trauma- and stressor-related disorders and involves a set of intrusive and persistent cognitive, emotional, and physiological symptoms triggered by exposure to a catastrophic or horrifying event—such as experiences of war, attempted murder, rape, natural disasters, the sudden death of a loved one, or physical or sexual abuse. In order to receive a diagnosis of PTSD, one must have directly experienced a traumatic event or witnessed such an event occurring to others, learned of a violent or accidental extreme trauma (e.g., death or sexual violence) occurring to a loved one, and/or repeatedly been exposed to or reminded of the details of such an event (APA, 2013). People suffering from PTSD experience a number of intrusive symptoms that last for at least 1 month. These may include recurring intrusive thoughts, feelings, or memories of the traumatic event, either while awake or dreaming, as well as flashbacks, vivid reactions in which the person feels as if he or she were experiencing the traumatic event all over again. There may be avoidance of situations or stimuli that might trigger the recollection of the event, as well as a number of persistent cognitive symptoms, such as a distorted view of oneself and self-blame associated with the trauma, as well as persistent emotional and physiological reactivity. For instance, people with PTSD are easily startled, may have hair-trigger tempers, and may be reckless or self-destructive. Upwards of 24% of the veterans from Iraq have developed PTSD (Renshaw, 2011; Roehr, 2007; Tanielian & Jaycox, 2008). In fact, the hypothalamic-pituitary axis, a major neuroendocrine system of the stress response (see Chapter 12), may be dysfunctional in war veterans with PTSD (Golier, Caramanica & Yehuda, 2012). People of all ages can experience post-traumatic stress symptoms, including children who have experienced a serious trauma, such as extreme physical or sexual abuse (APA, 2013; Nixon et al., 2010). Compared to healthy controls, children with post-traumatic stress symptoms show reduced brain activity in the hippocampus while performing a verbal memory task (Carrion et al., 2010). The hippocampus plays a central role in learning and memory, so these results suggest that post-traumatic stress interferes with learning.

Which of the following areas of the brain is related to emotion and personality?

Prefrontal cortex

Cognitive symptoms (of schizophrenia)

Problems with working memory, attention, verbal and visual learning and memory, reasoning and problem solving, processing and speech

What are the different types of dissociative disorders (discussed in lecture) and how are these different from each other?

Psychogenic amnesia: ( Dissociative amnesia) • Sudden loss of memory for important personal information • Examples include- loss of personal history, family history, places or people lasting hours to years Psychogenic fugue • Loss of memory for entire life, generally leave their home can last for days to years. • Some can assume a new identity during this time with no recollection of their past • Procedural memory remains intact Dissociative Identity disorder (DID) 1. Individual's identity alternates b/w at least 2 or more distinct identifies or personalities 2. Each personality has its own name, memories and mannerisms. -Usually very different in age, race, gender, and sexual orientation 3. Generally each personality is unaware of the others

4 "Ds" defined

Psychological disorders are distinguished by their clinically significant disturbance of psychological processes of thought, emotion, and behavior. Mental disorders are distinguished from physical disorders that affect physiological and bodily structures and processes. Dysfunctional behavior interferes with everyday functioning, such as participating in everyday social relationships, holding a regular job, or being productive, and occasionally it can be a risk to oneself or others. Distressing behavior leads to discomfort, pain, or anguish, either in the person directly or in others, especially family members. The distressing element is one reason we say a person is "suffering" from a disorder. Deviant literally means "different from the norm," or different from what most people do. It is important to point out, as the DSM-5 does, that deviant behavior can be classified as disordered only if it is also dysfunctional. Albert Einstein was deviant in his intelligence and creativity, but he was not suffering from a psychological disorder. Behaviors that possess only one or even two of these "4 Ds" are not typically classified as disordered. Finally, if a behavior is culturally accepted it cannot be a disorder, such as hallucinations of shamans in some preliterate cultures.

What is a dissociative disorder?

Psychological disorders characterized by extreme splits or gaps in memory, identity, or consciousness

Psychotic disorder

Psychological disorders of thoughts and perceptions characterized by inability to distinguish between real and imagined perceptions

Axis IV

Psychosocial and environmental problems

Define psychosomatic disease and somatoform disorder.

Psychosomatic disease- the occurrence of physical symptoms that could be caused by psychological factors Somatoform Disorder- when a physical symptom occurs that cannot be explained by biological conditions

Pyschotherapy

Psychotherapy is the use of psychological techniques to modify maladaptive behaviors or thought patterns, or both, and to help patients develop insight into their own behavior. In psychotherapy a therapist and a client work together, or a therapist works with a group of people. The types of psychotherapeutic approaches in treating disorders are: psychoanalytic therapy, humanistic/positive therapy, behavior therapies, cognitive treatments, cognitive-behavioral treatments, and group therapy

Schizophrenia

Psychotic disorder characterized by significant disturbances in thought and emotion, specifically problems with perception, including hallucinations

What is schizophrenia?

Psychotic disorder characterized by significant disturbances in thought and emotion, specifically problems with perception.

Which of the following are disorders of thought and perception, characterized by an inability to distinguish between real and imagined perceptions?

Psychotic disorders

Which of the following best describes Arthur Jensen's conclusions regarding IQ?

Racial-ethnic differences in IQ must be at least partly genetic in origin

Five major psychiatric disorders and genetics

Recent evidence from more than 60,000 people worldwide suggests that five major psychiatric disorders (autism spectrum disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, bipolar disorder, depression, and schizophrenia) actually have a common genetic cause (Cross-Disorder Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium, 2013). Moreover, recent evidence suggests—as with intelligence—that one general dimension or factor underlies all of the major psychological disorders (Caspi et al., 2014). Such findings imply that mental disorders are not as distinct and different as the DSM-5 categories would imply.

_________________ is the act helping others in the hope that they will help you in the future.

Reciprocal altruism

Culture Bound Syndromes

Recurrent, locality-specific patterns of aberrant behavior and troubling experience that may or may not be linked to a particular DSM-IV diagnostic categor

___________ is a way of testing the creativity of a person, whereby three words at one time are displayed to the participant, who must then come up with a single word that can be used with all three of the words.

Remote association

___________________ is a defense mechanism that involves forcing threatening feelings, ideas, or motives into the unconscious.

Repression

Nature and Nurture Explanations of Personality Disorders

Research on murderers has identified a cluster of traits possessed by most of these violent criminals: being male, coming from abusive and neglectful households, having at least one psychological disorder (often antisocial personality disorder), and having suffered some kind of injury to the head or brain (Pincus, 1999, 2001; Strueber, Lueck, & Roth, 2006-2007). The frontal lobes and amygdala of many violent criminals are unusually disordered in size, activity, and function (Raine, 2013; Yang et al., 2009). Just being abused, having a psychological disorder, or suffering a brain injury is not enough. To become antisocial and violent, a person usually has to experience all of these conditions. Moreover, as a result of suffering head injuries, living in a constant state of fear and abuse, or both, murderers almost always have moderate to severe problems of impulse control, social intelligence, working memory, and attention (Strueber et al., 2006-2007). Recall the principle of neuroplasticity from Chapter 3. Research on brain development suggests that living under a constant threat of abuse and stress changes the neural connectivity in the brain, making it less likely to develop many complex synaptic connections, especially in the frontal lobes. Being in a constant state of fear often leads to neural systems that are primed for unusually high levels of anxiety, impulsive behavior, and a state of constant alertness. These are all conditions that might lead to violent or criminal behaviors. Finally, genetics interacts with abusive experience to create personality disorders. Different forms of one particular gene, for instance, when coupled with being abused as a child, make violent and antisocial behavior in adulthood more likely (Caspi et al., 2002).

