Psych Final part 2, Psych 101 Midterm

_____ believed that psychology should be about what people do, and should not concern itself with what cannot be seen, such as thoughts, feelings, and goals

B.F. Skinner

Which of the following is an example of instinctive drift?

A pig shoves an object on the ground instead of learning to carry it in his mouth

Tranquilizers are _____ drugs.

Antianxiety

Marshall damaged his cerebellum in a car accident. Marshal is likely to have problems with _____.

balance and muscle coordination

Independent variables are

manipulated by researchers.

_____ is a severe psychological disorder that is characterized by highly disordered, psychotic thought processes.

schizophrenia

Neuroleptic drugs _____.

reduce schizophrenic symptoms

The free-radical theory states that aging is caused by

damage to DNA

Which of the following is the brain's largest division?

forebrain

The ____ are involved in personality, intelligence, and the control of voluntary muscles.

frontal lobes

After taking her English final, Natalie attempts to relax in her chair by meditating. She is attempting to reduce her heart and respiration rates, as well as her muscular tension. In this scenario, her physiological relaxation can be best attributed to the functioning of her _____ nervous system.

parasynmpathetic

_____ means helping another person for personal gain, such as to feel good, or avoid guilt.

Egoism

Which of the following perspectives emphasizes that personality is primarily unconscious?

Psychodynamic perspectives

Which of the following is an important aspect of cognitive-behavior therapy?

self-efficacy

If a child's mental age is higher than her chronological age, this means that _____.

the child's IQ is above average

The therapeutic alliance is the relationship between the therapist and

the client

In Pavlov's experiment, the dog automatically salivated to food because food is a(n)

unconditioned stimulus (US)

Shannon is an excellent student. She rewrites her class notes after each class. Rewriting her notes is a form of _____.

rehearsal

Assimilation allows the person to enjoy a feeling of meaning because

experiences fit into his or her preexisting schemas.

Which of the following is true of observational learning?

it often takes less time than operant conditioning

Jane is afraid of crowds. If her therapist uses systematic desensitization technique, Jane will be asked to

learn how to relax

A 6-year-old child with a mental age of 6 would have an IQ of _____.

100

The final step in the scientific method of psychology is

Evaluating conclusions

In an experimental research study, which of the following groups is an experimental group?

the group that is subjected to the change that the independent variable represents

In multiple sclerosis, identify the part of a neuron that typically hardens and disrupts the flow of information through neurons.

the myelin sheath

Which of the following statements related to the scientific method is FALSE?

A theory can generate only one hypothesis.

_____ is a complex molecule in the cell's chromosomes that carries genetic information.

DNA

_____ are sensory experiences in the absence of real stimuli. _____ are false, unusual, and sometimes magical beliefs that are not part of an individual's culture.

Hallucinations/Delusions

_____ refers to a person's ability to recover from or adapt to difficult times.

Resilience

Which of the following statements is true of behavior therapies?

They strive to eliminate individuals' depressed symptoms or behaviors

Motivated forgetting and repressed memories are usually associated with what type of memories?

Traumatic memories

_____ is most often regarded the "founding father" of modern psychology.

Wilhelm Wundt

Attention, deep processing, elaboration, and the use of mental imagery are _____ processes.

encoding

Tolman said that when classical conditioning and operant conditioning occur, an organism acquires certain

expectations

Pavlov's dog salivates each time he hears a bell. Now, however, after several trials of salivating to the bell and not receiving any food, the dog stops salivating. Which of the following best explains the change in the dog's behavior?

extinction has occurred

A(n) _____ is a mental framework for understanding what it means to be male or female in one's culture.

gender schema

A _____ is a person's genetic heritage, his or her actual genetic material.

genotype

Behavior is _____; mental processes are _____.

observable/private

Unlike obese individuals who do not suffer from binge-eating disorder, binge eaters are more likely to

overvalue their physical appearance, weight, and body shape.

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

sometimes occurs during a period of life stress.

By influencing norepinephrine and serotonin, lithium is thought to

stabilize moods

Which of the following statements best describes moral reasoning at the conventional level?

"What I did was illegal, but saving a life is what a good person is expected to do."

All of the following are classified as anxiety disorders, EXCEPT

....

For a person to be diagnosed with major depressive disorder (MDD), he or she must have experienced a significant depressive episode and depressed characteristics, such as lethargy and hopelessness, for at least

2 weeks

Which of the following statements is true of dissociative identity disorder (DID)?

