Psych final

RESEARCH STUDY 6.1: Professor Singh creates a survey to measure how happy his students are with his teaching this semester. He is teaching two classes: Psychology and Law and Introduction to Neuroscience. He writes the following questions for his survey: A. What was your favorite part of this class? B. Please rate how much you agree with the following statement using the scale below: This was one of my favorite classes all semester. 1 2 3 4 5 Strongly Agree Agree Neither agree nor disagree Disagree Strongly disagree C. Which of the following is most true of you? a. I am a very serious student. b. I try only as hard as I have to. D. How easy did you feel this class was? 1 2 3 4 5 Easy Hard Which of the questions above is an example of an open-ended question? Answers: a. Question A b. Question C c. Question B d. Question D

A

When examining an association in which one variable is categorical and one is quantitative, which of the following is NOT likely to be used? Answers: a. A scatterplot b. A t test c. A correlation d. A bar grap

Correcta. A scatterplot

The figure above depicts which type of research design? Answers: a. Posttest-only design b. Pretest/posttest design c. Concurrent-measures design d. Repeated-measures design

Correctb. Pretest/posttest design

A simple difference is also called: Answers: a. a marginal means difference. b. a factorial design. c. an interaction effect. d. a main effect.

Correctd. a main effect.

Research articles that use terms such as "unbiased sample," "random samples," or "representative sample" allow for readers to . Answers: a. make a frequency claim b. reject the conclusions made by the researcher(s) c. skip interrogating statistical validity d. be confident in a study's external validity

Correctd. be confident in a study's external validity

Unsystematic variability in a study is also known as: Answers: a. null effect. b. group inconsistency. c. situational variability. d. error variance.

Correctd. error variance.

RESEARCH STUDY 12.1: Dr. Elder was interested in the way people recognize objects as members of categories. For example, what makes us recognize a dog as being a dog and not a cat? More specifically, he was curious as to whether people think about categories in a more complex way if they contemplate an "opposite" category first. For example, does a person think differently about the category of "southern" if they first think about the category of "northern"? He is also curious as to whether people categorize differently if they are exposed to category members compared with generating category members. Dr. Elder has four groups of participants (with 30 people in each group). In Group A, participants were told to cut out pictures of dogs and cats from magazines. In Group B, participants were told to cut out pictures of just dogs from magazines. In Group C, participants were told to draw pictures of cats and dogs. In Group D, participants were told to draw pictures of just dogs. After doing this for 30 minutes, participants in all groups were asked to list the attributes that define the "dog" category. Having a higher number of attributes listed was considered to be an indication of thinking about the category in a more complex way. The results of his study are below. Type of Activity Cutting out Pictures Drawing Pictures Focus of the Activity Dogs and cats 15 9 Dogs only 7 6 Which of the following reasons is the most likely reason Dr. Elder conducted a factorial design? Answers: a. To test whether there is a difference between thinking about a category and thinking about a category and its opposite b. To test whether there is a difference between creating and searching for category members c. To determine whether a mediator was present in participants' ability to categorize d. To test whether task type interacts with the effect of activity focus

Correctd. To test whether task type interacts with the effect of activity focus

A study by Rosenthal and Jacobson (1968) involved telling teachers that some of their students were "bloomers" and would achieve rapid academic success within the next year. In fact, these students were no different than any of the other students in the class. At the end of the year, the "bloomers" showed more gains in IQ than the other students. It appeared that the teacher had unintentionally treated the "bloomers" in special ways. This is an example of which of the following? Answers: a. Observer effects b. Observer bias c. A masked study design d. Self-report operationalization

a. Observer effects

RESEARCH STUDY 6.2: Dr. Ewell, a developmental psychologist, is planning on conducting a study that involves watching children play together to determine how sharing behavior occurs in same-sex friend pairs compared to opposite-sex friend pairs. Which of the following is Dr. Ewell likely to give his research assistants to prevent observer bias? Answers: a. Binoculars b. A codebook c. A developmental psychology textbook d. A video camera

b. A codebook

Which of the following phrases would NOT indicate that a researcher is making a causal claim? a. "seems to decrease" b. "suggests a change" c. "is at higher risk of" d. "curbs"

c. "is at higher risk of"

How do reverse-worded items address shortcuts? Answers: a. They are easier for people to read. b. They give people more answer options. c. They slow down readers, making them answer more carefully. d. They ask each question twice so the participant answers twice.

c. They slow down readers, making them answer more carefully.

In popular media articles, why does the inclusion of participant variable information often denote a factorial design? Answers: a. Studies with participant variables always find significant interactions. b. Participant variables are only found in factorial designs. c. Studies with participant variables are easier to write about. d. Participant variables are often used as moderators.

d. Participant variables are often used as moderators.

RESEARCH STUDY 8.1: Dr. Guidry conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in Nashville, Tennessee (the state capital), located in the southern United States. Below are her findings. • Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r = −.57 (p = .01) • Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, not sig. • Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36 (p = .04) In determining whether the relationship between two of Dr. Guidry's variables was statistically significant, which of the following must be considered? Answers: a. Sample size and number of variables analyzed b. The number of outliers and the direction of the association c. Direction of the association and strength of the association d. Sample size and effect size

...Correctd. Sample size and effect size

Which of the following is a benefit of the peer-review process? a. Reviewers' names are kept anonymous so they can be open in their critiques of an article. b. Reviewers' names are made public so they can defend their critiques of an article. c. The journal editor provides input on study design to ensure rigorous scientific methods. d. Non-significant results are not considered for publication to ensure interesting research.

Correcta. Reviewers' names are kept anonymous so they can be open in their critiques of an article.

Why do studies that use probability samples have excellent external validity? Answers: a. All members of the population are equally likely to be represented in the sample. b. They also ensure excellent internal validity. c. They study every member of the population of interest. d. They use a larger number of measures.