Which of the following led Charles Spearman to arrive at his theory of intelligence?

Research showed that the factors of intelligence correlated strongly with one another.

Which of the following is more important for extrinsic motivation than for intrinsic motivation?

Reward

Here is how SSRIs work:

Serotonin, like all neurotransmitters, is released from the presynaptic neuron into the synapse. It then binds with serotonin-specific receptor sites on the postsynaptic neuron to stimulate the firing of that neuron. Normally, neurotransmitters that do not bind with the postsynaptic neuron either are taken back up into the presynaptic neuron (the reuptake process) or are destroyed by enzymes in the synapse. The SSRIs inhibit the reuptake process, thereby allowing more serotonin to bind with the postsynaptic neuron (Murphy, 2010; see Figure 16.3). By allowing more serotonin to be used, the SSRIs alleviate some of the symptoms of depression. Serotonin-only drugs do not produce the undesirable side effects that the tricyclics, which affect both serotonin and norepinephrine activity, may produce (Cipriani et al., 2010).

Brain and Aggression

Several brain areas are involved in aggression, including the hypothalamus, the amygdala, and the prefrontal cortex (Pincus, 1999). More specifically, the part of the prefrontal cortex responsible for impulse control often is functionally impaired in aggressive and violent people (Grafman et al., 1996). Two hormones are consistently related to high levels of aggression: testosterone and serotonin.

Mitochondria (structures inside the neurons that play key role in cell metabolism)

Several studies found that mitochondrial dysfunction in specific brain tissue is linked with occurrence of depression/not clear if this is cause or effect of disease

Sexual strategies theory

Sexual strategies theory suggests that men and women often approach relationships differently (D. M. Buss & Schmitt, 1993).

Scarlett is a cleanliness freak who is never satisfied with the amount of cleaning she does at home. She even washes her hands innumerable times during the course of the day. Which of the following statements is true, given that Scarlett is aware of the fact that she has obsessive-compulsive disorder?

She cannot stop herself from being compulsive.

Serena has turned nonresponsive and has an expressionless face. She stays locked in her room for days and hardly ever moves or speaks. She does not complete any tasks, and exhibits catatonic behavior. Given this scenario, which of the following statements is true of Serena's condition? Her behavior is a means of gaining medical attention. She shows symptoms of bipolar disorder. Her condition can be diagnosed and treated easily. She exhibits negative symptoms of schizophrenia.

She exhibits negative symptoms of schizophrenia.

.What part of memory stores limited information long enough to remember a phone

Short-term memory

Free association

Sigmund Freud argued that "dreams are the royal road to the unconscious" (Freud, 1900/1953, p. 608). Freud's two major techniques for interpreting dreams in order to uncover their unconscious content were free association and symbols. In free association, the client recounts a dream and then tries to take one image or idea and say whatever comes to mind, regardless of how threatening, disgusting, or troubling it may be.

________________ occurs when the presence of others improves our performance.

Social facilitation

Social Norms

Social facilitation is a subtle way in which the presence of others changes our actions. More direct social factors also pressure us to act in certain ways. Society imposes rules about acceptable behavior, called social norms.

Social Facilitation

Social facilitation occurs when the presence of others improves our performance. Over a century ago, Norman Triplett (1898) noticed that he bicycled faster when he rode with others. In a laboratory test of the idea that the presence of others improves performance, Triplett asked children to wind a fishing reel as fast as they could. He tested them alone and among other kids doing the same thing. Sure enough, they wound faster when other kids were present—they showed social facilitation, which usually occurs for tasks we find easy, we know well, or we can perform well (Zajonc, 1965).

Social Loafing

Social loafing is the opposite; it occurs when the presence of others causes individuals to relax their standards (Harkins, 1987). If you are singing in a choir and there are dozens of other voices supporting yours, you are less likely to sing your heart out. You alone are not responsible for the sound, so the diffusion of responsibility alters your behavior (you loaf). If you are singing a solo, you might belt it out—because all the responsibility rests on your shoulders.

Maya is preoccupied with fears of embarrassing herself in public, so much so that she avoids going shopping or out for walks in town. What disorder best describes this set of symptoms?

Social phobia

Social Perception

Social processes not only influence our behavior but also guide our perceptions of the behavior of others. We form impressions and attitudes about other people. These are all matters of social perception, the way in which we make sense of our social world.

Causes of OCD

Some scientists argue that the brain circuit that connects the caudate, the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), and the limbic structures (such as the amygdala and hypothalamus) is working overtime in OCD (Aouizerate et al., 2004; J. M. Schwartz, 1999a, 1999b). The overactive ACC creates a perpetual feeling that something is wrong, which the limbic system structures translate into anxiety. In turn, anxiety stimulates more intrusive thoughts, which sometimes become compulsive actions. These actions occur as behavioral responses aimed at reducing the tensions or anxiety generated by the situation (from the caudate nucleus). Relief may be experienced, but only briefly, before the anxiety returns. The cycle goes on endlessly, due to the hyperactivity of the brain circuit—which is stuck in the "on" position. So this circuit involving the ACC, caudate nucleus, and limbic structures supports the obsessive thinking and compulsive responding (K. D. Fitzgerald et al., 2005; Guehl et al., 2008).

Integrative therapy

Some therapists take an eclectic approach to psychotherapy, which means they draw on numerous techniques in their work with clients. These clinicians are typically trained in many methods and use those that seem most appropriate, given the situation, without loyalty to any particular orientation or treatment. This approach is known as integrative therapy (Norcross, Bike, & Evans, 2009; Prochaska & Norcross, 2007). For a client showing symptoms of simple phobia and suffering from depression, behavioral therapy may be best for treating the phobia while cognitive techniques may work better for the depression. Problems of self-esteem might best be treated with a humanistic approach.

Madelyn is extremely afraid of snakes. Merely thinking about these reptiles causes her to break out in a cold sweat. Which of the following terms best describes Madelyn's condition?

Specific phobia

Madelyn is extremely afraid of snakes. Merely thinking about these reptiles causes her to break out in a cold sweat. Which of the following terms best describes Madelyn's condition? Schizophrenia Specific phobia Post-traumatic stress disorder Obsessive-compulsive disorder

Specific phobia

The intelligence test developed by Lewis Terman is known as the __________.

Stanford-Binet test

Stanley Milgram

Stanley Milgram spent much of his early academic life trying to make sense of the Holocaust. Milgram decided to investigate whether people would conform even when their actions could harm others. Twenty-six of the 40 participants in the original experiment (65%) went all the way to 450 volts (Milgram, 1963, 1974). Men and women were equally likely to reach the 450-volt level. Milgram's experiments show that reasonable people may do things that seem cruel and unusual in the presence of powerful social influence.

Support Groups

Support groups are meetings of people who share a common situation, be it a disorder, a disease, or an ill family member. They meet regularly to share experiences, usually without programmatic treatment goals. They usually have a facilitator, a regular meeting time, and an open format. Groups can be categorized in terms of their focus, such as eating disorders, substance abuse, OCD, or bereavement, and may be time-limited or ongoing.