In DID, one identity dominates at one time; another takes over at another time.

Cognitive psychologist Jonathan Schooler has suggested that the term recovered memories be replaced with the term discovered memories. Why?

Individuals with "discovered" memories experience them as real, whether or not the memories are accurate.

____ is a term used to describe the influences of multiple genes on behavior.

Polygenic inheritance

Psychology must include ________________ and ___________________.

Science and either Behavior or Mental processes

A superficially charming person who is indifferent to the pain of others and has spent his life in and out of prison for violent crimes would most likely be diagnosed with which type of personality disorder?

antisocial personality disorder

An individual diagnosed with an anxiety disorder is most likely to experience

motor tension, apprehensive expectations, and thoughts.

A _____ is a layer of fat cells that insulates most axons and speeds up the transmission of nerve impulses.

myelin sheath

Miranda is learning to play tennis. For her first lesson, her instructor models serving and backhand returns while Miranda patiently watches. Miranda then tries to imitate the sequence of swings and motions made by her instructor. Which of the following concepts best describes Miranda's learning process?

observational learning

During a therapy session, Mrs. Brown's therapist, Donald, asks Mrs. Brown about her dreams because he believes that they are a key to her unconscious mind. In this scenario, Donald is most likely using the _____ approach to psychology.

psychodynamic

Sean, a psychologist, told his colleague "My client must confront the conflicts he faced in his childhood and gain release from this burdening anxiety." According to this statement, it can be concluded that Sean follows a _____ approach.

psychodynamic

According to Gardner's multiple intelligences, which of the following frames of mind describes the ability to think three-dimensionally?

spatial

In classical-conditioning situations, the _____ is unlearned, but the _____ is learned.

unconditioned response/conditioned response

George Miller's classic research showed that the average capacity of short-term or working memory is between _____ units of information.

5 and 9

Intellectual disability (formerly called mental retardation) is a condition of limited mental ability in which an individual has an IQ of _____ and has difficulty adapting to everyday life.

70 or below

Which of the following is true of the brain-imaging technique known as transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)?

??

_____ is about making sure experimental and control groups are equivalent, and _____ is about selecting participants from a population so that the selected group is representative of that population.

A random assignment/a random sample

According to Bandura's model of observational learning, what are the four primary processes involved in observational learning?

Attention, retention, motor reproduction, and reinforcement

Judy thinks she is depressed over her teacher's criticism of her paper. Judy's therapist explains to her that Judy's own illogical belief—that the criticism means she is stupid—is really why she is depressed. Judy is likely to be seeing a therapist who is providing _____therapy.

Beck's cognitive

Luanne is being treated for depression after a breakup with her boyfriend. Her therapist points out that her thoughts, and not the situation itself, cause her depression. Luanne's therapist seems to practice _____ therapy.

Beck's cognitive

Dr. Meyer is known for his difficult pop quizzes. Immediately before he springs a pop quiz on his students, he typically goes to the classroom door and closes it. Students soon learn to anticipate a pop quiz whenever Dr. Meyer closes the classroom door. Closing the door has become a(n) _____.

CS

Dr. Patterson tries to create a warm supportive atmosphere to help her clients improve their self-concepts and to encourage insight into problems. Dr. Patterson says little to her depressed client. Instead, she waits for him to express his feelings and for him to decide what he wants to do about his problems. This emphasis on encouraging self-reflection indicates that Dr. Patterson is practicing

Client-centered therapy

Why are computers considered to be an oversimplified model of the mind's processing of information?

Computer information input is pre-coded and ambiguities are removed before processing.

Arnold Becker, a doctor in Seattle, needs information about the location and extent of damage involving stroke and loss of memory of his patient, Judith. Which of the following techniques will he most likely use to diagnose Judith's condition?

Computerized axial tomography (CAT scan)

Which of the following statements about correlational research is FALSE? a.Correlational methods involve the study of relationships among two variables. b.Correlational methods rely on observing and measuring. c.Correlational methods are useful for establishing cause-and-effect relationships between two variables. d.The degree of relationship between two variables is expressed as a numerical value called a correlational coefficient.

Correlational methods are useful for establishing cause-and-effect relationships between two variables.

Which of the following statements is true of the sociocultural factors involved in depression?

Depression increases as standards of living and employment circumstances worsen.

