Psych final

In a stratified sample, each member of a population has an equal chance of being selected to participate.

false

Structuralists tended to ask, "How do behavior and mental processes help people adapt to the requirements of their lives?"

false

Experimentation is the gold standard for research in psychology.

true

Freud believed that children encounter conflict during each stage of psychosexual development.

true

Hassles and life changes can predict physical health problems such as heart disease and cancer, and even athletic injuries.

true

Humans can detect the odor of 1 one-millionth of a milligram of vanilla in a liter of air.

true

Paulina is a kindergarten teacher. Every time one of her students answers correctly during her alphabet classes, she uses phrases like "Well done" and "Keep it up." Her behavior exemplifies reinforcement.

true

Case studies are subject to inaccuracies

True

People with frequent nightmares are more likely than others to have anxiety, depression, and other psychological problems.

true

Physicians frequently prescribe stimulants in an effort to help hyperactive children control their behavior.

true

Positive events such as learning that the person we love also loves us can raise our level of happiness at a particular moment.

true

Psychological states such as anxiety and depression can impair the functioning of the immune system.

true

Selective optimization with compensation is the reshaping of a person's life to concentrate on what he or she finds to be important and meaningful in the face of physical decline and possible cognitive impairment.

true

Stress and pathogens interact to influence the immune system.

true

The hippocampus does not become mature until we are about two years old.

true

Media violence and aggressive video games decrease viewers' level of emotional arousal.

fa.se

A child looks at rain and thunder and says that they are caused by the change in weather. In the sensorimotor stage, this is termed as artificialism.

false

A feature of crystallized intelligence is that it does not increase throughout the life span.

false

According to Arne Öhman and Susan Mineka, humans are not biologically prepared by evolutionary forces to develop fears of any kind.

false

The preconscious mind contains ideas that are out of awareness but can be made conscious by focusing on them.

true

The state of consciousness called the hypnotic trance can be induced by asking people to narrow their attention to a small light.

true

According to the general adaptation syndrome, in the resistance stage, levels of endocrine and sympathetic activity are higher than in the alarm reaction stage.

false

According to the linguistic-relativity hypothesis, language does not affect the way we perceive the world.

false

Acetylcholine is excitatory at the heart but inhibitory at synapses between nerves and muscles that involve voluntary movement.

false

Alcohol enhances cognitive functioning.

false

Emotions do not involve behavioral tendencies.

false

With well-known information such as our names and occupations, retrieval is effortless and rapid.

true

Active touching means continuously moving your hand along the surface of an object so that you continue to receive sensory input from the object.

true

Cochlear implants contain microphones that sense sounds and electronic equipment that transmits sounds past damaged hair cells to stimulate the auditory nerve.

true

Direct artificial stimulation of the occipital lobe produces visual sensations.

true

In Maslow's hierarchy of needs, achievement, prestige, and status are included under esteem needs.

true

Glen is an accomplished guitarist. He can play the guitar with his eyes closed. When he does this, he is quite aware of which frets his fingers are on. He does this with the aid of his vestibular sense.

false

_____ was a founder of the school of functionalism.

William James

__________intensifies most emotions and is central to the experience of fear and anxiety.

Epinephrine

Which of the following is true of Aristotle's contribution to psychology?

He argued that human behavior is subject to rules and laws.

Kevin is in the exhaustion stage of Selye's general adaptation syndrome. Which of the following is most likely to occur?

His heart and respiration rates slow down and his muscles become fatigued.

Which of the following is true of estrogen production in females?

It stimulates the growth of tissue in the hips.

In the context of stress, which of the following is true of humor?

Research suggests that humor can moderate the effects of stress.

Which of the following is one of Selye's three stages in the general adaptation syndrome?

The exhaustion stage

Which of the following is true of corticosteroids?

They combat allergic reactions.

Identify a true statement about social-cognitive theorists.

They note that people engage in intentional learning by observing others.

A(n)__________rat is characterized by under eating

aphagic

__________such as pathogens, injuries, age, gender, and a family history of disease may strike us as the most obvious causes of illness.

biological factors

Which of the following is Hans Selye's term for stress that is healthful?

eustress

In a study conducted to test the effect of a medicine, one group of participants is given the medicine while another group is not. The latter would be considered an experimental group.

false

A(n)__________rat is characterized by excessive eating.

hyperphagic

The__________is a pea-sized structure in the brain that is involved in many aspects of motivation, including sex, aggression, and hunger.

hypothalamus

The__________is the final phase of the sexual response cycle.

resolution phase

In boys, pituitary hormones stimulate the testes to increase the output of__________, which in turn causes enlargement of the penis and testes and the appearance of body hair.

testosterone

Which of the following Freudian psychic structures is present in a person at birth?

the ID

When the eyeball is too short, the images of nearby objects are focused in front of the retina, causing farsightedness.

false

When we sleep, our brain waves become identical to those emitted when we are conscious.

false

With age, there are very large declines in memory function, and these changes can never be reversed.

false

Biofeedback training (BFT) increases stress, tension, and anxiety in people.

false

Emotional intelligence does not involve self-insight.

false

A two-year-old child's family has a pet rabbit. When the family visits the zoo, the child sees a hamster for the first time and calls it a rabbit because of the physical features that are common to a rabbit and a hamster. According to Piaget, which cognitive process will most likely modify the child's understanding?

