Psych Final Exam

What is epigenetics?

"above" or "in addition to" (epi) genetics; the study of the molecular mechanisms by which environments can influence genetic expression (without a DNA change)

Self-control

-Ability to control impulses and delay short-term gratification for longer-term rewards -Predicts good health, higher income, and better school performance

Hans Selye - extended Cannon's findings

-General adaptation syndrome (GAS) Phase 1: Alarm reaction Phase 2: Resistance Phase 3: Exhaustion Human body copes well with temporary stress but may be damaged by prolonged stress

Effects of Relaxation

-Helps alleviate headaches, hypertension, anxiety, and insomnia -Lowers stress -Promotes better wound healing

What is biofeedback?

-Recording, amplifying, and feeding back information about subtle physiological responses (many of which are controlled by the autonomic nervous system) -Works best on tension headaches

Explain antisocial personality disorder

-Sometimes called sociopathy or psychopathy -Lower emotional intelligence -Impulsive behavior; feel and fear little -Brain structure: Smaller amygdala, low arousal in response to threat -Environmental factors: Family instability, child abuse, poverty

Walter Cannon Stress Response?

-Stress response is part of a unified mind-body system -Fight-or-flight adaptive response

The U.S. National Institute of Mental Health has estimated that just under 1 in ________ adult Americans "suffer from a diagnosable mental disorder in a given year." a. 125 b. 10 c. 1000 d. 5

5

About how many Americans die from heart disease annually? a. 400,000 b. 200,000 c. 600,000 d. 300,000

600,000

What is coping?

Alleviating stress using emotional, cognitive, or behavioral methods

What is panic disorder?

An anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations; often followed by worry over a possible next attack

What are the three clusters of personality disorders?

Anxiety Such as fearful sensitivity to rejection that predisposes the withdrawn avoidant personality disorder Eccentric or odd behaviors Such as actions prompted by the magical thinking of schizotypal personality disorder Dramatic or impulsive behaviors Such as the unstable, attention-getting borderline personality disorder, the self-focused and self-inflated narcissistic personality disorder and the callous, often dangerous antisocial personality disorder

What is emotional-focused coping?

Attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and by attending to emotional needs related to our stress reaction

What is problem-focused coping?

Attempting to alleviate stress directly—by changing the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor

External locus of control

Chance or outside forces control fate Posttraumatic stress symptoms Luck, fate, and other people control outcomes

Schizophrenia

Characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and/or diminished, inappropriate emotional expression. It is one of the psychotic disorders. Signs:Disturbed perceptions and beliefs, Hallucinations; delusions (false beliefs) Disorganized thinking and speech Brain abnormalities: Dopamine overactivity Including up to a six fold excess for the dopamine receptor D4 Abnormally low brain activity in frontal lobe, thalamus, and amygdala Abnormal brain anatomy in ventricles and cerebral tissue; smaller cortex, hippocampus, and corpus callosum; neural connection loss

Dissociative disorders

Controversial, rare disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings; fugue state Two or more distinct identities—each with its own voice and mannerisms—seem to control the person's behavior Formerly called multiple personality disorder

What are daily hassles?

Everyday irritations that cause small disruptions, the effects of which can add up to a large impact on health Car troubles

Optimists

Expect to have more control, to cope better with stressful events, and to enjoy better health

About 30 percent of psychologically disordered people are dangerous; that is, they are more likely than other people to commit a crime.

False

Humanistic psychology and positive psychology both emphasize the scientific study of human flourishing.

False

In some cultures, depression and schizophrenia are nonexistent.

False

Occasionally blowing off steam seems to reduce anger and aggression in the long run.

False

Panic attacks, which strike suddenly, wreak havoc, then disappear, are forgotten by the next day.

False

Poverty is clearly a predictor of mental illness.

False

Researchers agree that stress creates cancer cells.

False

The gender gap in depression refers to the finding that men's risk of depression is roughly double that of women's. T or F?

False

The theorist who coined the term extrinsic locus of control to describe people who believe their fate is controlled by outside forces is a. Meyer Friedman. b. Ellen Langer. c. Martin Seligman. d. Julian Rotter.

Julian Rotter.

What are significant life changes?

Life transitions such as leaving home, becoming divorced, losing a job, having a loved one die, marriage, new baby that happen often during young adulthood

Rates of bipolar disorder have risen dramatically in the twenty-first century, especially among

People 19 and under.