_____ involve a sudden loss of memory or change in identity.

Dissociative disorders

_____ is the most dramatic, least common, and most controversial dissociative disorder.

Dissociative identity disorder

Developing a criterion for determining the effectiveness of the solution occurs during which step of the problem-solving process?

Evaluation of solutions

Which of the following statements is true of individuals diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)?

Individuals with OCD dwell on their doubts and repeat their routines sometimes hundreds of times a day

In the context of short-term memory, which of the following is true of rehearsal?

Information can be retained indefinitely if rehearsal is not interrupted.

Which of the following is true of neuroscience as a contemporary approach to psychology?

It emphasizes that the brain is central to understanding behavior, thought, and emotion.

In the context of neurotransmitters, which of the following best describes the effect of norepinephrine stimulation?

It helps to control the level of alertness.

Which of the following is true with regard to the association cortex?

It is the region of the cerebral cortex that is the site of the highest intellectual functions, such as thinking and problem solving

Which of the following principles underlies the technique of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)?

It rests on the principle that mental activity is associated with changes in the oxygenated blood levels in the brain.

Identify a statement that accurately differentiates between short-term memory and working memory.

Measures of working memory capacity are strongly related to cognitive aptitudes, whereas measures of short-term memory capacity are hardly related to cognitive aptitudes.

_____ provide an objective description of how variables are going to be measured and observed in a particular study.

Operational definitions

Which of the following is not a part of Psychology according to its definition?

Personal opinions about what causes people to do bad things

Sam manages a fast-food restaurant. He is frustrated because employees often call in sick at the last minute before the start of their shift. Given that Sam recognizes this problem, which of the following is the next immediate step that he should take to solve this problem?

Sam should define the problem and develop strategies to solve it.

_____ is a severe psychological disorder that is characterized by highly disordered, psychotic thought processes.

Schizophrenia

Cathy just got transferred to a new department, but she has long believed that her new supervisor is a cranky, disagreeable, critical person. According to the confirmation bias, what will Cathy most likely do on her first day in the new supervisor's department?

She will look for negative behaviors on the part of the supervisor.

Which of the following statements about B.F. Skinner is FALSE?

Skinner believed that the mechanisms of learning among humans are different than the mechanisms of learning among animals.

If you were a psychologist who adopted the structuralism approach, you would be interested in the _____ of the mind, using _____ as your primary research method.

Structures/ introspection

Which of the following statements about psychosurgery is FALSE?

The effects of psychosurgery can be reversed with intensive therapy.

George has just graduated from college and is going on his first big job interview. He has learned that there are 10 other applicants for the job. On account of information on the serial position effect that he learned in his psychology class, George asks to be either the first or the last candidate interviewed. Why?

The serial position effect predicts that either the first or the last job applicant interviewed will be remembered better than the applicant interviewed second.

A(n) _____ is a broad idea or closely related set of ideas that attempts to explain observations and to make predictions about future observations.

Theory

Which of the following is a true statement about dendrites?

They are treelike fibers projecting from a neuron

Which of the following is a potential problem of using correlational studies in psychological research?

They fail to establish a clear causal relationship between variables

Elaine is writing a paper about reactions to the tragedy that occurred at the Twin Towers on September 11, 2001. She interviews ten of her classmates and asks them to remember that day. She is surprised to learn that nearly all of the students she interviewed offer very detailed, vivid accounts of where they were and what they were doing when they first learned of the terrorist attacks. Elaine has discovered that most of her classmates have _____ of September 11, 2001.

a flashbulb memory

Individuals with dissociative disorders have

a less voluminous hippocampus and amygdala.

In the experiment with little Albert conducted by Watson and Rayner, _____ was used as an unconditional response for conditioning Albert to fear a white rat.

a loud noise

In a cross-sectional study related to developmental psychology,

a number of people are assessed at one point in time.

Which of the following individuals is likely to be diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder?

a person who lacks empathy for others, is egocentric, and is willing to use others for his own personal gain

Salivating at the presentation of food is an example of _____.

a reflex

The brief wave of positive electrical charge that sweeps down the axon is

action potential

Plasticity best reflects which of the following characteristics of the nervous system?

adaptability

When individuals desire to have another person near and have a deep, caring affection for the person, they are displaying

affectionate love

An _____ is a drug that mimics or increases a neurotransmitter's effects, whereas an _____ is a drug that blocks a neurotransmitter's effects.

agonist/ antagonist

Claudia is trying to cook her mother's famous lasagna. She carefully follows her mother's recipe to ensure that the dish turns out correctly. In this case, Claudia is using a(n)

algorithm

According to Freud's therapeutic technique, getting people to talk freely

allows their deepest thoughts to emerge.

