Psych Final
oral stage
-0-1 year -ID is gratified via the mouth (sucking and later biting)
anal stage
-1-3 years -ID is gratified via the anus (controlling and expelling feces) -fixation at this stage: anal retentive/ anal expulsive
genital stage
-11+ years -sexual desire is renewed -romantic interest in peers becomes central motive
phallicstage
-3-6 years -most important stage -ID is gratified via the genitals -child has unconscious sexual attraction to opposite sex parent
12 wrong answers
-5% always conformed, 70% conformed some of the time, 25% remained completely independent
latency stage
-6-11 years -sexual desire is repressed (school work)
PERSONALITY AND THE BRAIN launchpad video (Dick)
-Dick has been diagnosed with a degenerative brain disease that is slowly destroying the front of his brain. -Frontal lobes are responsible for our temperament, our social interaction, and our personal style -Dick's frontal lobe damage has released abilities that he did not know he possessed -Thus, destruction of an inhibitory module may improve the function of another. -Dick's wife reports that as a result of his illness he sometimes: relates jokes that others find inappropriate. -In terms of his strong interest in painting, Dick reports that: drawing had always been a hobby, but previously he had not had time to pursue it.
Myers Briggs
-E or I? extroversion or introversion -S or N? sensing or intuition -T or F? thinking or feeling -J or P? judging or perceiving
Videos: Electroconvulsive Therapy
-ECT produces a seizure -patients then show confusion and loss of memory -doesn't help everyone -quickly reverses severe depression
Types of mood disorders launchpad
-Major depressive disorder: experiences a deeply depressed mood for 2 weeks or more -bipolar disorder: alternates between periods of depression and mania -dysthymic disorder: several years or more mild, persistent depression -cyclothymic disorder: relatively mild manic episodes alternating with mild periods of depression
defining romantic love
-Sternberg -the triangle theory of love -all 3 sides = consummate love
WHOM DO WE HELP? launchpad
-The researcher suggests that we may be more likely to help females (in contrast to males) because we feel there is more we can do for them or because of empathy. -we may be less likely to come to negative conclusions about why a middle-class person (in contrast to someone from a lower class) is in need of help -The researcher suggests that we may be more likely to help females than males because we: may believe there is more we can do for females. -The researcher suggests that passersby may have assumed that the male victim was: homeless and drunk
Videos: Hidden Prejudice: The Implicit Association Test Launchpad
-Women in the workplace -Male and career -female and family -African American and European
Stanford Prison Study
-Zimbardo Prison study -roles have a profound effect on our behavior, thoughts and feelings -basement of Stanford Psych building to be a prison -young white college males paid to participate -randomly assigned guard or prisoner -day 2: prisoners start to rebel -ended after 6 days because young men suffered -good people in evil situation do evil things
role
-a social position that has a set of rules for proper behavior
bystander apathy:
-affects prosocial (good behavior) -Kitty Genovese -the more people that are present during an emergency the more time it takes for someone to call for help
Karen Horney
-argued for fairer explanation of women (power envy vs. penis envy)
stereotypes
-assumptions that members of a group are all alike (can be positive or negative)
evolutionary perspective
-babies prefer to look at faces above anything else -babies look longer at attractive rather than unattractive faces basic rules of beauty apply across cultures -purpose of attraction is to find an ideal mate (attracted to young, healthy, beautiful faces)
video: take wallet from someone
-badge was fake -McDonalds workers -people fail to question authority -1/22 people questioned authority
obedience: Milgram's study 1993
-between 60-70% gave the "max" voltage in the original experiment -would not obey when: -experiment left room -victim was in room with them -2 experiments gave conflicting orders -person giving orders was ordinary -person was with peers who refused to go on
Diathesis-stress model
-biological factors (genetics, brain chemistry and others) are paired with environmental stressors to create a psychological disorder -what causes cancer? -what causes mental illness?