Internal locus of control

People control their own fate Free will, willpower, and self-control

Margo is taking steps to improve her own level of happiness. According to the text, which of the following is NOT something that Margo should consider? a. She should act happy. b. She should exercise regularly. c. She should spend her money on shared experiences. d. She should focus on herself.

She should focus on herself

Which of the following best explains why persistent stress heightens one's vulnerability to illness? a. Stress hormones suppress immune system activity. b. Stress hormones trigger increased production of epinephrine. c. Stress hormones divert blood from the skeletal muscles to the digestive system. d. Stress hormones reduce the release of fat from the body's stored energy reserves.

Stress hormones suppress immune system activity.

Briefly explain the "vicious cycle of depressed thinking"

Stressful experiences .... Negative Explanatory Style .... Depressed Mood ...... Cognitive and Behavioral Changes

Stressor vs Stress Reaction

Stressor (the event) Stress reaction (physical and emotional response)

What is psychoneuroimmunology?

Study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and resulting health

What is health psychology?

Subfield of psychology that provides psychology's contribution to behavioral medicine

Social support vs Social Isolation

Support -Feeling liked and encouraged by intimate friends and family (people who genuinely care about us) -Promotes happiness and health Isolation -Leads to higher loneliness -Risk of death equivalent to smoking

________ are often released to help fight viral infections. a. T lymphocytes b. B lymphocytes c. Macrophages d. NK cells

T lymphocytes

What is DSM-5?

The American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition; a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders

Compared with others, optimists recover more quickly from heart bypass surgery.

True

Compared with unhappy people, happy people engage in less superficial small talk and more meaningful conversations.

True

For some people, the everyday annoyances add up and take a toll on health and well-being.

True

Identical twins who have been raised separately sometimes develop the same phobias.

True

In North America, today's young adults are three times as likely as their grandparents to report recently—or ever—having suffered depression.

True

Just under 1 in 5 adult Americans suffer from a diagnosable mental disorder in a given year.

True

Only 1 in 4 people in the United States exercise for at least a half-hour on five or more days of the week.

True

Over the past half-century, the average U.S. citizen's buying power has almost tripled, but the average American is not a bit happier.

True

People with an agreeable personality who become paralyzed usually recover near-normal levels of day-to-day happiness.

True

Religious faith and health show a strong positive correlation.

True

Ritalin and Adderall are stimulants but help calm hyperactivity in children with ADHD.

True

There is strong evidence for a genetic predisposition to schizophrenia.

True

Whites and Native Americans die by suicide twice as often as Black Americans do.

True

What are catastrophes?

Unpredictable large-scale events such as quakes, floods, wildfires, and storms as well as combat stress; after such events, damage to emotional and physical health can be significant

The "gender gap" in depression refers to the finding that (men's/women's) risk of depression is nearly double that of ______ (men's/women's)

Women's; Men's

In discovering that certain psychological disorders occur only in particular cultures, we are providing evidence for a. a biopsychosocial approach. b. the medical model. c. the DSM-5. d. epigenetics.

a biopsychosocial approach.

What is post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?

a disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, numbness of feeling, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience

What is obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)?

a disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions), actions (compulsions), or both

What is bipolar disorder?

a disorder in which a person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania formerly called manic-depressive disorder

What is major depressive disorder?

a disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or another medical condition, two or more weeks with five or more symptoms, at least one of which must be either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure

Walter Cannon observed that a variety of stressors trigger activation of the sympathetic nervous system, which prepares the body for a. decreased respiration. b. an increase in the production of lymphocytes. c. lowered blood sugar levels. d. a fight-or-flight reaction.

a fight-or-flight reaction.

What is mania?

a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state in which dangerously poor judgement is common

an episode of intense dread, accompanied by trembling, dizziness, chest pains, or choking sensations and by feelings of terror, is called

a panic attack

Dissociation is defined as a. a person's conscious awareness separating from painful memories, thoughts, and feelings. b. a false belief. c. a sudden loss of memory or change in identity. d. having two or more distinct identities.

a person's conscious awareness separating from painful memories, thoughts, and feelings.