In the U.S., intelligence is defined as

an all-purpose ability to do well on cognitive tasks, to solve problems, and to learn from experience

Jessie, a young American, is obsessed about losing weight. She is paranoid about having calories and often starves herself. Despite being dangerously underweight for her age, Jessie refuses to eat as she is terrified of the possibility of gaining weight. Which of the following disorders best fits the description of Jessie's condition?

anorexia nervosa

Lucy sustained a brain injury in a car accident. Although Lucy's memories of her life before the accident are intact, she is no longer able to form new, long-term memories. Every night when she goes to bed, her memories of what she had done that day are lost. Lucy suffers from

anterograde amnesia

_____ is a psychological disorder characterized by guiltlessness, law-breaking, exploitation of others, irresponsibility, and deceit.

antisocial personality disorder

In addition to providing treatment for depression, antidepressant drugs may also be an effective treatment for

anxiety disorders and eating disorders.

Katy was in a car accident and sustained serious brain damage. Since the accident Katy can speak only one word. This is an example of

aphasia

Janet is worried about her son, Patrick. She finds him restless and impulsive. At times, Janet finds it exhausting to handle him because he is high-strung and shows very little concentration during his studies. She has also received several complaints from Patrick's teachers regarding his poor performance in class and his lack of focus. In the context of psychological disorders, it can be inferred that Patrick is exhibiting the symptoms of

attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

_____ are people's opinions and beliefs about other people, objects, and ideas, and how they feel about the world.

attitudes

Parents who use the _____ parenting style give strict rules to their children with little discussion of the reasons for the rules.

authoritarian

Mazie's mom is loving and caring. Her mom sets clear boundaries and engages in a lot of verbal give and take. In terms of parenting styles, she would be described as

authoritative

The sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system are components of the

autonomic nervous system.

Dr. Zimand is studying the association between the functioning of specific brain structures and depression. It is most likely that Dr. Zimand specializes in the _____ approach to psychology.

biological

Neuroscience studies are based on the _____ approaches to psychology.

biological

Psychologists who adopt a _____ approach examine behavior and mental processes through focusing on the body, especially the brain and nervous system

biological

Integrative therapy is most compatible with the _____ model of abnormal behavior.

biopsychosocial

The thinking style called splitting is associated with which of the following disorders?

borderline peronality disorder

Which of the following approaches to psychology focuses on how we direct our attention, perceive, remember, think, and solve problems?

cognitive

_____ therapies emphasize that thoughts are the main source of psychological problems, and they attempt to influence and change the feelings and behaviors by changing the thoughts.

cognitive

Basketball, football, baseball, and soccer all fit into the _____ of sports.

concept

Dan is at an international food fest with his brother Jude. When Dan is served a dish of Mopane worm stew, Jude tells him reassuringly, "That's food!" and Dan comprehends his statement regarding the concept of food. Which of the following characteristics of concepts has been illustrated in this scenario?

concepts provide clues about how to react to a particular object

Dr. Meyer is known for his difficult pop quizzes. Typically, before he conducts a pop quiz for his students, he shuts the classroom door. Students soon learn to anticipate a pop quiz whenever Dr. Meyer closes the classroom door. In this case, closing the door has become a(n)

conditioned stimulus (CS)

A(n) _____ is a person who is given a role to play in a study so that the social context can be manipulated.

confederate

According to the principle of _____ researchers are responsible for keeping all of the data they gather on individuals completely, when possible, anonymous.

confidentiality

The tendency to search for and use information that supports our ideas rather than refutes them is known as _____.

confirmation bias

_____ produces the single best solution to a problem

convergent thinking

Neurosurgeons can reduce the unbearable seizures some epileptics experience by severing the

corpus callosum.