Accommodation

Which of the following was proposed by functionalists?

Adaptive behavior patterns are learned and maintained.

Phoebe recently suffered a major fall in which she sustained brain injuries. Since then, she has had immense difficulty in communicating with others. She appears to understand what others tell her, but her responses are slow and laborious. Her sentences are always incomplete, with important grammatical words missing. Which of the following conditions best reflects Phoebe's case?

Broca's aphasia

Which of the following statements is true about the different types of psychologists?

Clinical psychologists help clients resolve problems and change self-defeating behavior.

According to Jeffrey Arnett, the age of self-focus is characterized by adults experimenting with careers and romantic possibilities.

False

Structuralists emphasized the tendency to organize perceptions into wholes and to integrate separate stimuli into meaningful patterns.

False

Which of the following is a defining characteristic of biologically oriented psychologists?

They study the role of heredity in behavior and mental processes such as psychological disorders, criminal behavior, and thinking.

Sam wants to be a clinical psychologist. He has been accepted at two different graduate schools. Both schools are equally prestigious and will provide him with an outstanding education. However, he is finding it difficult to choose between the two. According to Neal E. Miller, this type of conflict is known as a(n):

approach-approach conflict.

According to Freud, moderate gratification in any stage could lead to fixation in that stage and to the development of traits that are characteristic of the stage.

false

According to Melissa Hines and her colleagues, human female embryos and fetuses who have been exposed prenatally to higher-than-typical concentrations of male sex hormones show reduced tendencies to display physically aggressive behavior.

false

According to research, intelligence quotient (IQ) scores tend to increase during the summer vacation.

false

According to the ethical guidelines of the American Psychological Association, animals cannot be harmed under any circumstance while conducting research.

false

Alia was just about to fall asleep when she heard something crash in the kitchen. The noise jolted her awake. This was due to the secretion of oxytocin.

false

At the postconventional level of adolescence, moral judgements are derived from authority figures.

false

Cross-cultural research reveals that people in the United States and many northern European nations tend to be collectivists.

false

Erik Erikson focused more on unconscious processes and less on conscious choice and self-direction.

false

Erik Erikson is credited with developing the psychosexual stages of development.

false

Genetic components do not contribute to an individual's sensitivity to basic tastes.

false

Hallucinogens are known to create physiological dependence.

false

In an experiment, the presence of dependent variables does not depend on the independent variables.

false

In counterconditioning, an organism learns to respond to a stimulus in a way that is completely compatible with a response that was conditioned earlier.

false

In male adolescents, ejaculatory ability is the evidence of reproductive capacity.

false

In retrograde amnesia, there are memory lapses for the period following a trauma such as a blow to the head, an electric shock, or an operation.

false

In sensory memory, the memory traces of visual stimuli last many times longer than the traces of auditory stimuli.

false

In the approach-avoidance conflict, each of two goals is desirable, and both are within reach.

false

In the context of hypnosis, a positive response to each suggestion of the hypnotist sets the stage in which the subject is less likely to follow further suggestions.

false

In the context of processes of memory, storage modifies information so that it can be placed in memory.

false

In the context of stress, predictability is of greater benefit to externals—that is, to people who wish to exercise control over their situations—than to internals.

false

Increasing hypertension and LDL (harmful) serum cholesterol, through medicine if necessary, reduces the risk of coronary heart disease.

false

Insomnia is a sleep disorder in which the air passages are obstructed.

false

Irrational beliefs can lessen an individual's emotional reaction to loss and enhance coping ability.

false

Jane is working overtime to exceed her sales targets so that she gets a higher income. The higher income, in this scenario, is an intrinsic reward.

false

Mindfulness meditation (MM) provides clients with techniques they can use to attain spiritual enlightenment.

false

Nicotine increases the appetite and reduces the metabolic rate of a person.

false

Operant conditioning is a simple form of learning in which organisms come to anticipate or associate events with one another.

false

Parents help children develop conditions of worth when they show them unconditional positive regard.

false

People share similar psychological needs because people's biological makeups are similar.

false

Personality psychologists are concerned with the nature and causes of individuals' thoughts, feelings, and behavior in social situations.

false

Positive reinforcers increase the probability that a behavior will occur when the reinforcers are removed.

false

Postconventional reasoning emerges during a person's middle adulthood.

false

Psychoanalysis is the name of the theory of personality developed by Sigmund Freud but not the method of psychotherapy he had developed.

false

Psychological needs are always based on states of deprivation.

false

Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and deep sleep hinder learning and memory.

false

Regularization in problem solving refers to standing back from the problem for a while as some process within may continue to work on it.

false

Research shows that apes are very reliable in their sequencing of signs, suggesting that they comprehend the rules of grammar.

false

Research suggests that brain levels of the neurotransmitter dopamine tend to be higher in introverts than in extraverts.