conformity
-changing behavior or attitude to fit into "the norm"
Carl Jung
-collective unconscious: contains universal experiences of humans throughout history -archetypes: universal images/symbols with in our collective unconscious
the DSM
-diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders -medical model -describes symptoms and typical age of onset or other characteristics of disorders -DSM 5- may 2013
self serving bias
-everyone does; unless depressed -we attribute our failures to external causes and our successes to internal causes
Videos: Treating OCD: Exposure and Response Prevention
-expose situations that cause anxiety, but deny using the cleaning tactics -Stephanie and her son Jake -
ex. of attribution: Joe is smiling
-external attribution: something good must have happened to him -internal: Joe's a very happy guy
the EGO (the self)
-finds realistic ways to satisfy ID needs -both conscious and unconscious -the "referee" (between ID and superego)
ex. what would you do video clip
-homeless vs. well dressed woman
Alfred Adler
-how do we deal with feelings of inferiority -inferiority complex
social cognitive learning
-how your experience affects behavior/personality
the big 5 (ocean)
-openness: original, creative or down to earth and conventional) -conscientiousness: careful, reliable, or careless, unreliable -extroversion: sociable, talkative, or quiet, reserved -agreeableness: good natured, soft hearted, or irritable and calous -neuroticism: worried, high strung, or calm and relaxed
the SUPEREGO (perfect self)
-opposes the ID and enforces morality and parental authority, strives for perfection
3 sides of the triangle
-passion -commitment -intimacy
Carl Rogers
-positive regard: we have a need to be viewed positively by others -conditions of wealth: expectations or standards placed on us by others
what makes a face attractive?
-prototypical faces are most attractive (the most "face-looking")
what causes mental disorders
-research shoes that there are usually both natural and psychological factors
the zimbardo prison study
-roles have a profound effect on our behavior, thoughts and feelings
objective test (the inventory)
-self report inventory -paper and pencil tests that are scored objectively -MMPI- testing pathology- Minnesotta Multi phasic Personality Inventory -the 16 personality factor (pf) test
Abraham Maslow
-self-actualization: revealing the highest human potential/work for the good of humanity- constant state of giving and receiving
perception of others
-social cognition: our thoughts, perceptions, and memories of others and ourself
External/situational vs. internal/dispositional
-something on outside causes emotion -internal characteristics that reside within the individual
neo-freudians
-studied with Freud, but broke away
groupthink
-tendency for members of a group to think alike and supress disagreement -illusion of vulnerability ("we are right" -self centered: don't disgree -pressure on dissenters to conform -illusion of unanimity (we all agree)
Freud and psychoanalysis
-the "father" of personality theory -iceberg analogy
Explaining anxiety disorders
-the learning perspective explains anxiety disorders as the results of conditioned associations -phobias are fears that have been associated with specific objects and events sometimes leading to obsessive thinking about those events -compulsive behaviors reduce the anxiety and this rewards the person for repeating those behaviors -when bad events happen unpredictably, chronic generalized anxiety may occur -biological perspective explains anxiety disorders as the product of natural selection and evolution -researchers are now beginning to identify the specific areas of the brain where these predispositions influence our behavior
critique of Freud negatives
-too much emphasis on sex and aggression -sexist -cannot scientifically test theories
Trait theory and "the big five"
-traits specific characteristics that make up your personality (shy, friendly, ambitious)
critique of Freud positives
-unconscious motivators -importance of early childhood -defense mechanisms -therapy -Freudian slips
the ID (selfish beast)
-unconscious, instinctual part of us that wants to satisfy needs for pleasure to avoid all pain
ethnocentrism
-we tend to look at situations from our own racial and or culture perspective -survival benefits (increases attachment to own group) -human nature to identify in groups and out groups (us vs. them)
story of Kitty
-young woman in NYC walking home at night -attacked and stabbed and attacker leaves but then comes back -screamed for help -people heard her screaming, but none had called police because they assumed someone else called
personality assessment main uses
1. counseling 2. business (person-job fit) 3. self-knowledge and growth
choosing a mate: what's important to you top results
1. mutual attraction/love 2. dependable character 3. emotional stability and maturity 4. pleasing disposition
stages of psychosexual development
1. oral stage 2. anal stage 3. phallic stage 4. latency stage 5. genital stage
5 parts to social psychology
1. our perception of others 2. attributions 3. romantic attraction 4. social roles 5. conformity/obedience -elevator video clip
problems with DSM
1. over-diagnosis 2. labeling 3. serious problems vs. "normal" problems 4. subjective nature of determining a disorder
Asch's line experiment- what would you do?