Ruby and Myron have ended their relationship, and Ruby blames herself for the break-up because she views herself as unlikeable and unattractive. She sees herself as lacking in the type of personality and intelligence to keep a boyfriend for a long-term relationship. Ruby tells her friends that her life is ruined and she should just leave the university and go home. Ruby's attributions for the break-up illustrate a. an optimistic explanatory style. b. a pessimistic explanatory style. c. linkage analysis. d. learned helplessness.

a pessimistic explanatory style.

Although she is intelligent, Abigail believes that her low grades in school are reflections of her own intellectual incompetence. Her conclusion best illustrates a. problem-focused coping. b. an internal locus of control. c. the adaptation-level phenomenon. d. a pessimistic outlook.

a pessimistic outlook.

What is ADHD?

a psychological disorder marked by extreme inattention and/or hyperactivity and impulsivity

Which of the following may contribute to the stress protection that has been associated with the faith factor? a. mindfulness meditation b. a stable worldview c. neurogenesis d. biofeedback

a stable worldview

What is a psychological disorder?

a syndrome marked by a clinically significant disturbance in an individual's cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior

Researchers have found low levels of ________ in 13-year-old boys who were later convicted of a crime as 18- to 26-year-olds. a. serotonin b. dopamine c. acetylcholine d. adrenaline

adrenaline

What is the most likely trigger for the few people with psychological disorders who do commit violent acts? a. all of these things b. access to guns c. previous violent behavior d. substance abuse

all of these things

What is generalized anxiety disorder?

an anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal

What is a phobia?

an anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situation

Marcy believes that the outcome of athletic contests depends so much on luck that it hardly pays to put any effort into her own athletic training. Her belief most clearly illustrates a. the faith factor. b. problem-focused coping. c. the Type A personality. d. an external locus of control.

an external locus of control.

A general sense of happiness or life satisfaction is most unrelated to whether people a. are young or old. b. have a happy marriage. c. sleep well. d. have an active religious faith.

are young or old.

Which of the following is useful for learning which techniques can help control a specific physiological response based on a person's own efforts? a. social support b. biofeedback c. mindful meditation d. aerobic exercise

biofeedback

If individuals expect someone labeled as mentally ill to be hostile, they may act in unfriendly ways that provoke that person to respond with hostility. This illustrates that labels can a. be maladaptive. b. be self-fulfilling. c. be created through epigenetics. d. benefit from the medical model.

be self-fulfilling.

To study how stress and healthy and unhealthy behaviors influence health and illness, psychologists and physicians created the interdisciplinary field of a. holistic medicine. b. health psychology. c. behavioral medicine. d. cognitive neuroscience.

behavioral medicine.

Many psychologists reject the "disorder-as-illness" view and instead contend that other factors may also be involved- for example, the person's bad habits and poor social skills. This view represents the _____________ approach.

biopsychosocial

After several weeks of feeling apathetic and dissatisfied with his life, Mark has suddenly become extremely cheerful and so talkative that he can't be interrupted. He seems to need less sleep and becomes irritated when his friends tell him to slow down. Mark's behavior is indicative of a. major depressive disorder. b. rumination. c. learned helplessness. d. bipolar disorder.

bipolar disorder.

Research has repeatedly demonstrated that exercise can prevent or reduce a. neither depression nor anxiety. b. anxiety. c. both depression and anxiety. d. depression.

both depression and anxiety.

Our reaction to a stressor can include a. emotional responses. b. physical responses. c. both physical and emotional responses. d. neither physical nor emotional responses.

both physical and emotional responses.

What is rumination?

compulsive fretting; overthinking about our problems and their causes

The learning perspective proposes that phobias are

conditional fears

A therapist suggests that Mr. Ozawa's fear of darkness can probably be traced back to his early childhood when he slept alone in a dark bedroom and would hear strange noises outside his bedroom window. The therapist's suggestion most clearly reflects ________ perspective. a. genetic b. psychoanalytic c. conditioning d. biological

conditioning

Compared with Type B personalities, Type A people are more likely to experience a. increased release of lymphocytes. b. coronary heart disease. c. low blood pressure. d. low blood sugar levels.

coronary heart disease.

Studying initially healthy men over a 10-year period, researchers found that pessimistic adult men were more than twice as likely as optimistic men to experience a. low blood sugar levels. b. coronary heart disease. c. elevated lymphocyte levels. d. excessive weight loss.

coronary heart disease.