___________________ is a widely used application of behavioral treatment that is especially effective for treating simple phobias

Systematic desensitization

___________________ is a widely used application of behavioral treatment that is especially effective for treating simple phobias.

Systematic desensitization

Three types of systematic desensitization

Systematic desensitization involves three levels of exposure to a phobic object: imagined, virtual, and real. In imagined exposure, people simply imagine contact with the phobic object. The next level is virtual reality exposure. At this stage, the individual may be shown photographs or exposed to a virtual reality computer simulation.

Systematic desensitization

Systematic desensitization is a widely used application of behavior therapy that is especially effective for treating simple phobias (Tyron, 2005). Systematic desensitization pairs relaxation with gradual exposure to a phobic object. People cannot be both relaxed and anxious at the same time. It works! Systematic desensitization often successfully treats phobias and some other anxiety disorders (Tyron, 2005).

Which of the following statements is true about traditional antipsychotics?

Tardive dyskinesia is a particularly problematic side effect of traditional antipsychotics.

Teen depression

Teen depression is a growing problem and the major cause of suicide in young people (Wessely & Kerwin, 2004). In a large-scale study of the risk factors for adolescent depression, Van Voorhees and colleagues (2008) conducted face-to-face interviews of teens in grades 7-12 in the home, obtained parent surveys, and measured depressive symptoms using a questionnaire. They found that several characteristics put teens at risk for a depressive episode: being female, being of a nonwhite race-ethnicity, having low-income status, being in poor health, and experiencing parental conflict. Teens who felt a connection among family members, warmth from their parents, and peer acceptance; who did better in school; and who participated in religious activities were less likely to have a depressive episode (Van Voorhees et al., 2008).

Word Salad

Term for the speech of people with schizophrenia, which may follow grammatical rules but be nonsensical in terms of content

behavior-outcome expectancies

The "if-then" links between alternative behaviors and possible outcomes

Which of the following tests can a person take to assess her creativity?

The Alternate Uses test

DSM-5 (cont.)

The DSM-5 derives from an American perspective of psychological illness. More than previous editions, the DSM-5 tries to expand beyond the U.S. perspective by aiming to be consistent with international standards for disorder classification and discussing the prevalence rates of certain disorders in different countries. Some disorders are found only in certain cultures. For instance, in some Southeast Asian cultures, certain men suffer from koro, the debilitating belief that one's genitals are retracting into one's body. In parts of the Middle East, some people suffer from zar—the belief that they are possessed by spirits—and run around in fits of laughter, shouting, and singing (Watters, 2010).

Chapter 15 Disorders

The DSM-5 describes 21 major categories of disorder, covering more than 350 distinct disorders. Figure 15.2 (attached) lists the major ones. In Chapter 15, 10 of the 21 major disorders are discussed: -neurodevelopmental disorders -schizophrenia -depressive disorders -bipolar disorders -anxiety disorders -obsessive-compulsive disorder -post-traumatic stress disorder -dissociative disorders -somatic symptom disorders -personality disorders

Biomedical treatments

The SSRIs and tricyclics show comparable effectiveness in the treatment of depression (Kendrick et al., 2006). Both do a reasonable job of regulating depression and are preferable to the MAO inhibitors, given the undesirable, possibly dangerous side effects of the latter. Of the various classes of antidepressants, the SSRIs have the fewest adverse side effects, and people seem to tolerate them better for long-term use (Nemeroff, 2007). Still, these drugs can take up to 4 weeks to have an effect. Presumably, this is how long it takes synapses to produce enough new receptor sites to make use of the increased amounts of serotonin made available by SSRIs. Nearly one-third of all FDA studies, most of which reported negative results on antidepressants, were not published.

Which of the following is true for the commonly-used intelligence tests?

The Stanford-Binet tests failed to consider Piaget's theory of cognitive development.

Prevention

The best and safest form of treatment for psychological disorders is prevention. Prevention focuses on identifying risk factors for disorders, targeting at-risk populations, and offering training programs that decrease the likelihood of disorders occurring. Many prevention efforts are under way in this country, but most focus on depression, the number one mental health concern in the United States (Kessler et al., 2005). Just as a healthy diet and an exercise program can help prevent heart disease, prevention programs train people to behave in ways that help stave off depression and other psychological disorders. Preventing depression in at-risk groups, for instance, has decreased the onset of depression by as much as 25% (Beekman et al., 2010).

Positive Symptoms

The bizarre perceptual experiences associated with schizophrenia are known as positive symptoms. These include hallucinations, delusional thinking, and disorganized thought and speech. Typically, perception is poorly integrated as well.

What did Perry find in his study of children who were removed from neglectful home environments?

The brain size of children who were removed from such environments after age five showed almost no increase.

Nature-Nurture Pointer

The chance that if one identical twin has bipolar disorder so will the other is 40-70%, indicating that life events, such as stress and trauma, also play a role in the development of this disorder.

Which of the following is true about free association as a technique for interpreting dreams?

The client recounts a dream and then tries to take one image or idea and say whatever comes to mind, regardless of how threatening, disgusting, or troubling it may be.

What is comorbidity?

The coexistence of two or more disorders at the same time

Causes of Bipolar disorder

The dynamic relationship between the environment and the brain in bipolar disorder may be seen as early as prenatal development. Fetuses exposed to large amounts of alcohol may suffer permanent effects, including increased risks for bipolar disorder as well as depression, schizophrenia, alcoholism, intellectual disability and drug abuse (Famy, Streissguth, & Unis, 1998; O'Conner & Paley, 2006). The genetics of bipolar disorder are complex. Many variations of genes appear to play a role in the development of the disorder, the specifics of which are only beginning to be understood (Comer, 2007; Luykx et al., 2010; Shastry, 2005). Twin studies also point to a role for genetics in bipolar disorder. If one identical twin develops bipolar disorder, there is a 40%-70% chance that the other twin will also develop the disorder (Müller-Oerlinghausen, Berghöfer, & Bauer, 2002; Shastry, 2005). Even if the chance is 70% that both twins will have the disorder, life events, such as stress and trauma, also play a role in the development of bipolar disorder (Müller-Oerlinghausen et al., 2002; Shastry, 2005).Abnormalities in the brains of people who suffer from bipolar disorder may be a cause or a result of the biochemical, genetic, and environmental elements that contribute to the disorder. The prefrontal cortex, amygdala, hippocampus, and basal ganglia all may play a role (Müller-Oerlinghausen et al., 2002; Shastry, 2005). There may also be problems in the connectivity among the key regions involved in emotional processing, such as the prefrontal cortex and amygdala (Chepenik et al., 2010). Neurochemistry is also important in bipolar disorder. In both the manic and depressed phases, serotonin levels are low, but low serotonin may be coupled with high levels of norepinephrine in the manic phase and with low levels in the depressed phase (Comer, 2007; Müller-Oerlinghausen et al., 2002). In addition, thyroid hormones, which control metabolism, are sometimes present in either abnormally high or low levels in people with bipolar disorder (M. Bauer & Whybrow, 2001; Müller-Oerlinghausen et al., 2002).

Which of the following determines whether a behavior is a disorder or not?

The extent to which a behavior impairs normal, daily functioning

The first official attempt at diagnosing mental disorders in the United States came in

The first official attempt at diagnosing mental disorders in the United States came in 1952 with the publication of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM).