Aaron wants to study the association between sleep deprivation and the number of hours spent on a computer every day. He is not keen to establish causation, but would like to determine whether and how the increase or decrease in one variable is related to the increase or decrease in the other variable. Which of the following research methods is likely to be most effective for Aaron's study?

correlational research

_____ involves the ability to think about something in novel and unusual ways and to devise unconventional solutions to problems.

creativity

When the scores on a measure relate to important outcomes, we say the test has high _____.

criterion validity

Which of the following attitudes are central to the scientific approach to psychology?

critical thinking, curiosity, skepticism, and objectivity

According to Gardner's multiple intelligences, which of the following types of vocations would most likely require bodily kinesthetic intelligence?

dancers

According to _____, when we learn something new, a neurochemical memory trace forms, but over time this trace disintegrates.

decay theory

Which of the following was formerly called multiple personality disorder?

dissociate identify disorder

_____ involve a sudden loss of memory or change in identity.

dissociative disorders

In a _____, neither the experimenter nor the participants are aware of which participants are in the experimental group and which are in the control group until the results are calculated.

double-blind experiment

In the context of psychoanalysis, when a psychotherapist questions a client about the nightmares the client has had, the therapist is engaging in the method of

dream analysis

_____ refers to the formation of a number of different connections around a stimulus at any given level of memory encoding.

elaboration

Gabriela's mother practices the authoritative style of parenting. This suggests that Gabriela's mother

encourages her to be independent but still places limits and controls on behavior.

According to social exchange theory, the most important predictor of relationship success is

equity

Brian conducts a study to examine the ability of boys and girls in solving difficult mathematical problems. He expects girls to perform much better than boys and communicates his expectation to the participants in a subtle manner. This is an example of

experimenter bias

_____ memory involves the conscious recollection of facts and events whereas, _____ memory involves non-conscious knowledge derived from past experience.

explicit/implicit

The memory of emotionally significant events that people often recall with more accuracy and vivid imagery than everyday events is known as _____.

flashbulb memory

In the context of the neural impulse, the membrane that encases the axon is called semipermeable because

fluids can sometimes flow into and out of it.

Zeus was injured in a mining accident and suffered severe brain damage. In time, his brain healed and he was back to working in the mines. The only change was in his personality. From being a highly aggressive and temperamental individual, he became mild-mannered and calm, almost to the extent of being placid. In this scenario, the region of the cerebral cortex that was most likely damaged in the accident was the _____ lobe.

frontal

Deficits in the functioning of the _____ are associated with aggression.

frontal lobes

William James, a prominent American psychologist and philosopher, focused on human interactions with the outside world to understand the purpose of thoughts. His view is known as

functionalism

Which of the following essential body functions are under the control of the autonomic nervous system?

functions of heart rate, breathing, and digestion

Malcom has an IQ of 140. He has skipped three grades and is a straight A student with superior verbal and mathematical talent. Psychologists would consider Malcom to be _____.

gifted

An experimenter studies the relationship between caffeine and reaction time. She designs her experiment with four groups. Group one receives 100 mg of caffeine each in their cups of coffee; group two receives 200 mg of caffeine each in their cups of coffee; group three receives 300 mg of caffeine each in their cups of coffee; and group four receives no coffee. Twenty minutes later, participants from all the groups are given a reaction-time test. In this experiment, which group is the control group?

group four

A schizophrenic patient hears multiple voices inside his head talking to him at the same time and forcing him to do things. It can be inferred that the patient is experiencing the symptom of

hallucinations

When an individual hears and sees people who are not actually there, the individual is likely to be experiencing

hallucinations

When using the computer as an analogy to explain the relationship between cognition and the brain, the brain is described as the computer's _____ and cognition is described as its _____.

hardware/software

Fifteen-year-old Matt and his father are in an electronics store looking at video game systems. Matt gives his father a complete breakdown of the pros and cons of each of the different video game systems on display. According to research on encoding processes, Matt is able to accurately recall all this information because he _____.

has deeply processed this info

In operant conditioning, negative reinforcement

has hardly anything to do with "good" and "bad" behavior.

The main goal of psychoanalysis is to

help individuals gain insight into the unconscious conflicts that are the source of their problems.

_____ is the proportion of observable differences in a group that can be explained by differences in the genes of the group's members.

heritability

Every week during football season, Fred and his friends have fun following the local high school teams. Before the games, Fred never really talks too much about how the games will turn out. On Monday, however, it is a different scenario altogether. Fred is more than happy to share with his friends that the games came out exactly as he thought they would and why. Fred seems to be demonstrating _____.

hindsight bias

Working memory

holds information temporarily while perofrming cognitive tasks

`The chemical messengers produced by the endocrine glands are known as

hormones

Dennis, a psychologist, conducts a survey on why most people tend to help a crying child. After the survey, he explains that most people help a crying child because they choose to live by higher values such as altruism. In this scenario, Dennis's explanation is reflective of the _____ approach to psychology.

humanistic

In the context of experimental research, the logic of random assignment is

if participants in an experiment are assigned to each group only by chance, the potential differences between the groups on other characteristics will cancel out over the long run.