One predictor of psychiatric disorders that crosses ethnic and gender lines is ___________

poverty

Two major disorders that are found worldwide are schizophrenia and _____.

depression

Thirteen-year-old Jason has mood swings in which he alternates between depression and uncontrollable behavior, often interrupting class and acting aggressively toward his classmates. According to the DSM-5, Jason is likely to be diagnosed with a. major depressive disorder. b. mania. c. disruptive mood dysregulation disorder. d. rumination.

disruptive mood dysregulation disorder.

Evidence that dissociative identity disorder is NOT simply a product of conscious role playing is most clearly provided by the a. inability of psychiatric experts to hypnotize patients with this disorder. b. dramatic increase in reported cases of this disorder during the past 40 or so years. c. distinct brain and body states associated with differing personalities. d. periodic intervals during which patients with this disorder become violent.

distinct brain and body states associated with differing personalities.

Expressing anger can a. calm emotions and reduce anger. b. do any of these things. c. become habitual if it successfully reduces anger. d. increase immediate feelings of anger.

do any of these things

Personally distressing thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are considered to be symptoms of a psychological disorder if they are a. dysfunctional. b. unusually motivated. c. biologically influenced. d. unusual.

dysfunctional.

Ben is a self-employed accountant who works overtime during the first two weeks of April to finish his clients' tax forms before the filing deadline. During this time, Ben is most likely to show a(n) a. elevated blood cholesterol level. b. reduction in blood pressure. c. increased release of lymphocytes. d. reduction in blood sugar levels.

elevated blood cholesterol level.

Kathy alleviated the stress of breaking up with her boyfriend in two ways. She avoided contact with him and she planned recreational activities with her best girlfriend. Kathy's behavior best illustrates a. a Type B personality. b. emotion-focused coping. c. mindfulness meditation. d. an external locus of control.

emotion-focused coping.

The best way to increase the production of serotonin is to a. engage in aerobic exercise. b. avoid emotion-focused coping. c. receive training in meditation. d. develop an external locus of control.

engage in aerobic exercise.

Research on ________ shows that our environment can affect whether a gene is expressed, thus affecting the development of psychological disorders. a. cultural influences b. the medical model c. the stress of childbirth d. epigenetics

epigenetics

The fight-or-flight response is associated with the release of ________ into the bloodstream. a. serotonin b. carcinogens c. lymphocytes d. epinephrine

epinephrine

Which of the following is NOT a suggestion provided by experts on anger management? a. distance yourself b. express your anger c. find a healthy distraction d. wait

express your anger

Some genes influence anxiety disorders by regulating levels of neurotransmitters such as ________, which influences activity in the brain's alarm center. a. glutamate b. Adrenaline c. seratonin d. dopamine

glutamate

Which of the following would be the best predictor of good physical health? a. having a successful marriage b. recently experiencing a divorce c. currently being married d. being single and unhappy

having a successful marriage

Major life stress has been found to a. decrease the risk of developing cancer. b. decrease the risk of respiratory infection. c. cause cancer. d. increase the risk of respiratory infection.

increase the risk of respiratory infection.

Schizophrenia is said to be acute when a. recovery is doubtful. b. it is caused by a prenatal viral infection. c. it develops rapidly. d. it is accompanied by immobility.

it develops rapidly.

Recovery from a major depressive episode is likely to be permanent the ________ the first episode appears and the ________ the number of previous episodes. a. later; fewer b. earlier; fewer c. earlier; greater d. later; greater

later; fewer

Kayla has been mistreated by her husband for years. Feeling that she cannot escape her situation, she has become increasingly depressed and hopelessly resigned to her suffering. Her reaction best illustrates a. learned helplessness. b. problem-focused coping. c. an internal locus of control. d. the Type B personality.

learned helplessness.

Researchers have observed that the experience of repeated uncontrollable aversive events contributes to a. problem-focused coping. b. learned helplessness. c. a Type B personality. d. an internal locus of control.

learned helplessness.

Stan has excellent self-control. He is able to delay gratification and control his impulses. He is likely to experience all of the following EXCEPT a. higher income. b. good health. c. low personal control. d. better school performance.

low personal control.

Martin Seligman has sought to promote the development of human strengths and virtues by means of a. the adaptation-level phenomenon. b. positive psychology. c. aerobic exercise programs. d. mindfulness meditation.

positive psychology.

