PSYCH Final Exam-12.14.22

John has just been assessed as having an mild intellectual disability. Part of this diagnosis was based on his IQ score, which must have been below which of the following thresholds?

70

Which of the following best describes a flashbulb memory?

A person will have greater memory of some momentous and emotional event

Consciousness can best be described as:

A state of awareness of the self and of the environment

Stimulus-control techniques have gained popularity in laboratory research. Now, scientists interested in perception have studied "higher" cognitive processes in pigeons such as whether or not they know how to categorize. This higher cognitive process can also be described as which of the following?

Ability to sort or arrange different items into classes

If a product is advertised as being "on sale" for a low price of $19.95, after being told that it was originally $99.95, your valuation of the price is influenced by

Anchoring Effect

__________ can be defined as a negative mood state that is accompanied by bodily symptoms, muscle tension, a sense of unease, and apprehension about future danger or misfortune.

Anxiety

Hodor from Game of Thrones can only speak a single, ungrammatical sentence. Groot from Guardians of the Galaxy can also only say a single phrase "I am Groot." The classic case study from the 1800s was a guy who could only say Tan. What would their common diagnosis be?

Aphasia

________ are opinions, feelings, and beliefs that a person holds about another person, a concept, or a group.

Attitudes

Which of the following best explains the concept of "levels of awareness"?

Awareness is a continuum that includes both high and low awareness.

The researchers most closely associated with operant conditioning are:

B.F. Skinner and Edward Thorndike PreviousNext

Which of the following is the most accurate statement regarding the difference between Bipolar I Disorder (BD I) and Bipolar II Disorder (BD II)?

BD I involves at least one manic episode, while BD II involves at least one hypomanic episode.

__________ are systematic and predictable mistakes that influence judgment and decision making.

Biases

Which of the following pairs of psychologists were responsible for the first recognized test of intelligence quotient, or IQ?

Binet and Simon

Radhika is visiting japan for the first time. She is attempting to learn the names of the food, eat with chop sticks, and pay attention to the etiquette of the meal. She is using ___________.

Bottom-Up Processing

Which of the following is the most accurate statement regarding the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for the treatment of anxiety disorders?

CBT is often effective, and in some cases even more effective than the use of medication.

Which psychologist conducts research on the mindset of children looking at differences in high and low achievers with similar IQ scores?

Carol Dweck

"________ ground" refers to the information that is shared by people who engage in conversation. It allows for communication between speaker and listener to make coherent sense to both parties.

Common

Which of the following is NOT a theory to explain dreams?

Dreams are suppressed memories from childhood.

Hans Eysenck suggested that two traits are the most important traits of the Five-Factor Model. More recently, Jeffrey Gray has suggested that these two traits are important because they are related to fundamental reward and avoidance systems in the brain. Which two traits of the Five-Factor Model are Eysenck and Gray referring to, and how do they map onto the reward and avoidance systems?

Extroverts approach rewards while Neurotic individuals avoid punishment.

This person was among those who pioneered psychological measurement. Among other contributions, he was possibly the first to popularize the notion that the heritability of psychological traits could be assessed by looking at identical and fraternal twins.

Francis Galton

Which historical event led directly to Milgram's research on obedience?

German citizens' willingness to go along with Nazi leaders during the Holocaust

Alfred takes an IQ test at ages 25 and 55, measuring his fluid and crystallized intelligence. Based on research of their respective developmental trajectories, what are most likely changes in these two areas that we would see?

His fluid intelligence would decrease with age, whereas his crystallized intelligence would increase.

Which common saying is the foundation of the concept of reciprocity?

If you scratch my back, I'll scratch yours.

__________ influence refers to conformity that results from a desire to act in a manner that is clearly socially approved such as speaking softly in libraries.

Informational

Howard Gardner proposed that:

Intelligence is comprised of multiple intelligences - a model that claims there are eight different types of intelligence that are independent of each other.