Correcta. All members of the population are equally likely to be represented in the sample.

You read a news article titled, "New Drug Reduces OCD Symptoms in Mice" about a recent scientific study. To evaluate whether the title's claim is supported, you should do which of the following? Answers: a. Check whether the authors established covariance, temporal precedence, and internal validity. b. Ask yourself whether the implication makes intuitive sense. c. Research the frequency of OCD in mice. d. Ensure that the authors attempted to maximize Type II error.

Correcta. Check whether the authors established covariance, temporal precedence, and internal validity.

A correlation-based statistic called _____________ is commonly used to determine internal reliability. Answers: a. Cronbach's alpha b. kappa c. Pearson's r d. a scatterplot

Correcta. Cronbach's alpha

Replicability helps interrogate which of the four big validities? Answers: a. External validity b. Statistical validity c. Internal validity d. Construct validity

Correcta. External validity

When determining mediation, how many steps are necessary? Answers: a. Five b. Two c. Three d. Four

Correcta. Five

When interrogating the construct validity of an association claim, which of the following statements is true? Answers: a. How each variable was measured must be considered. b. The reliability of the measures is more important than their validity. c. Only the construct validity of the outcome variable needs to be interrogated. d. Quantitative variables need to be assessed, but qualitative variables do not.

Correcta. How each variable was measured must be considered.

Which of the following is NOT a small-N design? Answers: a. Interrupted time-series design b. Reversal design c. Stable-baseline design d. Multiple-baseline design

Correcta. Interrupted time-series design

Which of the following is another term for response sets? Answers: a. Nondifferentiation b. Observer bias c. Socially desirable responding d. Uniqueness

Correcta. Nondifferentiation

Which of the following is true of students' views of deception and harm in research studies? Answers: a. Students can find deception to be stressful. b. Students usually are tolerant of studies that use major deception. c. Students are not tolerant of any degree of deception. d. Students find the negative effects of deception to be worsened by debriefing.

Correcta. Students can find deception to be stressful.

RESEARCH STUDY 9.2: Dr. Finkel is a social psychologist who studies romantic relationships. Several researchers have found that there is a link between income and marital satisfaction (e.g., Dakin & Wampler, 2012). Dr. Finkel is curious as to whether there is a causal link between the two variables, such that having a higher income causes higher levels of marital satisfaction. He is confident that he cannot reasonably or ethically manipulate people's income level, so he decides to use a multivariate design. He is also curious as to whether there is a causal link between these two variables or if two other variables (number of arguments and life satisfaction) can explain the relationship. He measures his three variables in a sample of 124 married couples recruited from a local community center. Below are his results. DV: Marital Satisfaction Variable Beta (β) Significance (ρ) Income .69 .03 Number of arguments −.73 .01 Life satisfaction .13 .81 One of Dr. Finkel's colleagues argues that he should have considered years of marriage in his study, which is a known predictor of marital satisfaction. If Dr. Finkel conducts his study again and asks people to report on how many years they have been married as well, which of the following statements is true? Answers: a. The beta value for number of arguments may no longer be statistically significant. b. He will need to add another criterion variable. c. The beta value for number of arguments will remain unchanged. d. He will need to delete a predictor variable.

Correcta. The beta value for number of arguments may no longer be statistically significant.

Which of the following is true when asking people questions about themselves? Answers: a. The confidence people have in their memories is not strongly related to the accuracy of their memory. b. If people are inaccurate in reporting their reasons for behavior, it is because they are deliberately trying to be deceptive. c. People are very good judges of the reasons for their behavior. d. People are better able to remember vivid memories.

Correcta. The confidence people have in their memories is not strongly related to the accuracy of their memory.

All of the following are true of outliers EXCEPT: Answers: a. They have the biggest effect when dealing with large sample sizes. b. They are especially problematic when there are outliers on both variables. c. They can affect the strength of an association. d. They can affect the direction of an association.

Correcta. They have the biggest effect when dealing with large sample sizes.

Which of the following can help prevent testing effects? Answers: a. Using a comparison group b. Establishing reliability of the measure c. Using a clear coding manual d. Employing a pretest-only design

Correcta. Using a comparison group

Which of the following is NOT a way to deal with reactivity? Answers: a. Using multiple observers b. Waiting to begin observations c. Measuring the behavior unobtrusively d. Blending in with the surroundings

Correcta. Using multiple observers

RESEARCH STUDY 3.2: Dr. Ramon makes the following claim: "Watching television leads people to spend less time communicating with their spouses, study says." Dr. LaSalle makes the claim: "Research shows that making more money correlates with spending less time talking with your spouse." Which type of claim is Dr. LaSalle making? Answers: a. association claim b. causal claim c. anecdotal claim d. frequency claim

Correcta. association claim

Unsystematic variability in a study is also known as: Answers: a. error variance. b. null effect. c. situational variability. d. group inconsistency.

Correcta. error variance.

RESEARCH STUDY 8.1: Dr. Guidry conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in Nashville, Tennessee (the state capital), located in the southern United States. Below are her findings. • Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r = −.57 (p = .01) • Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, not sig. • Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36 (p = .04) Dr. Guidry creates a scatterplot of the relationship between the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. In doing so, she realizes there are three scores that seem to be very extreme and are nowhere near the other points on the scatterplot. Specifically, it appears that three people report very high levels of daily stress and very low levels of life satisfaction. Dr. Guidry should probably consider these scores _________. Answers: a. outliers b. random c. curvilinear scores d. moderators

Correcta. outliers

A confound that keeps a researcher from finding a relationship between two variables is known as a(n) _________ confound. Answers: a. reverse b. null c. weak d. insensitive