A therapist says that psychological disorders are sicknesses and people with these disorders should be treated as patients in a hospital. This therapist believes in the __________ model

medical

Women are ________ likely than men to attempt suicide. Men are ________ likely than women to actually end their lives. a. less; more b. more; more c. less; less d. more; less

more; more

Inflated views of self-importance are most characteristic of those with a. anorexia nervosa. b. narcissistic personality disorder. c. avoidant personality disorder. d. dissociative identity disorder.

narcissistic personality disorder.

Mindfulness meditation involves attending to our moment-to-moment experiences in a manner that is a. nonjudgmental. b. aimless. c. humble. d. emotionally arousing.

nonjudgmental.

Treatment for depression often includes drugs that increase supplies of the neurotransmitters ___________ and ___________

norepinephrine;serotonin

Although experiencing severely traumatic events may lead to PTSD, it is also likely to lead to a. arachnophobia. b. stimulus generalization. c. posttraumatic growth. d. phobias.

posttraumatic growth.

Ben has been offered a new job out of state. He is very excited about the new opportunity. As he plans his move he realizes that he does not have enough money to pay a deposit and the first month's rent for a new apartment. He also does not have enough money to rent a truck to move his belongings. He begins to feel panic and frustration. Which of the following is the stressor? a. being offered a new job b. having to move out of state c. not having enough money for a successful move d. feeling frustration and panic

not having enough money for a successful move

After watching her sister's fearful response to the sight of a spider, Kerri became intensely fearful of spiders. This best illustrates that a specific phobia can be learned through a. observational learning. b. stimulus generalization. c. epigenetics. d. reinforcement.

observational learning.

Marina became consumed with the need to clean the entire house and refused to participate in any other activities. Her family consulted a therapist, who diagnosed her as having _____________-_____________ disorder

obsessive-compulsive

In a famous study, 93 percent of nursing home patients became more alert, active, and happy when they were encouraged to increase their a. oxytocin levels. b. biofeedback training. c. personal control. d. mindfulness meditation.

personal control.

Anxiety that takes the form of an irrational and maladaptive fear of a specific object, activity, or situation is called a __________

phobia

The symptoms of ______________ appear around age 10; ___________ tend(s) to appear later, around age 25

phobias; major depressive disorder

Evidence suggests that ________ contribute(s) to schizophrenia. a. a fugue state b. low emotional intelligence c. prenatal viral infections d. conscious role playing

prenatal viral infections

To alleviate the stress of long work hours, Phara has arranged a more convenient work schedule with her employer. Phara's behavior best illustrates a. an external locus of control. b. a Type B personality. c. an internal locus of control. d. problem-focused coping.

problem focused coping

What are anxiety disorders?

psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety

Professor Huang is researching the effect of stress appraisal on lymphocyte activity. Her work best illustrates the specialty area of a. evolutionary psychology. b. clinical psychology. c. cognitive psychology. d. psychoneuroimmunology.

psychoneuroimmunology.

A conditioning perspective would emphasize that ________ leads those with an obsessive-compulsive disorder to frequently repeat their compulsive behaviors. a. genetics b. epigenetics c. a repressed memory d. reinforcement

reinforcement

When a person with an anxiety disorder eases anxiety by avoiding or escaping a situation that inspires fear, this is called

reinforcement

It has been suggested that a stable, coherent worldview may contribute to the stress protection associated with a. religious involvement. b. a Type A personality. c. biofeedback. d. an external locus of control.

religious involvement.

Compulsions are best described as a. repetitive behaviors. b. false beliefs. c. persistent fears. d. traumatic thoughts.

repetitive behaviors.

Gregory suffers from both chronic pain and chronic insomnia. He overuses drugs in an attempt to ease his pain. All three of these factors can be considered a. irrelevant for the development of psychological disorders. b. risk factors for psychological disorders. c. protective factors for psychological disorders. d. hallmarks for the emergence of any psychological disorder.

risk factors for psychological disorders.

Compulsive fretting and overthinking about problems and their causes are characteristic of a. rumination. b. learned helplessness. c. explanatory style. d. linkage analysis.

rumination.

A breakdown in selective attention is most likely to be experienced by those who suffer from which of the following disorders? a. dissociative identity disorder b. schizophrenia c. multiple personality d. phobia

schizophrenia

Which severe disorder(s) is(are) characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and/or diminished emotional expression? a. personality disorders b. dissociative disorders c. anorexia nervosa d. schizophrenia

schizophrenia

In the long run, people who practice resisting the urge to drink too much alcohol or overeat high-fat foods are likely to experience an increase in a. relative deprivation. b. the feel-good, do-good phenomenon. c. self-control. d. mindfulness meditation.

self-control.