Mr. Sampson's mouth always waters when he sees a donut. He nearly always orders a coffee when he has a donut. One day, he orders a coffee and a chocolate donut. He is served the coffee right away, but told that the donuts are still being made and he will have to wait a few minutes. He takes a seat while he is waiting and takes a deep sniff of his coffee. As he does so, he begins salivating. In terms of classical conditioning, why did this happen?

It happened because the coffee is acting as a conditioned stimulus.

Which of the following is a major advantage of the Implicit Associations Test (IAT)?

It is difficult to fake.

The term short term memory applies to information held for

Less than one minute

Which of the following is true of sleep?

Many studies show that sleep is a common problem for college students.

Which researcher produced the famous studies of obedience that involved deceiving participants into believing that they were delivering electric shocks to a helpless victim?

Milgram

___________ is the desire to make significant accomplishments by mastering skills or meeting high standards.

Need for achievement

Dr. Loftus has used a false feedback manipulation to persuade subjects to falsely remember having a variety of childhood experiences. Which of the following best describes this experimental technique?

Participants are deceived to believe a computer system has analyzed questionnaires they previously completed and concluded they had particular experiences years earlier.

According to Lofts' research on eyewitness testimony which of the following would you most likely expect to happen when a person witnesses a car accident?

People will often offer biased reports of the event because they are susceptible to misinformation and other recall problems.

Although Dugan has the lower portion of his leg amputated he still sometimes feels and uncomfortable itching sensation from where his foot would be. This is an example of a _________.

Phantom limb

____________ are specialized cells that convert light into electrical signals.

Photoreceptors, such as rods and cones

At the back of the brain is the __________ which is primarily responsible for processing information about light and movement.

Primary Visual Cortex

Alice's Hotel has noticed that they spend a lot of money on water and electricity devoted to washing linens (towels, sheets, and pillowcases). In order to reduce this expense, the owner wants to encourage guests to reuse linens for more than one day. What would be the best way to accomplish this task?

Put a note on the bed indicating that most of their guests reuse linens, and asking this guest to do the same.

In the serial position effect, recall for the first and last things that you've memorized is better than the middle items. What is likely to happen after some time passes before the test?

Recency disappears

Which of the following best distinguishes the concepts of sensation and perception?

Sensation is something that happens to your sense organs and neurons; perception is something that happens in consciousness.

Antoine responds to his mother in a way that describes an anxious-resistant attachment patterns. Based on the work of Ainsworth, what might you predict about the way Antoine's mother responded to him as an infant?

She may have been insensitive to or inconsistent in responding to his needs.

Which of the following best describes the phenomena known as sensory adaptation.

Some people are irritated by the smell of his cologne, but Adam wears it so much that he barely smells it himself.

In today's society, people are often very busy-- especially executives-- causing them to trust certain ways of thinking over others. However, this can lead to many biases and make poor decisions. Which of the following is the best way to reduce bias and improve decisions?

Stop trusting System 1 and instead engage System 2 more.

Bosay is at the electronics store trying to decide which new game system to buy. She takes her time, studies the features of each, and is very effortful in her decision. When she finally buys a system, she feels confident that she has made the right choice. Bosay has used ________ decision making to assist with this purchase.

System 2

Which of the following examples is consistent with the Law of Effect?

The more you win at soccer, the more likely you will continue to play soccer.

Gestalt psychology is the German term for perception that best describes which of the following

The sum is greater than the parts

Despite potential dangers, marijuana has been legalized in some places. Which factor is most likely related to this trend?

The use of marijuana for medicinal purposes has shown a potentially positive side of the drug.

The observation that Chimpanzees are able to use deceptive tactics when competing for food indicates:

They have a theory of mind.

If you and a friend had a chat next to an advertisement for a restaurant and then felt hungry and wanted to go to that restaurant, which of the following best explains this phenomenon?

This is an example of low awareness because it does not use effortful conscious processing.

Walter Mischel was an important figure in the "person-situation debate" amongst psychologists. What was Mischel's side of the argument?

Traits are an illusion. People may not be consistent across situations and thus it would be fruitful to study the distinct reactions in specific situations.

Light enters the eye and is converted into electrical signals that can be processed by the brain. This process is called ______________.

Transduction

Jaspreet has been nagged by his parents to make his bed.