Correcta. reverse

RESEARCH STUDY 3.4: Dr. Kang, a cognitive psychologist, conducts an experiment examining the effect of emotion on memory. He provides lists of 15 words to two groups of participants at his university. He puts the names of all the participants in a hat. The first 20 names he assigns to Group A and the last 20 he assigns to Group B. Group A is given a list of words that are very emotional in content (e.g., passion, murder). Group B is given a list of words that are neutral in content (e.g., houseplant, desk). He then measures how many words each group is able to remember after being distracted for 5 minutes by watching a video about the history of the university. He finds that Group A remembers 15% more words than Group B. Dr. Kang sends his study to a journal to be published. One of the peer reviewers questions the way Dr. Kang manipulated emotion, arguing that being exposed to emotional words does not make one emotional. The reviewer is questioning which of the following? Answers: a. the construct validity of the study b. the statistical validity of the study c. the internal validity of the study d. the external validity of the study

Correcta. the construct validity of the study

Dr. Gavin is conducting a 2 x 4 independent-groups factorial design. Assuming he wants 25 people in each cell, how many participants does Dr. Gavin need to recruit? Answers: a. 100 b. 200 c. 150 d. 250

Correctb. 200

The American Psychological Association's ethical guidelines have principles and standards. Answers: a. 3; 10 b. 5; 10 c. 3; 8 d. 3; 5

Correctb. 5; 10

A cultural psychologist would be most interested in which of the following sets of participants? Answers: a. A sample of homeless veterans b. A sample of Taiwanese grandparents c. A sample of community college students d. A sample of 12-year-old children

Correctb. A sample of Taiwanese grandparents

Establishing construct validity is most important for which of the following? Answers: a. A concrete construct b. An abstract concept c. A behavior that is directly observable d. Physical measurements (e.g., length)

Correctb. An abstract concept

Preregistration occurs at which point in the scientific process? Answers: a. After publication b. Before data collection c. After replication d. Before developing hypotheses

Correctb. Before data collection

RESEARCH STUDY 13.3: Dr. Anderson is a nutritionist who helps clients lose weight prior to surgery. She is working with W. J., a male client who is planning on undergoing a heart transplant. He currently eats more than 3,500 calories a day and has been asked by his doctor to cut the number of calories to about 1,800 (400 for breakfast, 600 for lunch, and 800 for dinner). She is curious as to whether a food journal will help W. J. reduce the number of calories he eats. A food journal is used to record everything a person eats to help patients be more aware of what they're eating. W. J.'s wife also recorded the food he consumed at each meal to have complete data before introducing the journal. Dr. Anderson decides to phase in the food journal gradually, initially only having W. J. record what he ate at breakfast during the first three days after baseline (days 4-6). During days 7-9, the journal is used at lunch, too, and during days 10-12, it also is used during dinner. The data for Dr. Anderson's study are below. mc031-1.jpg Which of the following is evidence that would allow Dr. Anderson to conclude that keeping a food journal caused weight loss in W. J.? Answers: a. Lunch calories decreased on Day 3. b. Dinner calories decreased on Day 10. c. Breakfast calories decreased on Day 2. d. Calorie intakes for the three meals differed on Day 1.

Correctb. Dinner calories decreased on Day 10.

RESEARCH STUDY 12.1: Dr. Elder was interested in the way people recognize objects as members of categories. For example, what makes us recognize a dog as being a dog and not a cat? More specifically, he was curious as to whether people think about categories in a more complex way if they contemplate an "opposite" category first. For example, does a person think differently about the category of "southern" if they first think about the category of "northern"? He is also curious as to whether people categorize differently if they are exposed to category members compared with generating category members. Dr. Elder has four groups of participants (with 30 people in each group). In Group A, participants were told to cut out pictures of dogs and cats from magazines. In Group B, participants were told to cut out pictures of just dogs from magazines. In Group C, participants were told to draw pictures of cats and dogs. In Group D, participants were told to draw pictures of just dogs. After doing this for 30 minutes, participants in all groups were asked to list the attributes that define the "dog" category. Having a higher number of attributes listed was considered to be an indication of thinking about the category in a more complex way. The results of his study are below. Type of Activity Cutting out Pictures Drawing Pictures Focus of the Activity Dogs and cats 15 9 Dogs only 7 6 In graphing the results of his study, which of the following would be true for Dr. Elder? Answers: a. Dr. Elder would see a crossover interaction. b. Dr. Elder would see a difference between the differences for one variable but not the other variable. c. Dr. Elder would not be able to use a line graph. d. Dr. Elder would reach different conclusions based on which independent variable he put on the x-axis.

Correctb. Dr. Elder would see a difference between the differences for one variable but not the other variable.

RESEARCH STUDY 3.4: Dr. Kang, a cognitive psychologist, conducts an experiment examining the effect of emotion on memory. He provides lists of 15 words to two groups of participants at his university. He puts the names of all the participants in a hat. The first 20 names he assigns to Group A and the last 20 he assigns to Group B. Group A is given a list of words that are very emotional in content (e.g., passion, murder). Group B is given a list of words that are neutral in content (e.g., houseplant, desk). He then measures how many words each group is able to remember after being distracted for 5 minutes by watching a video about the history of the university. He finds that Group A remembers 15% more words than Group B. Based on this study, Dr. Kang can make which of the following claims? Answers: a. Fifteen percent of emotional words are remembered. b. Emotion enhances memory. c. Distraction is associated with worse memory. d. Group A has better memory than Group B.

Correctb. Emotion enhances memory.

Dr. Kline, an environmental psychologist, conducts a study to examine whether visiting zoos causes people to have more positive attitudes toward environmental conservation. He asks a group of 45 people attending the zoo on a Saturday morning about their attitudes. He finds that 69% of the people report having a positive attitude after their visit. Which of the following is true? Answers: a. His control group is people who did not visit the zoo. b. His study does not qualify as an experiment. c. He does not have a dependent variable. d. He can make a strong causal claim about the effect of zoo visits on environmental attitudes.