Asch used a lab experiment to study conformity, whereby 50 male students from Swarthmore College in the USA participated in a 'vision test.'
Videos: Psychodynamic Theories of Personality launchpad
Id- act on any impulse, Ego-allows us to deal with things practically, Superego- voice of conscious -dynamic of when these 3 interact that shapes personality -Psychosexual development
abnormal behavior/metal disorder
actions thoughts and feelings that: 1. are outside of cultural norms 2. cause emotional distress 3. cause dysfunction in living 4. are dangerous to self or others
the death instinct
agressive needs
reaction fromation
an unconscious feeling appears as the opposite when brought to awareness ("Thou Doth Protest Too Much") -adopting beliefs, attitudes, and feelings contrary to what you really belief -ex. say you aren't angry but really are
first impression
based on physical attractiveness (attribute more positive qualities to those who are attractive)
resolution of oedipal complex
castration anxiety causes boy to repress desire for mom and identify with dad
projective personality tests
designed to reveal the person's unconscious mind -Rorschach inkblot test: symmetrical inkblots, explain what you see -thematic apperception test: make up a story about an ambiguous picture
displacement
direction emotions (anger) towards others (who are not the source of your anger) -channeling a feeling or thought from its actual source to something or someone else
libido
energy that sustains the life instinct
castration anxiety
fear that father will castrate him if his desire for his mom is discovered
social schemas
general knowledge in LTM of social experiences
resolution of electra complex
girl represses desire for dad and accepts that she is "inferior" just like her mother and identifies with mom
electra complex
girls wan to possess mom, but realize they have no penis, so they switch their feelings to dad
social psychology
how the presence of others influence our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors
humanism
humans have innate tendency to reach their fullest potential
the life instinct
needs for sex, food, pleasure
prejudice
negative attitudes towards others based on gender, religion, race, or other group characteristics -misguided belief that one sex is superior to the other by nature of things
discrimination
negative behavior towards others based on different catastrophes of people or things especially on the grounds of race, age or sex -ex. harassment, wage discrimination, racism, disability
self fulfilling prophecies
our expectations/attitudes may create the expected behavior in others
romantic attractions:
physical beauty: faces
projection
placing your own unacceptable feelings onto someone else -ex. gossiping
repression
pushing thoughts out of awareness -can't remember fathers funeral
the interview`
questioning and interacting
Albert Bandura
reciprocal determinism: individual behavior and the social learning environment continually influence each other
denial
refusing to admit the truth of a situation/not accepting reality because it is too painful -ex. arrested for drunk driving, but don't believe you have an alcohol problem
regression
reverting to an earlier phase of development- less mature way of handling stresses and feelings -ex. get into a fight with someone and you stomp off and pout
diffusion of responsibility
someone else will do it
personality
stable ways of behaving, thinking, and feeling -how is our personality formed? -what makes up our personality? -what makes each personality different? -how can we use personality research to better understand ourselves and others?
attributions
the cause/explanation for behavior (external vs. internal attributes)
oedipus complex
the unconscious wish of boys to kill their fathers and possess their mothers
penis envy
upsetting discovery that girl does not have a penis
observation
watching a person in a real or simulated situation (employee selection)
defense mechanisms
ways the EGO deals with unconsciously threatening thoughts -repression, regression, denial, projection, displacement, reaction formation
matching hypothesis
we are more likely to end up with someone who is similar to us in: -physical attraction -education and intelligence -SES ($$$) -ethnicity/race -attitudes and personality
fundamental attribution error
we overestimate internal attributes in others and underestimate external ones -overestimate the influence of personality and underestimate the influence of situations
self efficacy
your beliefs about your own competence
locus of control
your sense of power or control over your environment