When Jaspreet makes his bed and the nagging stops, he is negatively reinforced

Which of the following is true of Milgram's (1963, 1965, 1974) research on obedience to authority?

With each increment of shock voltage, fewer participants obeyed, but about 65% still administered 450 volts (the highest level).

Which of the following is NOT true of our sound-location abilities?

Your head dampens sounds such that volume is different in both ears according to the location of a sound.

Manpreet experiences high levels of anxiety about exposure to germs. As a result, he typically washes his hands more than 100 times a day. What is the clinical term for this behavior?

a compulsion

Which of the following is NOT an effect of alcohol?

a decrease in the neurotransmitter GABA

Kelly is at a college party and notices everyone is drinking. She concludes that the majority of students on campus must also drink alcohol frequently. What would we call Kelly's perception of what most people are doing?

a descriptive norm

Which of the following is the best definition of hypnosis?

a form of relaxation in which focus is diminished and suggestibility is increased

Which of the following is characteristic of people in a trance?

a lack of voluntary control

Which is the best definition of mindfulness?

a state of heightened conscious awareness

When a person experiencing depression demonstrates the symptom of psychomotor __________, they might fidget, pace, tap their feet, or wring their hands.

agitation

Istvan is well liked by his friends because he is trusting, considerate, compassionate, loyal, and easy to get along with. Which of the Big 5 factors of personality would Istvan likely score high in?

agreeableness

Which of the following is characteristic of hallucinogenic substances?

alterations in visual perception or sense of time

Intelligence is:

an individual's cognitive capacity, including the ability to acquire, process, recall and apply information

Stuart loves to play golf. He typically plays 2 or 3 times a week. Lately, he has been feeling down and has lost interest in the game, and has asked his friends to find someone to play in his place. This loss of interest and pleasure in an activity that Stuart used to enjoy is called ________ and is a symptom of depression.

anhedonia

Donald is dishonest and manipulative, often has temper tantrums and wants to have fistfights. These traits have been part of his life for as long as anyone can remember. Which personality disorder seems to describe Donald?

antisocial personality disorder

In the famous Harry Potter books, one of the main characters is Voldemort. This individual kills at will, thinks only of his own needs, and manipulates people into doing his bidding. He even uses magic to destroy anyone who gets in his way! If Voldemort were seeing a psychologist, which diagnosis would be the most appropriate?

antisocial personality disorder

Fear conditioning can play a role in creating __________ in humans.

anxiety disorders

At which stage does memory failure typically occur?

any stage

Phenomena such as change blindness and perceptual set are evidence that perception is

at least partly dependent on expectations and biases about the world

Amanda is raising her first son, Stanley, on her own. The child is very comfortable and at ease in his mother's presence, but when she is gone he gets tense and looks for her. Amanda provides Stanley with care, protection, and support. She is serving as a(n) ________ to the baby.

attachment figure

Jacinta beliefs that people who are military veterans are all brave, honorable, and respectable. She tends to treat them with an enhanced sense of consideration, and thanks them for their service whenever she can. These beliefs represent a(n) ________ that Jacinta has for veterans.

attitude

The study of ________, which is a major topic of focus for social psychologists, examines the psychological processes involved in having a sexual interest in another person.

attraction

Vicenta is looking at a book at the local library when Daina brushes past her, gently pushing Vicenta backward. "Wow, she is very rude," Vicenta thinks. This is an example of social ________, which occurs when we make educated guesses about the efforts or motives of another person.

attribution

Episodic memory is the memory system that holds what kind of information?

autobiographical knowledge

Shortly after she gets to her new college 2,500 miles from home, Tomasa goes to the school's activity fair to find some groups to join. She immediately signs up to audition for two different musical clubs, which are her interest. Her desire to join these groups may help to satisfy her need to _______.

belong

Social models are an important part of observational learning. Which group is NOT necessarily a good social model for learning?

best friends

Which type of brain activity is associated with wakeful states?