Correctb. His study does not qualify as an experiment.

Which of the following is a reason why it is important to be a knowledgeable consumer of research? Answers: a. It is important to understand how to design an effective study. b. It is important to understand whether the information you read is accurate. c. It is important to know how to write in APA style. d. It is important to know why researchers protect the anonymity of participants.

Correctb. It is important to understand whether the information you read is accurate.

Which of the following is a reason why a researcher might choose to conduct a double-blind placebo control group study? Answers: a. To eliminate testing effects b. To control for observer bias c. To control for regression to the mean d. To prevent attrition

Correctb. To control for observer bias

Which of the following is a reason psychological scientists publish their research in scientific journals? Answers: a. To get money from the journals where their work appears b. To have their results reviewed by other psychologists c. To share their findings with the general public d. To gain attention by journalists

Correctb. To have their results reviewed by other psychologists

If researchers measure every member of a population, they have: Answers: a. increased internal validity. b. conducted a census. c. collected a sample. d. biased the study.

Correctb. conducted a census.

RESEARCH STUDY 9.1: Dr. Farah is an educational psychologist who is interested in studying the potential causal relationship between doing homework and academic achievement. In January, Dr. Farah has her students report their fall GPA (a measure of academic achievement) and estimate how many hours they spent doing homework during a typical week in the fall semester. In May, Dr. Farah measures the same variables again (the estimated number of hours spent doing homework during a typical week in the spring semester and their spring GPA). She finds the following correlations. Variable A Variable B Correlation Coefficient Correlation 1 Fall number of hours of homework Fall semester GPA .83* Correlation 2 Fall number of hours of homework Spring number of hours of homework .36* Correlation 3 Fall number of hours of homework Spring semester GPA .69* Correlation 4 Fall semester GPA Spring number of hours of homework .18 Correlation 5 Fall semester GPA Spring semester GPA .45* Correlation 6 Spring number of hours of homework Spring semester GPA .80* *Indicates a statistically significant relationship. mc020-1.jpg A colleague of Dr. Farah's asks her why she did not simply conduct an experiment. Which of the following is a probable reason for Dr. Farah's choice not to conduct an experiment? . Answers: a. It would take longer to conduct an experiment. b. It would be unethical to manipulate whether students are told to do homework for a semester. c. It would be impossible to manipulate hours of homework completed. d. It would be too costly/expensive to run an experiment.

Correctb. It would be unethical to manipulate whether students are told to do homework for a semester

Which of the following is a reason that psychologists especially value meta-analyses? Answers: a. Meta-analyses always take less time to conduct. b. Meta-analyses allow researchers to examine the strength of a relationship. c. Meta-analyses eliminate the need for replications. d. Meta-analyses are immune to threats to internal validity.

Correctb. Meta-analyses allow researchers to examine the strength of a relationship.

How would you adopt the mindset of a scientific reasoner? Answers: a. Using common sense to understand scientific data b. Remaining objective as you interpret scientific data c. Reminding yourself that because you know about potential biases, you cannot fall prey to them d. Finding evidence that confirms your hypotheses

Correctb. Remaining objective as you interpret scientific data

The phrase "especially for" would be used to describe which of the following results? Answers: a. Two significant main effects b. Spreading interactions c. One significant main effect d. Crossover interactions

Correctb. Spreading interactions

RESEARCH STUDY 4.1: Dr. Kushner is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kushner is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kushner plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test. Dr. Kushner suspects that the people who will most benefit from his study are high school and college students, who are asked to perform cognitive functions in various states of sleep deprivation. Given this information, what type of participants should Dr. Kushner recruit for his study? Answers: a. People with a history of insomnia b. Students from a community college c. Patients from Dr. Kushner's clinical psychology practice d. Employees from a local daycare center

Correctb. Students from a community college

RESEARCH STUDY 11.1: In previous studies, Dr. Schulenberg has established that finding meaning in one's everyday work activities can lead to greater success in the workplace (e.g., productivity, creativity). He is curious as to whether this can happen in the college classroom. Specifically, he is curious whether finding meaning in one's classroom experience can lead to greater academic performance. In the spring semester, he has his teaching assistant randomly assign half the class to write a paragraph each class period about how the material has meaning for their lives (meaning group). The other half writes a paragraph about what they did to prepare for class (preparation group). He does not know which of his students are writing which paragraph, and the students are not aware they are responding to different writing assignments. To measure academic performance, he gives the students a midterm essay exam and a final exam. Imagine that in Dr. Schulenberg's study, he notes that all of the students do extremely well on the midterm exam. When he looks at the results of the final exam, he notices that all the students' exam scores went down. Which of the following pattern of results would suggest that there is a threat to internal validity? Answers: a. The final exam scores were lower in the preparation group than the meaning group. b. The final exam scores were equally low in both groups. c. The final exam scores were lower than the final exam scores of students of his colleague, Dr. Fao. d. The final exam scores were lower than the national average.

Correctb. The final exam scores were equally low in both groups.

RESEARCH STUDY 4.1: Dr. Kushner is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kushner is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kushner plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test. Dr. Kushner's decision about the type of participants to recruit should be informed by which of the following principles of the Belmont Report? Answers: a. The principle of integrity b. The principle of justice c. The principle of beneficence d. The principle of respect for persons

Correctb. The principle of justice

What is the difference between a main effect and an overall effect? Answers: a. Main effects are more complicated to determine than overall effects. b. There is no difference between main effects and overall effects. c. Main effects look at one variable at a time; overall effects look at all variables simultaneously. d. Main effects are less important than overall effects.

Correctb. There is no difference between main effects and overall effects.