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) and the four (4) "Ds"

The first official attempt at diagnosing mental disorders in the United States came in 1952 with the publication of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM). It was not until the third edition in 1980 that diagnoses became grounded in scientific evidence and clinical observations rather than theory. Currently in its fifth edition, the DSM-5 has continued the tradition of defining disorders based on a combination of scientific evidence and clinical observations (American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2013). DSM-5 defines a mental disorder as a syndrome—a set of related conditions—of clinically significant disturbances of thoughts, feelings, or behaviors. More specifically, they argue for the "4 Ds" of determining whether something is a mental disorder (APA, 2013). There has to be disturbance of thought, emotion, or behavior, dysfunction of biological or developmental processes, distress or disability in everyday life (especially relationships or work), and deviant thought, emotion, or behavior, but only if also dysfunctional; deviance alone is not enough. DSM-5 defines a mental disorder as a syndrome—a set of related conditions—of clinically significant disturbances of thoughts, feelings, or behaviors. More specifically, they argue for the "4 Ds" of determining whether something is a mental disorder (APA, 2013). There has to be disturbance of thought, emotion, or behavior; dysfunction of biological or developmental processes; distress or disability in everyday life (especially relationships or work); and deviant thought, emotion, or behavior, but only if also dysfunctional; deviance alone is not enough.

Depressive disorder

The highest order category of the depressive disorders and subsumes all forms of depression, including major depressive disorder and persistent depressive disorder.

Social exchange theory

The idea that we help others when we understand that the benefits to ourselves are likely to outweigh the costs. This is the essence of social exchange theory, a nonevolutionary explanation of altruistic behavior that says we help others because such behavior can be rewarding, but we will help only if the rewards will outweigh the costs.

Which of the following best describes cognitive fixation?

The inability to break out of a particular mind-set in order to think about a problem from a fresh perspective

Monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors

The monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors were among the first pharmaceuticals used to treat depression (Burgess, 2009). These drugs reduce the action of the enzyme monoamine oxidase, which breaks down monoamine neurotransmitters (including norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin) in the brain. By inhibiting the action of this enzyme, MAO inhibitors allow more of these neurotransmitters to stay active in the synapse for a longer time, which presumably improves mood. Brand names include Marplan, Nardil, and Parnate. Unfortunately, MAO inhibitors interact with many foods and common over-the-counter drugs, such as antihistamines, to produce undesirable, even dangerous, side effects—such as life-threatening increases in blood pressure.

The Brain and Schizophrenia

The more abuse and neglect (adverse experiences) children experience in their early home lives, the more likely they are to suffer from schizophrenia later (Edwards et al., 2003; Whitfield et al., 2005). Adverse experiences in the form of abuse and neglect often happen during the critical periods of brain growth and development (see Figure 15.5; Perry, 2002). In the child who suffered extreme neglect, notice the much smaller overall brain size as well as the enlarged ventricles (butterfly shapes) in the middle of the brain. These features are two of the major brain abnormalities characteristic of schizophrenia. One of the oldest findings on the brain and schizophrenia is the tendency of people with schizophrenia to have enlarged ventricles (the fluid-filled spaces in the brain; Lieberman et al., 2001). One of the most widely recognized brain abnormalities is a dysfunctional prefrontal cortex and its working memory; in people with schizophrenia, there is evidence of both reduced and excessive activity in that area (Andreasen et al., 1997; Barch, 2005; Goldman-Rakic, 1999; D. R. Weinberger et al., 2001; Vyas et al., 2010). Moreover, the genes in the prefrontal cortex that regulate how synapses function are dysfunctional in people with schizophrenia compared to those without the disease (Mirnics et al., 2000). Often the hippocampus is smaller in people with schizophrenia compared to those without the disorder (Barch, 2005; Harrison, 2004).

Which of the following facts is true about the interconnectedness of nature and nurture in intelligence?

The more genetically related people are, the more similar they are in IQ, even if reared apart.

The bystander effect

The more people who witness an emergency, the less likely any one of them will help. Latané and Darley called this phenomenon the bystander effect.

Briana

The most amazing and beautiful girl I've ever met. She makes me happy and I hope she's mine for a really long time :)

Which of the following dramatically increases the risk of a child developing schizophrenia later in life?

The mother being exposed to toxic substances while pregnant

As per research on brain development, which of the following statements is true of living under a constant threat of abuse and stress?

The neural connectivity in the brain changes, making it less likely to develop many complex synaptic connections.

Psychoanalytic therapy

The oldest and most direct lineage to Freudian therapy is known as psychoanalytic therapy. Based on Sigmund Freud's own practices, psychoanalytic therapy is the original form of "talk therapy" and is oriented toward major personality change with a focus on uncovering unconscious motives, especially through dream interpretation. It tends to require meeting three to five times a week. Currently classical, or Freudian, psychoanalysis is relatively rare. Freudian psychoanalysis, so innovative in its day, is today influential in how it inspires various perspectives in talk therapy, many of which have taken off in very different directions from where Freud started.

Confederates

The one real participant didn't know that the other so-called participants were confederates, people who actually worked for the experimenter.

A traditional antipsychotics

The phenothiazines and haloperidol are known as traditional antipsychotics, because they were the first medications used to manage psychotic symptoms.

Which of the following best describes neuroplasticity?

The process of a change in the neurons as a result of input from the environment

Catharsis

The process of releasing intense, often unconscious, emotions in a therapeutic setting

Which of the following is a potentially exciting future therapy for psychological disorders?

The regulation of specific genes involved in various mental disorders

phenomenology

The study of individuals' own unique, first-person, conscious experience.

Odd-eccentric personality disorders

The three major odd-eccentric personality disorders are schizoid, schizotypal, and paranoid (APA, 2013). People with schizoid personality disorder do not want close relationships; are emotionally aloof, reclusive, and humorless; and want to live solitary lives. They always choose solitary activities; have little to no interest in sex; lack any close friends; and appear indifferent to praise or criticism from others. Similarly, a person with schizotypal personality disorder is isolated and asocial but in addition has very odd thoughts, perceptual distortions, and beliefs. For instance, people with schizotypal personality disorder may believe that stories on TV or in the newspaper were written directly about them. Moreover, the person dresses, acts, and appears in peculiar or eccentric ways. People with paranoid personality disorder are extremely suspicious and mistrustful of other people, in ways that are both unwarranted and not adaptive.

Schizophrenia

The treatment of schizophrenia still presents a huge problem for mental health professionals. Both traditional and atypical antipsychotic drugs work best on the positive symptoms of schizophrenia, such as hallucinations and delusions, but are generally less effective on the negative symptoms, such as flattened affect, as well as on the cognitive confusion that is characteristic of the disorder (Javitt & Coyle, 2004). One atypical antipsychotic, clozapine (Clorazil), does appear to be somewhat effective in treating the negative symptoms, but it also has a potentially serious side effect: diabetes (Javitt & Coyle, 2004). One of the major problems in treating schizophrenia, however, is persuading patients to continue taking the medication. Because of the unpleasant and often dangerous side effects of these drugs, patients often stop taking them. Up to 74% of people using traditional and atypical antipsychotics discontinue treatment (Lieberman et al., 2005; McEvoy et al., 2006). Recent evidence that glutamate may drive the neurotransmitter system in schizophrenia offers hope for the development of more effective, less aversive drug therapies for the disorder (Patil et al., 2007).

Psychotherapy

The use of psychological techniques to modify the maladaptive behaviors.

Which of the following is true about the "dodo bird verdict"?

The verdict states that most forms of psychological therapies are effective and a few differences exist in their effectiveness.