beta waves

For the previous six weeks or so, Carlton's co-workers have noticed that he has seemed very sad much of the time. He has also stopped going to team lunches and stays in his office on his own far more than usual. However, in the last few days, he has seemed very different. He has been in an excited state much of the time, talking more rapidly than usual, and many of his ideas at team meetings seem unrealistic and overambitious. Which of the following disorders are Carlton's symptoms most consistent with?

bipolar disorder

One day, Betty felt lethargic, hopelessly sad, fatigued, and had no interest in anything. A few days later she was feeling extremely euphoric and powerful, engaged in risky sexual exploits, and spent money irresponsibly. Betty could be diagnosed with:

bipolar disorder

Stimulants such as cocaine produce euphoria because they ______.

block the re-uptake of dopamine in the brain

Simon was driving erratically after drinking and was stopped by the police. They administered a "breathalyzer" test intended to measure Simon's _________.

blood alcohol level

Which of the following is the best definition of conformity?

changing one's attitude or behavior to match a perceived social norm

The sense of smell is sometimes referred to as a "chemical sense" because __________.

chemical stimuli are transformed into electrical signals

Which groups would memory researchers likely say would be the most susceptible to misinformation?

children and older adults

In Bandura's famous experiment children observed either an aggressive or a non-aggressive model in a room of toys and a Bobo Doll. When allowed to play with Bobo, researchers observed that children who observed the aggressive model were more aggressive in their own interactions. Research concluded that:

children used their observation of adult models to determine that aggressive behavior was acceptable

Which of the following is/are behavioral patterns that can be present in OCD?

cleansing rituals, ordering rituals, & checking rituals

Because of this Gestalt law, you can recognize a familiar object though some of it is hidden from view.

closure

Anna is telling Joy all about Maya's recent engagement. Because they share _______________, Anna assumes that Joy knows a little about Maya and George and doesn't need to tell about who they are. If Anna were speaking to someone else, she may need to include more details.

common ground

Simon's rabbit gets a treat every night. The treats come in a plastic bag that makes a crinkling sound. When the rabbit hears the bag he runs to the door of his cage to await the treat. One night Simon when Simon is eating chips the rabbit hears the sound of the bag and runs to his cage door. The sound of the bag is the:

conditioned stimulus

In Pavlov's experiments, what type of stimulus was the bell, generally?

conditioned.

Shania notices that all of her high school friends have started wearing glitter eye shadow to school. She doesn't really like the look but she wants to fit in with the crowd, so she starts wearing it too. Shania has engaged in __________.

conformity

The night before a midterm exam, Kurt is invited to a party by his friends. He decides not to go to the party because doing well in the course is important to his career goals. Which of the Big 5 factors of personality would Wayne likely score high in?

conscientiousness

System 2 thinking is driven by _____________ and is typically ______________.

conscious; slow

A person does not "have" or "not have" a personality trait but instead can possess varying amounts of it. This is because personality traits reflect ____________________ rather than distinct personality types.

continuous distributions

John is a Canadian having dinner with his friends from China. He openly shows both his enthusiasm and his anger about various topics as they speak. John notices that his friends smile and nod but that they do not display strong emotions. This is an example of ________.

cultural influence on emotion norms

Which of the following is an example of "dissociation"?

daydreaming while driving

As learning occurs over repeated conditioning trials, the conditioned stimulus increasingly predicts the unconditioned stimulus, and prediction error __________.

declines

Josh exhibits clinging behavior, submissiveness, and feats of separation. He likely has which personality disorder?

dependent personality disorder

The visual cliff experiment by Gibson and Walk (1960) demonstrated that infants

develop depth perception over the first few months of life.