RESEARCH STUDY 10.1: Dr. Lonsbary is a cognitive psychologist who is curious about how mood affects memory. She recruited 60 high school students and divided them into three groups. Group A listened to a 5-minute piece of music intended to make them feel happy ("Happy" by Pharrell). Group B listened to a 5-minute piece of music intended to make them feel sad (a song titled "Home Is Such a Lonely Place" by Blink-182). Group C listened to no music and instead was asked to sit quietly for 5 minutes (thought to make them feel neutral). When a participant would come to her laboratory, Dr. Lonsbary would greet the participant and then ask him or her to roll a six-sided die. Participants who rolled a 1 or 2 were assigned to Group A. Participants who rolled a 3 or 4 were assigned to Group B. Participants who rolled a 5 or 6 were assigned to Group C. The participants were then given an unlabeled CD to listen to based on their group assignment. The CD contained either the song selection or 5 minutes of silence. They were then escorted into a different room, where they were greeted by a research assistant who conducted the experiment. The research assistant sat the participants in front of a computer screen and told them that a list of 25 words would be displayed on the screen. They were instructed to listen to the CD with headphones while trying to memorize the list of words. All participants were given the same list of 25 common words to remember (e.g., desk, gray, plane, car, mask). When 5 minutes had passed, the screen displayed a question asking them whether they felt happy, sad, or neutral. After the participant responded, a new screen was displayed asking them to type in all the words they could remember from the list of 25 words. All participants were given 3 minutes to type the words they remembered. Afterward, the participant was thanked and dismissed. In response to the mood question, a majority of Group A participants said they were happy, a majority of Group B participants said they were sad, and a majority of Group C participants said they were neutral in their mood. Dr. Lonsbary found the following results in response to the number of words remembered. Group A (Happy) Group B (Sad) Group C (Neutral) Number of Words Remembered 16 14 9 Groups A and B vs. Group C Statistically significant difference d = .36 Group A vs. Group C Statistically significant difference d = .30 Group B vs. Group C Statistically significant difference d = .41 Group A vs. Group B No statistically significant difference d = .09 Dr. Lonsbary's study asked participants to report on their mood before completing the memory test. Her decision to include this step was done to address the study's _________ validity. Answers: a. statistical b. construct c. internal d. external

Correctb. construct

RESEARCH STUDY 10.1: Dr. Lonsbary is a cognitive psychologist who is curious about how mood affects memory. She recruited 60 high school students and divided them into three groups. Group A listened to a 5-minute piece of music intended to make them feel happy ("Happy" by Pharrell). Group B listened to a 5-minute piece of music intended to make them feel sad (a song titled "Home Is Such a Lonely Place" by Blink-182). Group C listened to no music and instead was asked to sit quietly for 5 minutes (thought to make them feel neutral). When a participant would come to her laboratory, Dr. Lonsbary would greet the participant and then ask him or her to roll a six-sided die. Participants who rolled a 1 or 2 were assigned to Group A. Participants who rolled a 3 or 4 were assigned to Group B. Participants who rolled a 5 or 6 were assigned to Group C. The participants were then given an unlabeled CD to listen to based on their group assignment. The CD contained either the song selection or 5 minutes of silence. They were then escorted into a different room, where they were greeted by a research assistant who conducted the experiment. The research assistant sat the participants in front of a computer screen and told them that a list of 25 words would be displayed on the screen. They were instructed to listen to the CD with headphones while trying to memorize the list of words. All participants were given the same list of 25 common words to remember (e.g., desk, gray, plane, car, mask). When 5 minutes had passed, the screen displayed a question asking them whether they felt happy, sad, or neutral. After the participant responded, a new screen was displayed asking them to type in all the words they could remember from the list of 25 words. All participants were given 3 minutes to type the words they remembered. Afterward, the participant was thanked and dismissed. In response to the mood question, a majority of Group A participants said they were happy, a majority of Group B participants said they were sad, and a majority of Group C participants said they were neutral in their mood. Dr. Lonsbary found the following results in response to the number of words remembered. Group A (Happy) Group B (Sad) Group C (Neutral) Number of Words Remembered 16 14 9 Groups A and B vs. Group C Statistically significant difference d = .36 Group A vs. Group C Statistically significant difference d = .30 Group B vs. Group C Statistically significant difference d = .41 Group A vs. Group B No statistically significant difference d = .09 Prior to conducting the current study, Dr. Lonsbary asked her research assistant to use the same mood manipulation with a sample of 30 college students to determine if people's moods really did change after listening to the music. Running this preliminary study helps establish _________ validity. Answers: a. external b. construct c. statistical d. internal

Correctb. construct

Articles that could be considered journalism: Answers: a. are typically written for scientists. b. do not require specialized education to read. c. are typically written by scientists. d. are hard to access.

Correctb. do not require specialized education to read.

Asking an expert or experts to evaluate a measure is used to establish validity. Answers: a. content b. face c. divergent d. criterion

Correctb. face

When examining the statistical validity of a frequency claim, one should look for the: Answers: a. strength of the association. b. margin of error estimate. c. statistical significance. d. length of the measurement.

Correctb. margin of error estimate

RESEARCH STUDY 3.5: Jenny reads the following headline on an online article: "If You're Sexist, People Will Think You're Racist, and Vice Versa." (This headline is based on a study conducted by Sanchez and colleagues, 2017.) This study found that members of stigmatized groups are threatened by prejudice directed at other stigmatized groups. Their results showed that White women can be threatened by racism, and men of color threatened by sexism, and that these perceptions made participants expect unfair treatment. In this study, the article's headline is ________ because ________. Answers: a. justified; the findings are significant b. unjustified; the researcher did not study all groups of individuals who are sexist or racist c. unjustified; it is impossible to manipulate sexism d. justified; the researchers manipulated sexism

Correctb. unjustified; the researcher did not study all groups of individuals who are sexist or racist

Which of the following phrases describes a manipulated variable? Answers: a. "Researchers recorded the length of time participants took to complete the anagrams." b. "Researchers recorded whether participants volunteered to help the student in need or did not volunteer." c. "Participants were placed in the high tempo music condition, the low tempo music condition, or the no music condition based on which color card they randomly drew from a deck." d. "Participants wrote down how many text messages they had sent the day before."