Types of Love

These three components are present in different amounts for different kinds of love. Companionate love exists when intimacy and commitment are high and passion is low. In passionate love, intimacy and passion are high and commitment is low. Lust is characterized by a lot of passion but no intimacy or commitment. In contrast, arranged marriages are all about commitment, at least in the beginning, with no intimacy or passion.

Which of the following statements is true about antidepressants?

They appear to help people disengage from the repetitive cycle of anxiety-provoking thoughts.

Which of the following is true about atypical antipsychotics?

They are considered by many physicians to be the first line of treatment for schizophrenia.

Which of the following is true of mental representations?

They are frequently not about things one is currently sensing.

Which of the following is true of needs?

They occur due to some deficiency.

Which of the following is true of display rules?

They discard the universalitiy of facial expressions by bringing about the cultural differences in emotions.

As argued by Sternberg and Gardner, what is a drawback of Wechsler and Stanford-Binet tests?

They do not measure social, musical, and naturalistic forms of intelligence.

What did Takeuchi and colleagues find in their research that sought to measure creativity and neural connectivity?

They found a direct and positive relationship between the subjects' creativity scores and their neural connectivity in the frontal lobe

Which of the following is true for convergent thinking problems?

They have known solutions, which can be reached by narrowing down a set of possible answers.

What are the possible explanations for childhood disorders?

They stem from genetic factors but often remain latent unless triggered by some environmental condition. For ADHD- one environmental factor is whether the mother smokes while pregnant, was the child's consuming excessive amounts of sugar ( controlled clinical studies don't believe this) - Regarding brain activity of those who have ADHD is low levels of brain activation, brain activity is less pronounced in people with ADHD than those without it. In autism- the brain is smaller than normal but grows much faster during the first few years of life than the brains of a non-autistic child. - The frontal lobes, where much of the processing of social information occurs, are less well connected than in normal children. - Based on the mirror neurons, they fire both when a person performs a particular behavior and when he or she simply watches someone else performing the same behaviors.

Client-centered therapy

This field originated as humanistic psychology, with work of Carl Rogers (1951), who developed client-centered therapy. Client-centered therapy holds that people have mental health problems because there is a gap between who they are and who they would ideally like to be. The therapist must show the client unconditional positive regard—that is, genuine acceptance and empathy for the client, regardless of what he or she has said or done. If this unconditional positive regard is effective, the client will develop a strong sense of self-worth and the confidence to strive for self-fulfillment.

Ataque de Nervious

This is a culture bound illness associated with latin Americans and is characterized by sudden attack of trembling, palpilations, dyspena, dizziness, and LOC and is thought to be caused by evil spirits and r/t intolerable stress.

Nature-Nurture Pointer

Those most likely to develop anxiety disorders are people with a genetic predisposition to anxiety, low levels of GABA, or the personality trait of neuroticism and who also experience chronic stress environments or abuse.

Explanation of Anxiety Disorders

Three biological factors that make people vulnerable to anxiety disorders are deficiencies in the neurotransmitter GABA, their genetic heritage, and their personalities. Researchers have discovered that people who are prone to anxiety are deficient in receptors for GABA, a major inhibitory neurotransmitter (Charney, 2004; Nikolaus et al., 2010). Deficiencies in GABA lead to excessive activation in certain brain regions, especially the limbic structures associated with fear. Moreover, the fact that major medications for treating anxiety disorders work on GABA receptors is further evidence for GABA's role in anxiety. Genetic heritability estimates for generalized anxiety, panic disorder, and agoraphobia range from 30%-40% (Hettema, Neale, & Kendler, 2001; Maron, Hettema, & Shlik, 2010). As for personality, people who are high in neuroticism—prone to worry, anxiety, and nervousness—are more likely to develop anxiety disorders (Eysenck, 1982; Hamer & Copeland, 1998).

Based on his parents' IQs, Timmy's reaction range for IQ should be from 115 to 140. When he took an IQ test, his score indicated an IQ of 138. What does this most indicate?

Timmy is likely to have been raised in an enriched environment.

Remember!

To Search Set for studying, use CTRL+F and it will highlight whatever matches the search! (Google Chrome)

Social Groups

To be included in a social group meant you were fed, you were secure, and you could reproduce. Being excluded threatened not only survival but also the chance to reproduce (MacDonald et al., 2005). Humans also form social groups through social networks, which are webs of people who share common interests, professions, or familial relations (Christakis & Fowler, 2009). Both real-life and electronic social networks play an important role in social life.

Why is verification-elaboration undertaken?

To confirm the feasibility of the solution

53. Under which of the following circumstances is electroconvulsive therapy used

To treat depression when other treatments have failed

Under which of the following circumstances is electroconvulsive therapy used?

To treat depression when other treatments have failed

Evidence-based therapies

Treatment choices based on empirical evidence that they produce the desired outcome

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation

Treatment for severe depression involving exposure of specific brain structures to bursts of high intensity magnetic field instead of electricity.

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

Treatment of last resort for severe depression that involves passing an electrical current through a person's brain in order to induce a seizure.

Which of the following processes was attempted in the olden times to cure insanity by drilling a hole in the skull to allow evil spirits to escape?

Trephining

Which of the following classes of drug treatment for depression includes imipramine and amitriptyline?

Tricyclic antidepressants

Tricyclic antidepressants

Tricyclic antidepressants, such as imipramine and amitriptyline, marketed under the trade names Elavil and Anafranil, are still popular for treating depression. They are also used in chronic pain management, as treatment for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and as a treatment for bedwetting. These drugs appear to work by blocking the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine almost equally, so that more of these neurotransmitters are available in the brain.

Which of the following is a component of crystallized intelligence?

Using cultural knowledge in problem-solving

___________________ therapies use digitally simulated environments that create therapeutic situations that might be hard to create otherwise.

Virtual reality

Which of the following is a component of the newest version of the Stanford-Binet intelligence tests?

Visual-spatial processing

Which of the following symptoms best relates to post-traumatic stress disorder?

Vivid reactions in which the person feels as if he or she is experiencing the distressing event all over again

What's the difference between Western and Asian culture's aspects of intelligence?

Western cultures emphasize cognitive skills while Asian cultures stress on humility.

Implicit Associations Test

When Banaji took the same test, her results looked about the same as Greenwald's. Banaji and Greenwald, though concerned about what their scores might reveal about their own latent attitudes, knew they were on to something. They dubbed the new test the Implicit Associations Test. Most famously, Greenwald and Banaji applied the IAT to concepts of race and ethnicity. Faster response times on the test indicate that people more readily associate two concepts; slower response times indicate a less automatic association. European Americans tend to respond more slowly to pairings of "Black" (words or faces) with positive words than they do to pairings of "Black" with negative words (Dasgupta et al., 2000; Greenwald, McGhee, & Schwartz, 1998). This holds even for people whose questionnaire responses indicate that they do not hold racist attitudes. Interestingly, African Americans respond more slowly to pairings of "White American" with positive words than they do to pairings of "White American" with negative words. Banaji and Greenwald (1995) have also reported evidence of implicit gender bias using the IAT; female and male college students more readily associated "fame" with male names than with female names.

Which of the following reflects the fundamental attribution error?

When making attributions of other people's behavior, individuals tend to think that dispositional characteristics matter the most.

Which of the following statements about cognitive dissonance is true?

When people experience cognitive dissonance, they go to extreme lengths to reduce it.