false

Rewards and punishments are known by their effects, whereas reinforcers are more known by how they feel.

false

Sociocultural psychologists study those things we refer to as the mind.

false

Split-brain operations are primarily aimed at curing botulism.

false

Spontaneous recovery of learned responses occurs only in operant conditioning.

false

Stimulus motives provide an evolutionary disadvantage.

false

Students who obtain higher grades are more likely to behave aggressively following exposure to violent video games.

false

Studies generally suggest that the heritability of intelligence is less than 20%.

false

Suppression and nonconscious processes are Freudian concepts, whereas repression is a non-Freudian concept.

false

The Rorschach inkblot test is an example of an objective test.

false

The amygdala is connected to the mother by blood vessels in the uterine wall.

false

The embryonic stage of pregnancy lasts from the beginning of the third month until the birth of the baby.

false

The hippocampus is an area of the brain where memories are stored.

false

The method of savings is a measure of time taken for short-term memory to become long term.

false

The organ of Corti is a membrane that lies coiled within the cochlea.

false

The pineal gland secretes prolactin.

false

The somatic nervous system controls activities such as heartbeat, respiration, digestion, and dilation of the pupils.

false

The term preconscious is descriptive of bodily processes of which we cannot become conscious.

false

Type B people are highly driven, competitive, impatient, hostile, and aggressive—so much so that they are prone to getting into auto accidents.

false

Women who smoke show increased bone density.

false

People who have higher self-efficacy expectations are more prone to be disturbed by adverse events.

flase

When problems assault us, irrational beliefs help diminish their effect.

flase

Feeling lonely and being socially isolated are examples of _____.

inner concern hassles

After returning from work, Greg contemplates whether he should stay at home or exercise at the gym. He wants to stay at home because he likes to relax, but feels guilty about not getting enough exercise. He knows that if he goes to the gym, he will be glad that he is exercising but unhappy because he does not enjoy the activity. According to Neal E. Miller, this is an example of a(n) _____.

multiple approach-avoidance conflict

Ned is feeling stressed because of his workload in office. He is also experiencing insomnia with rapid weight loss. Ned's condition is an example of a__________correlation.

negative

Shawna is in her mid-fifties. Her college-going son lives in a separate apartment in the same city while her parents live with her. She cooks meals for her son regularly and does his laundry. At the same time, she looks after her parents, who are dependent on her. Shawna is facing the difficulties _____.

of the sandwich generation

Which of the following is a risk factor for coronary heart disease?

overeating

According to Piaget, the__________is the second stage of cognitive development in children.

preoperational stage

On a bright, sunny day, Manny leaves a dimly-lit movie theater and goes out into the street. The _____ in his eyes adjust to the sudden increase in light.

pupils

Carl is conducting a study to determine the effects of the new technology-assisted learning methods among students. As part of this study, he has selected a group of university students, male and female, in the age group of 18 to 24 years. These students have been using the new methods of learning. In terms of research methodology, this group best describes a _____.

sample

As opposed to a dependent variable, an independent variable is manipulated by the experimenters so that its effects may be determined.

true

Carl Rogers believed that we all have unique frames of reference.

true

In Pavlov's experiments on classical conditioning, salivation of the dog in response to the meat powder is an unlearned or unconditioned response.

true

In the case of cardiovascular problems and cancer, genes create predispositions toward the health problem.

true

In the context of classical conditioning, the cognitive focus is on the information learned by the organism.

true

In the context of psychological researches, debriefing is the process of explaining the purposes and methods of a completed procedure to a participant.

true

In the context of stressors, Albert Ellis referred to situations such as losing a job as an activating event.

true

Jenna has not eaten in eight hours. She experiences hunger. According to the drive-reduction theory, Jenna is experiencing a primary drive.

true

Left-brained people are primarily logical and intellectual.

true

Louis Thurstone's primary mental abilities contain the types of items measured on the most widely used intelligence tests today.

true

Men produce 7 to 10 times the testosterone produced by women.

true

Monozygotic twins are important in the study of the relative influences of nature and nurture because differences between monozygotic twins are the result of nurture.

true

On average, gay males tend to be somewhat feminine and lesbians to be somewhat masculine.

true

Stress elevates blood levels of cortisol and adrenaline (epinephrine) and heightens the probability that a dormant Epstein-Barr virus will be reactivated.

true

The Hering-Helmholtz illusion is a visual illusion.

true

When you are given a new phone number and you write it down or immediately dial the number, you are retaining the number in your short-term memory.

true

While conducting studies about the immune system's response to the Epstein-Barr virus during the stress of exams, it was found that students who were lonely showed greater suppression of the immune system than students who had more social support.

true

In contrast to structuralists, Gestalt psychologists claimed that one cannot explain human perceptions, emotions, or thought processes in terms of basic units.

ture

In the 1940s and 1950s, psychodynamic theory dominated the practice of psychotherapy

ture

Many case studies are clinical; that is, they are descriptions of a person's psychological problems and how a psychologist treated them.

ture

Odors trigger firing of receptor neurons in the olfactory membrane high in each nostril.

ture