Correctc. "Participants were placed in the high tempo music condition, the low tempo music condition, or the no music condition based on which color card they randomly drew from a deck."

Todd is studying the effect of popularity on academic success for his research methods project. He decides to measure popularity by asking each elementary school student to tell him how many friends he or she has. He assumes that more friends means the student is more popular. Which of the following best describes this variable? Answers: a. A categorical variable b. A qualitative variable c. A ratio scale of measurement d. An other-report measure

Correctc. A ratio scale of measurement

RESEARCH STUDY 3.4: Dr. Kang, a cognitive psychologist, conducts an experiment examining the effect of emotion on memory. He provides lists of 15 words to two groups of participants at his university. He puts the names of all the participants in a hat. The first 20 names he assigns to Group A and the last 20 he assigns to Group B. Group A is given a list of words that are very emotional in content (e.g., passion, murder). Group B is given a list of words that are neutral in content (e.g., houseplant, desk). He then measures how many words each group is able to remember after being distracted for 5 minutes by watching a video about the history of the university. He finds that Group A remembers 15% more words than Group B. Which of the following makes Dr. Kang's study an experiment? Answers: a. Dr. Kang used a distractor task. b. The study was conducted at a university. c. Dr. Kang manipulated one variable and measured another. d. The study was conducted by a professor.

Correctc. Dr. Kang manipulated one variable and measured another.

RESEARCH STUDY 14.3: Dr. Grayson, a health psychologist, conducts a study examining whether people eat more when they are exposed to pictures of food than when they are not exposed to pictures of food. She goes to a fast-food restaurant in downtown Chicago that has pictures of menu items on its menu board and measures the amount of food ordered during the lunch rush (11:30 a.m.-1:30 p.m.) on Tuesday. On Thursday, she does the same thing but at a fast-food restaurant that does not have pictures on its menu board (about two blocks away from the first restaurant). She finds that the restaurant with pictures of food sells more food than the restaurant that does not have pictures. Dr. Grayson wants to conduct her study again, but this time she wants to conduct it in her laboratory. She wants people to feel and act the same way in her laboratory that they would when facing ordering choices in an actual fast-food restaurant. To this end, she must try to enhance which of the following? Answers: a. Cultural relativity b. Statistical validity c. Experimental realism d. Generalizability

Correctc. Experimental realism

In which of the following ways is an institutional animal care and use committee (IACUC) different from an institutional review board (IRB)? Answers: a. IACUCs are optional at universities conducting animal research; IRBs are mandatory at universities conducting human research. b. IRBs must follow federal guidelines, but IACUCs do not have federal guidelines to follow. c. IACUCs monitor the care and treatment of animals throughout the study; IRBs do not monitor the care of human participants throughout the study. d. Seeking permission from an IACUC is recommended but not required for animal research; IRB approval is required for human research.

Correctc. IACUCs monitor the care and treatment of animals throughout the study; IRBs do not monitor the care of human participants throughout the study.

In interrogating the construct validity of a measure, which question should a researcher ask? Answers: a. Do I know that this measure is valid? b. Does this measure have the right kind of validity? c. Is there enough evidence that this measure is valid? d. Has an expert said that this measure is valid?

Correctc. Is there enough evidence that this measure is valid?

RESEARCH STUDY 13.3: Dr. Anderson is a nutritionist who helps clients lose weight prior to surgery. She is working with W. J., a male client who is planning on undergoing a heart transplant. He currently eats more than 3,500 calories a day and has been asked by his doctor to cut the number of calories to about 1,800 (400 for breakfast, 600 for lunch, and 800 for dinner). She is curious as to whether a food journal will help W. J. reduce the number of calories he eats. A food journal is used to record everything a person eats to help patients be more aware of what they're eating. W. J.'s wife also recorded the food he consumed at each meal to have complete data before introducing the journal. Dr. Anderson decides to phase in the food journal gradually, initially only having W. J. record what he ate at breakfast during the first three days after baseline (days 4-6). During days 7-9, the journal is used at lunch, too, and during days 10-12, it also is used during dinner. The data for Dr. Anderson's study are below. mc030-1.jpg What type of small-N design has Dr. Anderson used with W. J.? Answers: a. Reversal design b. Stable-baseline design c. Multiple-baseline design d. Interrupted time-series design

Correctc. Multiple-baseline design

Which of the following is NOT a section or subsection commonly found in an empirical journal article? Answers: a. Participants b. Abstract c. Outcomes d. Procedure

Correctc. Outcomes

Such topics as the link between media and aggression and smoking and lung cancer have been studied with a variety of methods and by a variety of researchers and have all reached similar conclusions. This is an example of which of the following? Answers: a. Hypothesis generation b. Multiple-regression designs c. Pattern and parsimony d. Third variable problems

Correctc. Pattern and parsimony

A wait-list design is helpful in dealing with which of the following threats to internal validity? Answers: a. History b. Attrition c. Selection d. Maturation

Correctc. Selection

Convenience sampling relies on which of the following? Answers: a. Studying people who are willing to participate b. Studying people who are colleagues of the researcher c. Studying people who are easy to find d. Studying people who are typical

Correctc. Studying people who are easy to find

Which of the following does NOT result in a biased sample? Answers: a. Snowball sample b. Convenience sample c. Systematic sample d. Purposive sample

Correctc. Systematic sample

Which of the following indicates that an article's claims are based on research? Answers: a. The article includes a direct quote from an expert in the field. b. The article compares two groups of individuals. c. The article describes how a scientific study measured a variable. d. The author describes her creative solution to a scientific problem.