Dr. Flynn, a present day psychiatrist, uses the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Ed. (DSM-5) to

diagnose mental illness

In a popular movie about the Mafia, the head of the family chastises one of his sons, Sonny, for letting other people know what he was thinking and feeling. "Never let anyone outside the family know what you are thinking," the Mafia boos says to Sonny. From an emotions perspective, the father is speaking about _________.

display rules

Your drive to school each day is pretty standard - you start your car, take the same route, and park in the same spot (or close to the same spot). One day, you are sitting at a red light when you witness a high speed car chase - complete with cops, a helicopter, and news vans. Even years later, you can recall lots of details from that drive. Which memory concept is associated with why you will remember that particular drive to school?

distinctiveness

Julee's mom has noticed that her daughter has been especially good at resisting the cookies in the kitchen so she doesn't spoil her dinner each night. Julee knows if she can wait until after dinner she can eat two cookies. This successful experience of motivated self-regulation can also be referred to as what?

effortful control

When you drink spoiled milk or put a rancid piece of cheese in your mouth, you may spit it out before you have any cognitive awareness of why you are feeling disgusted. From an evolutionary perspective, this demonstrates which concept?

emotions help us act with minimally conscious awareness

During the lecture Wayne is busy texting on his cell phone, while kind of half paying attention to what the professor is saying. A few minutes after making a point the professor gives an pop quiz on the material. Wayne can't retrieve the information the prof gave in the lecture and does poorly on the test. A likely factor in Wayne's not being able to retrieve the information is:

encoding failure

Clint is a very confident person who tends to take charge when he has been assigned to a group task. Which of the Big 5 factors of personality would Clint likely score high in?

extraversion

A(n) _________ memory is a memory of an event that never actually occurred. It is implanted by experimental manipulation or other means.

false

Imagine that you are a memory researcher and want to learn about memory errors. You decide to meet with participants and ask them about the time they went camping with their family (even though they have never camped in their lives). At first, the participants are hesitant, not really remembering the camping trip (because it never happened!). However, after you show them a few Photoshopped images of them in a sleeping bag and in the forest, they begin to remember details about the trip - how the family went berry picking or that an animal tried to get into the food supply. This phenomenon is referred to as:

false memory

Chet was in a car accident in which he could easily have been killed had he not been wearing his seat belt. He is aware of how lucky he was to survive without serious injury. Lately, when he drives past the location of the crash, he has a sudden, intense sensation that he is re-experiencing the accident. On one occasion he had to pull his car over to sit for several minutes until the feeling subsided. Chet is experiencing __________.

flashbacks

The highest concentration of cones in the retina can be found in this area at the center of the eye.

fovea

Wei-Tang is trying to choose between two muffins. One is advertised as 95% fat free, and the other is marketed as 5% fat. Wei-Tang chooses the first one because it sounds better, even though the fat content in both muffins is the same. What phenomenon does this most clearly illustrate?

framing effect

Sound quality can be divided into amplitude, timbre and pitch. Pitch is determined by the __________ of the sound waves.

frequency

The gustatory sense relies on the primary and secondary taste cortices located in this lobe.

frontal lobe

Which of the following is NOT a form of biological treatment for a person suffering from depression?

functional magnetic resonance imaging

The tendency to overemphasize the importance of personality factors when explaining someone else's behaviors while overemphasizing situational factors when explaining your own behaviors is called the __________.

fundamental attribution error

April is starting to spend money quickly to buy the fanciest clothes, car, and hotel rooms because she has an inflated sense of self-importance and self-worth, believing she deserves these things due to her superior powers and abilities. What symptom of mania is April displaying?

grandiosity

If Janet were to fly from Toronto to London, she might have difficulty adjusting to the new time. This is likely because _______.

her circadian rhythms are adjusted to the time in Toronto

Cognitive strategies that simplify decision-making by using mental short cuts are called __________. They are sometimes referred to as "rules of thumb."

heuristics

Darcy is in a relaxed state with decreased self-consciousness. In this state she is open to suggestion. Which state is Darcy in?

hypnosis

Knowing Paige is extremely high in Extraversion does not help predict her scores on Neuroticism. This is because scores within the Five-Factor Model are mostly ___________, where two traits are separate from one another. Thus, in the Five-Factor Model, you need five scores to describe most of an individual's personality.

independent

Crystallized Intelligence is to Fluid Intelligence:

information that has been acquired through experience: ability to reason and problem solve in novel situations

Nora has decided to visit the new community recreation center for a swim. As she enters the change room she notices both of the two other people present put their shoes into a locker. Before she walks out to the pool she does the same. What concept helps explain her actions?