When does conformity occur?

When people go along with the behavior of others

Recreational Drugs and Glutamate

When researchers became aware that another set of recreational drugs led to schizophrenia-like symptoms that did not directly involve dopamine, they turned their attention to these drugs. These drugs, PCP ("angel dust") and ketamine (an animal anesthetic, used recreationally as "Vit K" or "Special K"), do not affect dopamine production; instead, they impair the functioning of a different neurotransmitter, glutamate, and one of its receptors, NMDA. Glutamate is a major excitatory neurotransmitter that regulates the release of dopamine. PCP and ketamine block the action of glutamate, thus producing the same kinds of disturbances seen in schizophrenia (Harrison & Owen, 2003; Moghaddam, 2003). Glutamate deficiencies, then, may also explain many of the symptoms of schizophrenia (Javitt & Coyle, 2004). A gene related to glutamate plays a role in prefrontal cortex functioning in schizophrenics, which further supports a role for glutamate in the disorder (Fallgatter et al., 2010). These findings stimulated researchers to explore the role of glutamate in schizophrenia more fully. Not only is it crucial in learning, memory, neural processing, and brain development, but it also amplifies certain neural signals, making some stimuli more important than others (Goff & Coyle, 2001; Javitt & Coyle, 2004; Mayer, 2004). This process is crucial to selective attention; that is, focusing attention on some items of information while ignoring others. Thus, dysfunction in glutamate action would explain why people with schizophrenia have trouble with selective attention, cognitive control, and working memory.

Diffusion of Responsibility

When there are many people around, an individual's responsibility to act seems decreased. In the famous case of murder victim Kitty Genovese, psychologists speculate that no one came to her aid because of diffusion of responsibility.

In-group/Out-group bias

When we show positive feelings toward people in our own group and negative feelings toward those in other groups, we are displaying in-group/out-group bias.

Who Dat Land

Where Jordan has tons of fun watching Jimmy, Drew, Marques, Curtis, David, and Jabari play and domintate.

mood

___________ disorders include depressive disorders and bipolar disorders

hallucinations (quiz)

____________ are convincing sensory experiences that occur in the absence of an external stimulus

Token economies

a behavioral technique in which desirable behaviors are reinforced with a token, such as a small chip or fake coin, which can be exchanged for privileges.

Systematic desensitization

a behavioral therapy technique, often used for phobias, in which the therapist pairs relaxation with gradual exposure to a phobic object generating a hierarchy of increasing contact with the feared object.

Asperger's syndrome

a childhood disorder at the high-functioning end of the autistic spectrum; characterized by impaired social interest and skills and restricted interest; intelligence is usually above average and language is not delayed or deficient

autistic disorder

a childhood disorder characterized by a failure to develop normal patterns of communication, social interactions, and emotional responses

attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

a childhood disorder characterized by inability to focus attention more than a few minutes, to remain still & quiet, & to do careful

autism spectrum disorder (ASD)

a childhood disorder characterized by severe language and social impairment along with repetitive habits & inward-focused behaviors

Barbiturates

a class of anxiety reducing sedatives that can be addictive and carry a risk of overdose

22. The mnemonic D-I-G-F-A-S-T is useful for remembering the symptoms of __________. a. mania b. autism c. dysthymia d. schizophrenia

a. mania

3. The most compelling (i.e., best/strongest) evidence that certain mental disorders have a genetic component comes from correlations observed between: a. identical twins raised together b. identical twins raised separately c. fraternal twins raised together d. fraternal twins raised separately

a. identical twins raised together

19. Jolo is a 5-year-old boy who does not speak, waves his arms around a lot, does not make eye contact, and does not seem to connect with other kids or adults. Jolo may have which disorder? a. autistic disorder b. ADHD c. childhood depression d. theory of mind

a. autistic disorder

41. Savant syndrome is usually associated with _____. a. autistic spectrum disorder b. dysthymia c. cyclothymia d. manic and depressive episodes

a. autistic spectrum disorder

38. _____ is a dramatic-emotional personality disorder characterized by the desire to be the center of attention by exhibiting dramatic, seductive, flamboyant, and exaggerated behaviors. a. Histrionic personality disorder b. Narcissistic personality disorder c. Antisocial personality disorder d. Borderline personality disorder

a. histrionic personality disorder

fixation

according to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, where conflicts were unresolved

neurotic anxiety

according to Freud, anxiety that occurs when one is repeatedly prevented from expressing one's id impulses

deviant (quiz)

according to psychologists, which of the following is one of the "4 Ds" of determining whether something is a mental disorder

Damien is cold-shouldered by most of his colleagues as he was the only one in the team to be promoted. Adding to this, he recently lost a good friend in an accident. In the context of stress and depression, Damien is likely to develop depression if there is an: -activation of his body's emergency response system. -increase in the amounts of serotonin in his brain. -increase in the number of neurons in his hippocampus. -activation of his hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system.

activation of his hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system.

The _________________ component of an attitude includes the feelings or emotions associated with a belief.

affective

Individuals with panic disorder sometimes become so concerned with having a panic attack in public that they eventually stop leaving the house altogether. Thus, for these individuals, panic disorder has led to the development of which of the following phobic disorders?

agoraphobia

Jack experiences panic attacks in his office and in the park where he goes jogging. This makes him feel trapped with no escape route in these places. He prefers to stay cooped up in the refuge of his home. This suggests that Jack has developed: Alzheimer's disease. bipolar disorder. acrophobia. agoraphobia.

agoraphobia

Which of the following is not a type of schizophrenia?

agoraphobic

James and Sarah are twins. When their mother points at something interesting, Sarah looks in that direction while James remains indifferent and rarely looks in that direction. James suffers from _____.

autism

Jesse and Alice are twins. When their mother points at something interesting, Alice looks in that direction while Jesse remains indifferent and rarely looks in that direction. When their mother buys them toys, Alice plays with them while Jesse spends time smelling and tasting the toys. Jesse is most likely to be diagnosed with _____.

autism

Jesse and Alice are twins. When their mother points at something interesting, Alice looks in that direction while Jesse remains indifferent and rarely looks in that direction. When their mother buys them toys, Alice plays with them while Jesse spends time smelling and tasting the toys. Jesse is most likely to be diagnosed with _____. bulimia delusion autism mania

autism

Jolo is a 5-year-old boy who does not speak, waves his arms around a lot, does not make eye contact, and does not seem to connect with other kids or adults. Jolo may have which disorder?

autistic disorder

Until the age of one, Joel did not babble or point to things, nor did he make proper eye contact. Moreover, he regularly swayed his body and seemed more interested in inanimate objects than his parents. Joel was hardly speaking even at 18 months. Joel is most likely to be diagnosed with ______ disorder.

autistic spectrum

Until the age of one, Joel did not babble or point to things, nor did he make proper eye contact. Moreover, he regularly swayed his body and seemed more interested in inanimate objects than his parents. Joel was hardly speaking even at 18 months. Joel is most likely to be diagnosed with ______ disorder. generalized anxiety attention deficit hyperactivity autistic spectrum obsessive-compulsive

autistic spectrum

Savant syndrome is usually associated with _____.

autistic spectrum disorder

The _____________ is the brain structure most involved in perceiving interoception or sensations within the body.

insula

27. Which of the following best describes agoraphobia? a. An intense anxiety about interacting with members of the opposite sex. b. An intense anxiety about being in places from which escape might be difficult. c. An intense anxiety of being evaluated positively by others. d. An intense anxiety and fear of being bored.

b. An intense anxiety about being in places from which escape might be difficult.