Correctc. The article describes how a scientific study measured a variable.

RESEARCH STUDY 8.1: Dr. Guidry conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in Nashville, Tennessee (the state capital), located in the southern United States. Below are her findings. • Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r = −.57 (p = .01) • Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, not sig. • Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36 (p = .04) Matt, Dr. Guidry's research assistant, is discussing the findings of the study with some other students. He claims that the experience of more daily stress causes people to have lower life satisfaction. Which of the following causal criteria did Matt meet? Answers: a. Internal validity b. Temporal precedence c. The covariance of cause and effect d. External validity

Correctc. The covariance of cause and effect

Hannah just finished reading an empirical journal article for a class project. What information might she get out of reading the references section of her article? Answers: a. A list of the measures used in the study b. An explanation of the statistical tests used c. The name of an article that researched a similar topic d. An idea for a future study

Correctc. The name of an article that researched a similar topic

Which of the following is NOT true of finding a stronger effect size in an association claim? Answers: a. There will be greater likelihood of a finding being important in the real world. b. There will be greater accuracy in predicting one variable as opposed to another. c. There will be greater construct validity. d. There will be a greater likelihood of finding a statistically significant relationship.

Correctc. There will be greater construct validity.

In which of the following cases might a small effect still be important? Answers: a. When the finding is also statistically significant b. When external validity is high c. When the study has life-or-death implications d. When the sample is very large

Correctc. When the study has life-or-death implications

When a double-blind study is not possible, an acceptable alternative may be _________. Answers: a. a within-groups design b. the use of a control group c. a masked design d. a matched groups design

Correctc. a masked design

RESEARCH STUDY 3.1: Anderson is reading his morning paper and sees the following headline: "Men Should Avoid Rock Music When Playing Board Games." (This headline is based on a study conducted by Fancourt, Burton, & Williamon, 2016.) In the study, men and women played the game "Operation" when listening to different types of music. Male participants performed worse when listening to AC/DC than when listening to Mozart, but female participants' performance did not differ based on music. Which of the following is a variable in this study? Answers: a. the volume of the music b. the type of game c. the sex of the participant d. the sex of the researcher

Correctc. the sex of the participant

If a study uses an unrepresentative sample, which of the following questions should you ask when assessing its external validity? Answers: a. "Could the study have used a representative sample instead?" b. "Is the study making a frequency, association, or causal claim?" c. "Is the sample size sufficiently large?" d. "Are the characteristics that make the sample biased actually relevant to what is being measured?

Correctd. "Are the characteristics that make the sample biased actually relevant to what is being measured?"

Which of the following is NOT a reason that psychologists might fabricate or falsify their data? Answers: a. They are convinced of the correctness of their own hypotheses. b. They feel pressure to publish findings. c. Research success has implications for promotion within their department. d. A journal might require it.

Correctd. A journal might require it.

Which of the following is NOT possible? Answers: a. A measure is reliable but not valid. b. A measure is both valid and reliable. c. A measure is neither reliable nor valid. d. A measure is valid but not reliable.

Correctd. A measure is valid but not reliable.

Dr. Morimoto is curious as to whether exposing people to violent video games causes them to be more aggressive. He assigns half his participants to play a video game for 5 minutes and the other half to play for 7 minutes. He finds that there is no relationship between playing the game longer and being more aggressive. What might be to blame for this null effect? Answers: a. A reverse confound b. An insensitive measure c. Ceiling effect d. A weak manipulation

Correctd. A weak manipulation

Which of the following is true of multiple regression? Answers: a. There is a limit to the number of predictors that can be included in a regression. b. It can control for all third variables, including those that are not measured. c. There is a limit to the number of predictors that can be statistically significant. d. Adding more predictors means research is controlling for more variables.

Correctd. Adding more predictors means research is controlling for more variables.

RESEARCH STUDY 7.1: Professor Kramer has decided to measure how happy his students are with his teaching this semester. He is teaching two classes this semester—Psychology and Law and Introduction to Neuroscience. He gives his students a survey. What is Dr. Kramer's likely population of interest? Answers: a. All psychology majors and minors b. All students in his Introduction to Neuroscience class c. All students at the university d. All students he is currently teaching

Correctd. All students he is currently teaching

External validity is most important for which of the following claims? Answers: a. Causal claims b. Association claims c. External validity is equally important for all claims. d. Frequency claims

Correctd. Frequency claims

RESEARCH STUDY 10.1: Dr. Lonsbary is a cognitive psychologist who is curious about how mood affects memory. She recruited 60 high school students and divided them into three groups. Group A listened to a 5-minute piece of music intended to make them feel happy ("Happy" by Pharrell). Group B listened to a 5-minute piece of music intended to make them feel sad (a song titled "Home Is Such a Lonely Place" by Blink-182). Group C listened to no music and instead was asked to sit quietly for 5 minutes (thought to make them feel neutral). When a participant would come to her laboratory, Dr. Lonsbary would greet the participant and then ask him or her to roll a six-sided die. Participants who rolled a 1 or 2 were assigned to Group A. Participants who rolled a 3 or 4 were assigned to Group B. Participants who rolled a 5 or 6 were assigned to Group C. The participants were then given an unlabeled CD to listen to based on their group assignment. The CD contained either the song selection or 5 minutes of silence. They were then escorted into a different room, where they were greeted by a research assistant who conducted the experiment. The research assistant sat the participants in front of a computer screen and told them that a list of 25 words would be displayed on the screen. They were instructed to listen to the CD with headphones while trying to memorize the list of words. All participants were given the same list of 25 common words to remember (e.g., desk, gray, plane, car, mask). When 5 minutes had passed, the screen displayed a question asking them whether they felt happy, sad, or neutral. After the participant responded, a new screen was displayed asking them to type in all the words they could remember from the list of 25 words. All participants were given 3 minutes to type the words they remembered. Afterward, the participant was thanked and dismissed. In response to the mood question, a majority of Group A participants said they were happy, a majority of Group B participants said they were sad, and a majority of Group C participants said they were neutral in their mood. Dr. Lonsbary found the following results in response to the number of words remembered. Group A (Happy) Group B (Sad) Group C (Neutral) Number of Words Remembered 16 14 9 Groups A and B vs. Group C Statistically significant difference d = .36 Group A vs. Group C Statistically significant difference d = .30 Group B vs. Group C Statistically significant difference d = .41 Group A vs. Group B No statistically significant difference d = .09 What type of design did Dr. Lonsbary use in her study? Answers: a. Matched-group design b. Within-groups design c. Pretest/posttest design d. Independent-groups design