informational influence

Marguerite knows that when she goes to the dentist's office she tends to get physical symptoms that are similar to those that occur when she has a panic attack. As a result, she avoids going to the dentist even though she has tooth pain and has not had her teeth cleaned in several years. Marguerite is engaging in __________ avoidance.

interoceptive

The effects that one's emotions have on other people refer to the _________ functions of emotions.

interpersonal

When Christa gets angry, she gets motivated to become productive so that whatever is making her angry can be overcome. She also notices that whenever she is angry she gets very warm and starts to perspire excessively. These psychological and physical changes demonstrate the ________ functions of an emotion.

intrapersonal

Dr. Shaw is conducting research on marital behaviors that predict divorce. He trains his students to observe and code videotapes of couples interacting. The students are looking for specific types of behaviors but they are unaware of the anticipated outcomes of the study. In this regard, the students are being ________.

kept blind to the research hypothesis.

Gordon Allport and his colleagues' approach to personality led to the development of the five-factor model. Their approach, called the __________________, theorized that all important personality characteristics should be reflected in the language that we use to describe other people

lexical hypothesis

Caleb uses the words "sofa" "soda" and "dinner" instead of "couch" "soft drink" and "supper." When the others in the conversations use the same words, the people talking have adopted the same

lexicon

Celine has been having difficulty sleeping, cannot seem to concentrate at work, is sad most of the time, and seems to have lost interest in things that she always used to enjoy. Which disorder is Celine most likely suffering from?

major depressive disorder

The Strange Situation is an experimental method for measuring attachment that:

may be influenced by temperamental differences of the infant

These are the main receptors for tactation, which are embedded in all of the layers of the skin.

mechanoreceptors

Some people have amazing and elaborate memory processes that allow them to remember a large amount of information in a short amount of time. Often, these individuals are said to use ______________, or elaborate scenes with discrete places, to help them encode and recall information at a rapid rate.

memory palaces

Our experiences that directly impact our brain though neural processes are referred to as:

memory traces/engrams

"Please Excuse My Dear Aunt Sally" (PEMDAS) is a popular way for math teachers to help their students remember the order of operations (Parentheses, Exponents, Multiplication and Division, Addition and Subtraction). This is an example of:

mnemonic devices

The fact that you now smell milk before drinking it after accidentally drinking a cup of spoiled milk several months ago demonstrates how emotions can

motivate future behaviors.

This disorder is characterized by an exaggerated and grandiose sense of self-importance and worth.

narcissistic personality disorder

Kelly is grounded by her father, until she sits down and completes an important homework assignment. Which technique has her father used to try to alter her behavior?

negative reinforcement.

Hammond has just started working at a new job stacking items at the supermarket. He notices that most of his colleagues do stretching exercises before they begin their shift. Hammond assumes that this is a workplace regulation and also begins to do the stretching exercises. Which of the following concepts explains Hammond's behavior?

normative influence

A child who learns to play kickball by sitting back and watching is engaged in:

observational learning

When he leaves his house, Carlton experiences high levels of anxiety about whether he has locked his front door. As a result, he goes back to check the door multiple times, and sometimes he is so anxious about not having locked up that he is unable to leave his home at all. Which disorder is he most likely experiencing here?

obsessive compulsive disorder

Renette has been trying to paint her bathroom for 3 weeks now, but she has made almost no progress. Every time she paints a wall, she uses a magnifying glass to ensure that the job is "perfect." If there is even the slightest imperfection, she will strip the paint off and start again. Renette is demonstrating the symptoms of __________ personality disorder.

obsessive-compulsive

Kyle is so preoccupied with avoiding germs that he washes his hands as many as 20 times an hour. Kyle most likely suffers from:

obsessive-compulsive disorder

Gustation interacts with this sense to allow us to perceive the taste of foods.

olfaction

Odorants bind with olfactory receptors in the ______________.

olfactory epithelium

There are about 20 million olfactory receptors in this part of the nose.