30. Tim is a child with above-average intelligence and is quite advanced in his speech. He engages his parents in long-winded discussions on one rather narrow topic. However, he is not interested in making friends. All these symptoms point to the fact that he may be suffering from: a. bipolar disorder b. Asperger's syndrome c. delusional disorder d. joint attention

b. Asperger's syndrome

33. Which of the following is recommended if one wants to alleviate the symptoms of depression? a. Medications that make less melatonin available in the brain to contain neural growth b. Medications that make more serotonin available in the brain to stimulate neural growth c. Medications that prevent melatonin secretion in the brain to stimulate neural growth d. Medications that make less serotonin available in the brain to contain neural growth

b. Medications that make more serotonin available in the brain to stimulate neural growth

14. For the past 8 months Sebastian has been worrying constantly, about everything. His constantly high autonomic arousal has started to produce physical symptoms such as chronic diarrhea and indigestion. In this case, it is likely that Sebastian would be classified as having: a. panic disorder b. obsessive-compulsive disorder c. generalized anxiety disorder d. hypochondriasis

c. generalized anxiety disorder

26. Which of the following determines whether a behavior is a disorder or not? a. The extent to which a behavior causes anguish to others around. b. The extent to which a behavior is different from other behaviors. c. The extent to which a behavior impairs normal, daily functioning. d. The intensity of a particular behavior and its relapse after treatment.

c. The extent to which a behavior impairs normal, daily functioning.

46. Which of the following dramatically increases the risk of a child developing schizophrenia later in life? a. The mother suffering from depression after child's birth b. The mother consuming excess of corn during pregnancy c. The mother being exposed to toxic substances while pregnant d. The mother going on food binges during pregnancy

c. The mother being exposed to toxic substances while pregnant

7. Individuals with panic disorder sometimes become so concerned with having a panic attack in public that they eventually stop leaving the house altogether. Thus, for these individuals, panic disorder has led to the development of which of the following phobic disorders? a. acrophobia b. claustrophobia c. agoraphobia d. generalized social phobia

c. agoraphobia

12. Which of the following is not a type of schizophrenia? a. disorganized b. catatonic c. agoraphobic d. paranoid

c. agoraphobic

45. Cynthia is a schizophrenic who hears voices in her head. Given this information, which common form of schizophrenic hallucination is she most likely to exhibit? a. Tactile hallucination b. Visual hallucination c. Auditory hallucination d. Olfactory hallucination

c. auditory hallucination

29. James and Sarah are twins. When their mother points at something interesting, Sarah looks in that direction while James remains indifferent and rarely looks in that direction. James suffers from _____. a. bulimia b. delusion c. autism d. mania

c. autism

10. The type of schizophrenia that involves a frozen posture is: a. disorganized b. paranoid c. catatonic d. undifferentiated

c. catatonic

40. Rhea is insecure that she might lose her only friend, Kyle, to the new girl in the class. Consequently, she develops a fear of rejection and becomes clingy and possessive about her friend, who finds Rhea's behavior repulsive. Which of the following best explains Rhea's condition? a. Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder b. Narcissistic personality disorder c. Dependent personality disorder d. Paranoid personality disorder

c. dependent personality disorder

39. Larry, an employee of a company, has an extremely positive and arrogant self-image, and his attention is focused only on himself. He thinks he is indispensable and he ignores the needs or wishes of others. Which of the following disorders best illustrates Larry's condition? a. Borderline personality disorder b. Schizotypal personality disorder c. Antisocial personality disorder d. Narcissistic personality disorder

d. Narcissistic personality disorder

49. What has neuroscientific research on anxiety revealed? a. Deficiencies in GABA lead to reduced activation in certain brain regions b. People prone to anxiety have excess of GABA c. Deficiencies in GABA lead to overactivity of Wernicke's area d. People prone to anxiety are deficient in receptors for GABA

d. People prone to anxiety are deficient in receptors for GABA

15. Laine is so afraid of airplanes and flying that he even experiences extreme anxiety when he watches a plane in a movie take off or land. In this case, it is likely that Laine would be classified as having: a. generalized anxiety disorder b. obsessive-compulsive disorder c. schizophrenia d. a phobic disorder

d. a phobic disorder

43. Gwyneth is a three-year-old kindergarten student who is often restless. She cannot sit still in school and makes careless mistakes. All of these symptoms suggest that Gwyneth suffers from: a. anxiety disorder. b. autistic spectrum disorder. c. bipolar disorder. d. attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

d. attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

21. People with ______________ disorder experience periods of excessive elation and excitability alternating with periods of extreme sadness and feelings of hopelessness. a. narcissistic personality b. borderline personality c. panic d. bipolar

d. bipolar

9. The __________model assumes that genetic and environmental factors combine to produce schizophrenia and some other mental disorders. a. genetic-role model b. schizophrenia model c. confluence model d. diathesis-stress model

d. diathesis-stress model

32. _____ is a neurotransmitter majorly involved in the development of schizophrenia. a. Epinephrine b. Acetylcholine c. Endorphin d. Dopamine

d. dopamine

Historic Personality Disorder

dramatic personality disorder characterized by the desire to be the center of attention and y dramatic, seductive flamboyant and exaggerated behaviors

narcissistic personality disorder

dramatic-emotional personality disorder characterized by having an extremely positive and arrogant self-centered; other symptoms are an exaggerated sense of self- importance and grandiosity.

borderline personality disorder

dramatic-emotional personality disorder characterized by out-of-control emotions, fear of being abandoned by others, and vacillation between idealizing and despising ppl who are close to the person w/ the disorder.

borderline personality disorder

dramatic-emotional personality disorder characterized by out-of-control emotions, fear of being abandoned by others, and with the disorder.a vacillation between idealizing and despising people who are close to the person

histrionic personality disorder

dramatic-emotional personality disorder characterized by the desire to be the center of attention and by dramatic, seductive, flamboyant and exaggerated behaviors.

antisocial personality disorder

dramaviolent, ruthless, and callous behaviors; a serious and potentially dangerous disorder.tic-emotional disorder characterized by extremely impulsive, deceptive,

Which of the following was shown to be the most effective combination treatment for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder?

drug and behavioral therapies

The first choice of treatment for schizophrenia is _____.

drug therapy

Tricyclic antidepressants

drugs used for treating depression as well as in chronic pain management and in the treatment of ADHD

repression

ego uses some of its energy to prevent anxiety-arousing memories, feelings, and impulses ftp, entering consciousness

passive aggressive

indirectly expresses anger by being forgetful

dysfunctional behavior

individual behavior that conflicts with the goals of the organization.

Western cultures tend to emphasize ___________, whereas Asian cultures tend to emphasize ___________.

individualism; collectivism

fully functioning persons

individuals who were close to achieving self-actualization. as rogers viewed them, such people do not hide behind masks or adopt artificial roles

In the context of drug therapies, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors work by:

inhibiting the reuptake process of serotonin and allowing more serotonin to bind with the postsynaptic neuron.

early mental health institutions

inhumane

rorschach test

inkblot test

When aggression is a means to achieve some goal, it is called _________________ aggression.

instrumental

In optogenetics, which of the following is used in combination with genetics to manipulate the activity of individual neurons?

light stimulation

Deviant

literally means "different from the norm," or different from what most people do. It is important to point out, as the DSM-5 does, that deviant behavior can be classified as disordered only if it is also dysfunctional.