Correctd. Independent-groups design

After finding a null result in her study, a researcher decides to conduct a follow-up study where she limits who the findings will generalize to. Which cause of within-group variance is she trying to reduce? Answers: a. Measurement error b. Lack of power c. Situation noise d. Individual differences

Correctd. Individual differences

According to the textbook, why is it important to study interactions? Answers: a. They are more scientific than other analyses. b. They are more complicated than other analyses. c. They are easier to understand than main effects. d. Many outcomes in psychology are interactions.

Correctd. Many outcomes in psychology are interactions.

Which of the following is NOT a method researchers used to identify or correct for attrition? Answers: a. Determine whether those who dropped out of the study had a different pattern of scores than those who stayed in the study b. Drop the original/pretest scores of participants who left the study c. Use a control group d. Not allow participants to leave a study once it has started

Correctd. Not allow participants to leave a study once it has started

Your professor says that researchers do not make ethical decisions alone. What does this mean? Answers: a. Researchers must consult with lawyers before they conduct a study. b. Researchers must conduct research with other researchers. c. Researchers must discuss their ethical choices with their participants. d. Researchers must consider the opinions of others, including institutional review board (IRB) members and peers.

Correctd. Researchers must consider the opinions of others, including institutional review board (IRB) members and peers.

RESEARCH STUDY 8.1: Dr. Guidry conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in Nashville, Tennessee (the state capital), located in the southern United States. Below are her findings. • Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r = −.57 (p = .01) • Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, not sig. • Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36 (p = .04) In determining whether the relationship between two of Dr. Guidry's variables was statistically significant, which of the following must be considered? Answers: a. Sample size and number of variables analyzed b. The number of outliers and the direction of the association c. Direction of the association and strength of the association d. Sample size and effect size

Correctd. Sample size and effect size

A study finds a correlation coefficient of r = .52. This number gives you information about which of the following? Answers: a. Type of relationship and importance b. Statistical significance and effect size c. Statistical validity and external validity d. Strength and direction of the relationship

Correctd. Strength and direction of the relationship

RESEARCH STUDY 7.1: Professor Kramer has decided to measure how happy his students are with his teaching this semester. He is teaching two classes this semester—Psychology and Law and Introduction to Neuroscience. He gives his students a survey. Dr. Kramer could reasonably use his sample to say something about which of the following populations of interest? Answers: a. Students enrolled at the university b. Students who have taken a class with Dr. Kramer c. Students currently taking a psychology class d. Students who are political science majors

Correctd. Students who are political science majors

Imagine you calculated the correlation coefficient for the data presented in the figure, and the resulting number was r = -.44. Looking at the figure, how would you know the number you calculated is incorrect? Answers: a. There wouldn't be a way to know this. b. Correlation coefficients cannot be smaller than 1. c. There aren't 44 dots in the figure. d. The figure shows a positive relationship between optimism and life satisfaction.

Correctd. The figure shows a positive relationship between optimism and life satisfaction.

Which of the following can you conclude by looking at the figure above? Answers: a. Optimistic people will be more likely to vote in 2018. b. Voting in 2016 caused increases in one's level of optimism. c. The number of people who voted in 2016 is larger than the number of people who did not vote in 2016. d. There is an association between voting behavior in 2016 and one's level of optimism.

Correctd. There is an association between voting behavior in 2016 and one's level of optimism.

Using the same setting and consistent protocols for each participant in a study will reduce the effect of: Answers: a. measurement error. b. floor effects. c. individual differences. d. situation noise.

Correctd. situation noise.

A common finding in the study of aggression is that exposure to television is associated with increased aggressive behavior in children. You know this relationship may not be causal because you are not sure which occurred first: watching television or being aggressive. You are questioning which of the following rules of causation? Answers: a. the criterion of covariance b. the third-variable criterion c. the criterion of external validity d. the criterion of temporal precedence

Correctd. the criterion of temporal precedence

RESEARCH STUDY 12.1: Dr. Elder was interested in the way people recognize objects as members of categories. For example, what makes us recognize a dog as being a dog and not a cat? More specifically, he was curious as to whether people think about categories in a more complex way if they contemplate an "opposite" category first. For example, does a person think differently about the category of "southern" if they first think about the category of "northern"? He is also curious as to whether people categorize differently if they are exposed to category members compared with generating category members. Dr. Elder has four groups of participants (with 30 people in each group). In Group A, participants were told to cut out pictures of dogs and cats from magazines. In Group B, participants were told to cut out pictures of just dogs from magazines. In Group C, participants were told to draw pictures of cats and dogs. In Group D, participants were told to draw pictures of just dogs. After doing this for 30 minutes, participants in all groups were asked to list the attributes that define the "dog" category. Having a higher number of attributes listed was considered to be an indication of thinking about the category in a more complex way. The results of his study are below. Type of Activity Cutting out Pictures Drawing Pictures Focus of the Activity Dogs and cats 15 9 Dogs only 7 6 In Dr. Elder's study, how many possible main effects exist? Answers: a. 3 b. 1 c. 4 d. 2

d. 2