olfactory nerve

After taking a 10 question pop quiz, John was confident that he got at least 9 questions correct. However, after grading he found that he actually only answered 6 questions correctly. John suffers from:

overconfidence

Opponent process theory proposes that colors are perceived as a result of

pairs of opposing cells that both stimulate and inhibit each other

Psi abilities like ESP and telekinesis, are studied by

parapsychologists

When trying to remember a list of words, a person may choose a word to which they "hang" their memories on. This type of mnemonic device is called the ___________ __________ technique.

peg word

A __________ involves giving a selection of normally small pictures of faces to eyewitnesses for the purpose of identifying a perpetrator.

photo spread

In order to study fear, a neuroscientist connects Natividad to an electroencephalograph (EEG) and then shows her a brief movie of scary animals. These include wasps, snakes, and alligators. He then observes as Natividad shows activation in her amygdala. At which level of analysis has this scientist made his observations?

physiology

This band of fibers in the cochlea ripples in response to sound vibrations amplified by the ossicles and oval window.

pinna

As the frequency of a sound wave increases we hear it as an increase in

pitch

Richard, an institutionalized schizophrenic patient has poor personal hygiene. He is given a token each time he completes a personal hygiene behavior (e.g., brush their teeth in the morning). At the end of the week Richard can exchange these tokens for his favorite snack. The token acts as a:

positive reinforcement

After serving two terms in Afghanistan, Kurt is suffering from insomnia, is agitated and jumpy, and has intrusive thoughts that cause great distress. Kurt is most likely suffering from:

post-traumatic stress disorder

Devin is interviewing candidates to work at the cash register in his convenience store. When Margaret applies, she indicates on her application that she has been in rehab for a drug addiction and that she has been clean and sober for over 3 years. Devin decides not to hire her, because he thinks that people with drug habits are not trustworthy. Devin is demonstrating a ________.

prejudice

Humans are much more likely to associate snakes with danger than flowers and danger. This is due to our evolutionary tendency called __________.

preparedness

Gary hears the words candy, sweet, and sugar. The next thing Gary thinks is cookie. Gary has experienced:

priming

At your old apartment, you had to take out the trash every Friday. However, at your new apartment, the trash comes on Wednesdays. Now, you can never seem to remember to take the trash out in time (you keep thinking it needs to be taken out on Friday). This is an example of what type of forgetting?

proactive interference

Bethany has found herself pacing with a feeling of restlessness while Bernard is starting to perform normal routine actions in an unusually slow manner. While Bethany is likely experiencing ________________, Bernard is showing _________________.

psychomotor agitation; psychomotor retardation

Psychologists who study signal detection theory and perform experiments measuring absolute thresholds and just noticeable differences are called

psychophysicists

Russell has been suffering from the symptoms of a major depressive episode for the past three weeks, and his symptoms have included both hallucinations and delusions. Which specifier would be added to his diagnosis of a major depressive episode?

psychotic features

Kia went to a hypnotherapist for treatment. Which of her problems might hypnotherapy be most helpful for?

quitting smoking

Which of the following is associated with dreaming?

rapid eye movement

When people are asked to rate one of their own personality traits, they tend to:

rate themselves higher on the trait compared to others

All of the free nerve endings anywhere in the body can be categorized as a part of this system

receptors for the sensation of pain

This binocular depth cue results from the differing visual fields between your right and left retinas.

retianal disparity

These photoreceptors respond well in low light but are not specialized for detailed vision.

rods

A person suffering from extreme traits of introversion, to the point of being described as withdrawn, cold, and isolated, might be properly diagnosed with __________ personality disorder.

schizoid

Memory that is not embedded in a context is called:

semantic memory

When reading comics, it is easy to identify objects such as doors and windows even though they may not be drawn perfectly rectangular because of this perceptual ability.

shape constancy

Each night at 10 pm, Jiao becomes very sleepy. This is most likely because _________.

she experiences an increase in melatonin production

When she notices that her girlfriend, Ellana, seems particularly quiet, Bess starts gently asking her what is wrong. After a while Ellana shares that she is having some problems in their relationship and this leads to a very constructive conversation about how things can be improved. This demonstrates the way that emotions can have ________ that elicits actions from others.