___________________ has/have long been prescribed for its ability to stabilize the mania associated with bipolar disorder.

lithium

The language of some individuals who have a schizophrenic disorder has been described as something of a "word salad." This term is used to describe utterances that are:

loosely associated and disorganized

schizotypical

magical thinking superstitious beliefs uses unusual words

Personality disorders

maladaptive and inflexible patterns of cognition, emotion, and behavior that generally develop in late childhood or adolescence and continue into adulthood. •There are three distinct clusters of personality disorders—odd-eccentric, dramatic-emotional, and anxious-fearful

Research on gender differences in spatial ability has shown that:

males generally do better than females on mental rotation tasks.

The mnemonic D-I-G-F-A-S-T is useful for remembering the symptoms of __________.

mania

Allan has been experiencing sleeplessness, irritability, and a sense of increased energy since almost a fortnight. There are times when he feels euphoric for no reason. His thoughts begin to race and he imagines himself to be the messiah. Which of the following conditions does Allan most likely suffer from?

manic episode

Mark has been experiencing sleeplessness, irritability, and a sense of increased energy for a week. There are times when he feels euphoric for no reason and has "racing" thoughts for a week. He most likely suffers from _____. dysthymia manic episodes narcissism panic attacks

manic episodes

Obsessive-compulsive disorder is an anxiety disorder that is:

manifest in both thought and behavior

Specific Phobia

marked by an intense and immediate fear even panic when confronted with very particular or object, situation, or activity

Antisocial personality disorder

marked by extremely impulsive, deceptive, violent, ruthless, and callous behaviors. People with antisocial personality disorder are most likely to engage in criminal, deceptive, and violent behaviors. Indeed, although only about 3% of the population has this disorder, between 45% and 75% of male prison inmates are diagnosed with the disorder. Only about 20% of female prisoners are diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder.

Support Groups

meetings of people who share a common situation, be it a disorder, a disease, or coping with an ill family member.

The rate at which humans and animals consume energy is known as ____________.

metabolism

Ryan, aged 18, has an IQ of 65. This suggests that he has a ___________ level of intellectual disability.

mild

Negative symptoms

nonresponsiveness, emotional flatness, immobility or the striking of strange poses (catatonia), reduction of speaking, and inability to complete tasks.

Society imposes rules about acceptable behavior that are known as social ________________.

norms

People with specific phobias are:

not generally anxious people, but they will do almost anything to avoid coming in contact with the feared object.

Specifically, to be diagnosed with major depressive disorder, one must have at least five of nine symptoms associated with major depression according to DSM-5, which must continue for at least two consecutive weeks

oDepressed (sad, listless) mood that stays low all day for several days oReduced interest or pleasure in doing anything oSignificant change in body weight (indicating dieting or overeating) oSleep disturbances oSluggishness or restlessness oDaily fatigue or loss of energy oDaily feelings of worthlessness, self-reproach, or excessive guilt oLack of ability to concentrate or think clearly oRecurrent thoughts of death or suicidal ideation •One of the milder forms is persistent depressive disorder (PDD, previously called dysthymia). Most of the symptoms are the same as in a major depressive disorder, but they are less intense in PDD, though the depressive mood lasts most of the day and most of the time, for at least two years.

Max repeatedly worries that there will be an electrical fire, so he checks each light switch and electrical outlet and appliance several times a day. The checking is repetitive and ritualistic. Max rarely goes out because of his need to check the house. Max's problem is:

obsessive-complusive disorder

Ryan is a 11-year-old child who loves to arrange his room and put all his things in order. If that has already been done, he sets about cleaning it all over again, never seeming to tire of it. His parents have a hard time convincing him that his room is indeed clean and ordered. Ryan's condition is most indicative of _____ disorder.

obsessive-compulsive

Steve is a perfectionist who has rigid habits and follows a fixed schedule for all his daily activities. He dislikes any sort of disturbance in his schedule. Any change in schedule causes him to feel varying degrees of anxiety, annoyance, and a sense that he is doing something wrong and wasting his time. Steve's behavior suggests that he most likely has _____ personality disorder. avoidant antisocial obsessive-compulsive histrionic

obsessive-compulsive

Comorbidity

occurrence of two or more disorders at the same time.

Somatization disorder

occurs when a person complains of multiple physical disorders that have no known medical or physical basis. This disorder has the following criteria -history of physical complaints prior to 30 -pain in at least four different sites -Two gastrointestinal problem -one sexual symptoms -one pseudo neurological symptoms

Schizoid Personality Disorder

odd- ecentric personality disorder characterized by a desire to avoid close relationships as well as by emotional aloofness, reclusivity and a lack of humor

schizoid personality disorder

odd-eccentric personality disorder caused by desire to avoid close relationships.

schizotypal personality disorder

odd-eccentric personality disorder characterized by a desire to avoid close relationships as well as by emotional aloofness, reclusivity, and a lack of humor.

Schizotypal Personality disorder

odd-ecentric personality disorder characterized by a desire to live an isolated and asocial life, but also by the presence of odd thoughts and beliefs

Paranoid personality disorder

odd-ecentric personality disorder characterized by extreme suspicious and mistrust of others in unwarranted and maladaptive ways

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM)1952(DSM-5 current)

official criteria and classification system used by mental health professionals; published by the American Psychiatric Association ( 1980 3rd edition of this book became grounded scientific evidence and clinical observation rather than theory)

Which of the following is an example of atypical antipsychotics?

olanzapine

Dr. James asks Sara, "You say you're afraid to be rejected and alone, so you don't want to get close to anyone, and so now you're alone and you are afraid. Do you see the error in that thinking?" Dr. James is using _____.

the Socratic method

psycho-sexual stages

the childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which, according to Freud, the id's pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones

trauma-dissociation theory

the development of new personalities occurs in response to severe stress

comorbidity (quiz)

the existence of two or more disorders at the same time is called ____________

Charles Spearman's theory of intelligence is known as __________.

the g-factor theory

Sternberg's theory is also known as __________.

the triarchic theory of intelligence

Repression

the unconscious act of keeping threatening thoughts, feelings, or impulses out of consciousness

Psychological disorders are distinguished by

their clinically significant disturbance of psychological processes of thought, emotion, and behavior.

Client-centered therapy holds that people have mental health problems because:

there is a gap between who they are and who they would ideally like to be

Intelligence tests and college entrance examinations typically require individuals to engage in convergent thinking because ______.

these types of problems have known solutions

distressing (quiz)

tony;s behavior often causes his parents a lot of anguish, pain, and discomfort in addition to embarrassment in front of guests. According to the "4 Ds" of determining whether something is a mental disorder, such behavior is known as _____________

After the introduction of ___________________, lobotomy fell out of favor.

traditional antipsychotic medications

role construct repertory test, rep test

to assess individuals' personal construct systems

In an effort to get him to clean his bedroom, Zack's mother gave him a gold star every time he cleaned it. Each time he earned five stars, he was able to trade them in for a new toy. Now his room is usually clean. In this case, Zack's mother has used _____.

token economies

Statistics of schizophrenia

•The heritability rates are 80% to 85%, suggesting the disorder is due largely to genetic influences. •Scientists have identified as many as 19 genes that contribute. •The more abuse and neglect children experience in their early home life, the more likely they are to suffer from schizophrenia later in life