According to Piaget, egocentrism refers to young children's

inability to take another person's perspective

In the case of _____, one wants to know whether the experimental methods are free from biases and logical errors that may render the results suspect.

internal validity

According to Abraham Maslow, which of the following traits is least likely to be associated with self-actualizers?

intolerance

Catatonia

is a state of immobility and unresponsiveness that lasts for long periods of time.

In the context of neurotransmitters, which of the following best describes the effect of norepinephrine stimulation?

it helps to control the level of alertness

Which of the following is a true statement about an axon?

it is extremely thin and has many branches

In adult development, when experience conflicts with existing schemas

it is recommended to alter current ways of thinking.

According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, formal operational thought is

logical, systematic, abstract, and idealistic.

Information can last up to a lifetime in _____.

long-term memory

When you are asked to recall your first day of kindergarten, you rely on _____, whereas when you are asked to recall the name of a person you just met a few seconds ago, you rely on _____.

long-term memory/short-term or working memory

Professor Wong measured the intelligence and temperament of a group of preschoolers. He plans to follow the same group of participants over time and collect similar data when the children are in 3 grade, 6 grade, and 9 grade. This is an example of which type of research design?

longitudinal design

_____ provide ways by which correlational researchers may attempt to demonstrate causal relations among variables, even though the causal relationship may still be somewhat unclear.

longitudinal designs

A person suffering from retrograde amnesia will _____.

lose past memories but be able to make new ones

The Americans with Disabilities Act

made it illegal to discriminate against a person with a psychological disorder in the workplace when the person's condition does not prevent performance of the job's essential functions.

Cathy is worried about her mental health. She visits Dr. Henderson, a psychiatrist, to seek treatment for her condition. When Dr. Henderson asks her questions about herself, Cathy reveals that she is unhappy and feels worthless most of the time. She doesn't eat or sleep well and has even contemplated suicide. Dr. Henderson also learns that Cathy has been experiencing these distressing symptoms for almost three weeks. In the context of disorders involving emotion and mood, it can be inferred that Dr. Henderson is likely to diagnose Cathy with

major depressive disorder

Genes

manufacture the proteins that are necessary for maintaining life

Which part of the nervous system regulates breathing and heart rate?

medulla

Avril is suffering from major depressive disorder and has been administered the drug Elavil, a tricyclic drug. According to this information, which of the following side effects is she likely to experience as a result of the intake of this drug?

memory difficulties

_____ is an individual's level of mental development relative to that of others.

mental age

According to Hermann Ebbinghaus,

most forgetting occurs soon after we originally learned something.

_____, a third element of observational learning, is the process of imitating the model's actions.

motor reproduction

The removal of a stimulus following a given behavior in order to increase the frequency of that behavior is called

negative reinforcement

In Pavlov's classic study on classical conditioning, the bell was the _____ before conditioning and the _____ after conditioning had occurred.

neutral stimulus/conditioned stimulus

In the context of types of therapy, client-centered therapy follows a _____ approach.

nondirective

Which of the following is the first step in the scientific method?

observing some phenomenon

Jillian can't bear to leave her home without washing all the linens and floors, vacuuming the carpets, and organizing everything in her cupboards. Because she knows that her behavior is extreme, she has tried to go to work without doing all these things, but she becomes overwhelmed with such dread that she never makes it all the way to the office. Jillian probably has

obsessive-compulsive disorder.

As a result of a brain injury after an accident, James lost his vision. Which of the following regions of James's cerebral cortex is most likely to be damaged?

occipital lobe

Lilly, who has just given birth, is able to provide nourishment for her baby and loves her newborn unconditionally. Which of the following neurotransmitters is said to play an important role in this case?

oxytocin

You are having dinner with your friend who experiences a sudden onset of intense terror, without warning and with no specific cause. Your friend would most likely be diagnosed as suffering from

panic disorder

Gregory is an excellent basketball player. He is always able to gauge the distance between himself and the basket correctly, and he never misses a shot. Which of the following regions of the cerebral cortex should function most efficiently to help him use this spatial location skill?

parietal lobe

Fred's parents are very inconsistent with their childrearing rules. Most of the time Fred can climb on the furniture but sometimes he is punished. Fred's parents can't understand why he isn't a well-behaved child. Fred's parents are reinforcing his negative behaviors on a(n)

partial-reinforcement schedule

The _____ connects the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body.

peripheral nervous system

Abnormal behavior is

personally distressful over a long period of time.