Psychologists who emphasize the importance of negative perceptions, beliefs, and thoughts in depression are working within the __________ - ___________ perspective

social-cognitive

Jeremy experiences so much anxiety about taking the elevator that he climbs 10 flights of stairs to get to his office each workday. Jeremy appears to suffer from a. specific phobia. b. social anxiety disorder. c. posttraumatic stress disorder. d. obsessive-compulsive disorder.

specific phobia.

Malik has an irrational fear of dogs. He refuses to visit friends with dogs or watch television programs with dogs, and he takes a very specific route when running in order to avoid dogs. Malik suffers from a. social anxiety disorder. b. posttraumatic stress disorder. c. specific phobia. d. agoraphobia.

specific phobia.

One person regards a new job as a challenge, whereas another regards the same new job as a potential threat. These different perceptions best illustrate differences in a. immune deficiencies. b. stress appraisal. c. catharsis. d. the general adaption syndrome.

stress appraisal.

One person, alone in a house, dismisses its creaking sounds and experiences no stress; someone else suspects an intruder and becomes alarmed. These different reactions illustrate the importance of a. fight or flight. b. the general adaptation syndrome. c. catharsis. d. stress appraisal.

stress appraisal.

The process by which we perceive and respond to events that threaten or challenge us is called a. stress. b. catharsis. c. the immune reaction. d. psychoneuroimmunology.

stress.

Feeling liked and encouraged by intimate friends and family members has been found to promote a. decreased oxytocin levels. b. an external locus of control. c. stronger immune functioning. d. a reduction of natural killer cells.

stronger immune functioning.

The first pillar of the positive psychology movement focuses on the study of a. the experience of flow. b. the relaxation response. c. emotional literacy. d. subjective well-being.

subjective well-being.

A celebrity actress experiences ever-increasing levels of professional acclaim following each successful movie role. Yet with each success, she experiences no more than a temporary surge of subjective well-being. This is best explained in terms of a. relative deprivation. b. an internal locus of control. c. the do-good, feel-good phenomenon. d. the adaptation-level phenomenon.

the adaptation-level phenomenon.

In response to stress, ________ release(s) stress hormones into the bloodstream. a. lymphocytes b. the adrenal glands c. NK cells d. the stomach

the adrenal glands

What is the medical model?

the concept that diseases, in this case psychological disorders, have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and, in most cases, cured, often through treatment in a hospital.

Religiously active people tend to live longer than those who are not religiously active. This is known as a. the faith factor. b. mindfulness meditation. c. biofeedback. d. neurogenesis.

the faith factor.

Alarm reaction, resistance, and exhaustion characterize the phases of the a. the general adaptation syndrome. b. the fight-or-flight response. c. the tend-and-befriend response. d. the immune response.

the general adaptation syndrome.

Hans Selye referred to the body's response to prolonged stress as a. the general adaptation syndrome. b. the tend-and-befriend response. c. acculturative stress. d. the fight-or-flight response.

the general adaptation syndrome.

One of the important agents of the immune system is a. the adrenal gland. b. the macrophage. c. the heart. d. serotonin.

the macrophage.

Which of the following best explains why communities with greater income inequality also tend to be communities with less happiness? a. the adaptation-level phenomenon b. the relative deprivation principle c. the do-good, feel-good phenomenon d. the feel-good, do-good phenomenon

the relative deprivation principle

Providing and seeking support from others during times of stress best illustrates a. the Type A personality. b. the fight-or-flight response. c. the tend-and-befriend response. d. catharsis.

the tend-and-befriend response.

Individuals who are most vulnerable to anorexia nervosa are those who live in cultures that idealize a. binge eating. b. excessive exercise. c. novel foods. d. thin bodies.

thin bodies.

Which of the following is NOT one of the text's categories of stressors? a. catastrophes b. trauma c. significant life changes d. daily hassles

trauma

Compared with monkeys left in stable groups, those who were housed with three or four new roommates each month were more likely to experience a. reduced blood cholesterol levels. b. weaker immune system responses. c. the tend-and-befriend response. d. a decrease in norepinephrine.

weaker immune system responses.