signal value

When playing football with your friends, you are able to catch the ball without perceiving it as growing in size at it nears you. This is because of

size constancy

The ___________hypothesis suggests that humans have developed larger brains in order to better maintain large in-groups.

social brain

Young Lilah is taken to a family dinner and she meets an uncle who she has never met before. As he reaches to her for a hug, Lilah looks to her mother with an uncertain look on her face. As she sees her mother nodding and smiling, Lilah looks back to the uncle and gives him a warm hug. Lilah has used ________ to determine how to act in this situation.

social referencing

Today, mental illness is often treated with psychotherapy and medication. These treatments reflect what two categories of causes of mental illness?

somatogenic and psychogenic

Cory has an intense fear of flying and endures flights with extreme distress. Although she knows her fear is irrational, it is overwhelming and uncontrollable. Cory most likely suffers from:

specific phobia

Rueben is in a biology class and the professor tells the students to find a lab partner. Rueben immediately approaches an Asian classmate because Rueben believes that all Asian students are naturally gifted in mathematics and science. Ruben's mental shortcut is an example of a(n) ________.

stereotype

Banafsheh is a female student in a graduate program in pure mathematics. On the first day of classes, she notices that she is one of the only females in the group. Consequently, she feels more conscious of her gender in that situation. At the start of the class, the instructor gives each student a written quiz to assess their current level of knowledge. When taking this test, Banafsheh, being particularly aware of her gender, is most likely to experience which of the following phenomena?

stereotype threat

Pin-ya raises her hand when she wants to speak in the classroom; however, she does not need to do so at home. This is because at school, her operant behavior is under _________ control.

stimulus

Which of the following is NOT an example of low awareness?

studying

Jabari disliked Donny when he first met him. Later, Jabari realized that he had been feeling ill, was in a bad mood, and that this had colored his view of Donny, who turned out to be nice. Jabari's change of opinion is an example of __________.

the Flexible Correction Model

Dr.Reddy wants to examine potential prejudice against women. He shows participants images of men and women and has them rate each picture as "competent" or "incompetent," and measures the time it takes to create these judgments. He is using __________.

the Implicit Associations Test (IAT)

Unlike the binocular depth cues, the monocular depth cues depend greatly on

the expectations of humans about our environments

Jessica thinks the guy who cut her off on the freeway is a jerk. When she needs to exit she cuts off the driver next to her as she switches lanes. She does not believe that she, herself, is a jerk; instead, she thinks the situation led to her behavior. This is an example of __________.

the fundamental attribution error

According to the trichromatic theory of color vision, cones can be categorized based on

the peak sensitivity of a cone to three sets of wavelengths

Which of the following best describes the Flexible Correction Model?

the way a person can use high awareness to change opinions formed in low awareness conditions

As you consider how emotions function at the level of culture, which of the following flows naturally and immediately from the fact that societies are complex?

there is a need for social order

When you reach for a hot cookie sheet in the stove but forget to wear an oven mitt, these receptors will become active in addition to your pain sensors.

thermoreceptors

Our emotions are influenced, in part, by our cultures. Culture provides information about which emotions it is ideal to have. How do people learn these cultural messages?

they are taught to us by our caregivers and through books, movies, advertisements and other cultural products.

Some pheromones are called primer pheromones because

they ready certain reproductive responses in men and women

Emotions serve a cultural function. One such function is

to guide how people ought to feel in various situations

In a "Skinner box" experiments with rats the rats can learn:

to press a lever when reinforced with a food pellet

Hearing occurs, in part, when sound waves reach the "eardrum" or ________.

tympanic membrane

Which type of intelligence related skill would be found in Stratum I?

verbal comprehension

Susan ate a donut even though she is on a diet because they were at the morning meeting and she had skipped breakfast. Susan demonstrated bounded __________; the argument that we give greater weight to our immediate concerns, even when they are in opposition to our long-term goals.

willpower

Levi met a cute girl on the street. The girl gave Levi her number and Levi is trying to remember the digits until he can write it down when he finds a paper and pencil. Levi is using what type of memory to remember the girl's phone number?

working memory