Molly's natural hair color is brown but she has had it dyed blonde. Molly changed her

phenotype

Psychology began as a science in the discipline of

philosophy

Dissociative disorders often occur in individuals who also show signs of

post-traumatic stress disorder

_____ is an unjustified negative attitude toward an individual based on the individual's membership in a group.

prejudice

Having a better memory for items at the beginning of a list demonstrates the _____, whereas having a better memory for items at the end of a list demonstrates the _____.

primacy effect/ recency effect

_____ is the activation of information that people already have in storage to help them remember new information better and faster.

priming

Belinda and John were best friends through their school years. Belinda now works in a café and has become good friends with her colleague, Jim. However, Belinda often finds herself referring to Jim as John, even though she has not spoken to John for at least four years. Belinda's confusion with these names may be attributed to the occurrence of

proactive interference

Which of the following therapies stress the importance of the unconscious mind, extensive interpretation by the therapist, and the role of early childhood experiences in the development of an individual's problems?

psychodynamic therapies

Asking an eyewitness to describe a suspect's physical appearance to a sketch artist would be an example of a _____ task, whereas asking an eyewitness to identify a suspect on the basis of a lineup of five possible assailants is an example of a _____ task.

recall/recognition

All of the following are symptoms of borderline personality disorder EXCEPT

reduced awareness

A high school football coach decides to use the time taken to run up 100 stairs as a test for running endurance. He tests every team member on 3 consecutive days and finds that the times for each person are very much the same on all three trials. His test for endurance appears to have good _____.

reliability

Normally, when a neuron is not transmitting information and a slight negative charge is present on the inside of the cell membrane, it is said to be

resting

You are taking both a Spanish and a French course this semester. As you study the vocabulary words for your French test, you realize that the French words are disrupting the memory of the Spanish vocabulary words you studied last week. This is an example of

retroactive interference.

Kenny has been diagnosed with Parkinson disease and has been prescribed medication to manage some of his symptoms. The medication elevates the levels of dopamine in his system. If the levels of dopamine in his system become excessive, Kenny is most likely to exhibit symptoms associated with

schizophrenia

Psychology is the ________________ study of _________________ and mental processes.

scientific; behavior

_____ is a genetic method in which organisms are chosen for reproduction based on how much of a particular trait they display.

selective breeding

Which of the following is an important element of Carl Rogers's humanistic theory?

self-concept

John, an alcoholic, does not have much money, but requires the help of a mental-health professional. He might best be served by contacting a

self-help support group

Which of the following forms of treatment relies on paraprofessionals?

self-help support groups

A person's knowledge about the world is known as _____ memory.

semantic

Your knowledge of the alphabet and multiplication tables is stored in your _____ memory

semantic

The _____ is the tendency to recall the items at the beginning and end of a list more readily than those in the middle.

serial position effect

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a treatment sometimes used for

severe depression

Eric has an extreme fear of being humiliated in public. As a result, he avoids public gatherings and functions. The thought of speaking in front of the crowd induces panic in him. Which of the following best describes Eric's disorder?

social phobia

If a psychologist studies about the behavioral differences between people from two religions, he or she is most likely following the _____ approach to psychology.

sociocultural

Elixir Inc. has a recruitment policy that favors hiring people from minority groups. To ensure that its diverse workforce helps rather than hinders business development, Elixir is seeking the guidance of a psychologist. Keeping its needs in mind, Elixir will most likely hire a(n)

socioculturalist

Alfred suffers from an extreme and irrational fear of spiders. His fear is exaggerated and disproportionate to the actual danger he might be in if he did encounter a spider. Alfred's fear of spiders is so intense that he would go to almost any length to avoid coming into contact with them. Alfred is most likely to be diagnosed with which of the following disorders?

specific phobia

The left hemisphere of the brain plays an important role in managing or regulating

speech and grammar

Resting potential is the

stable, negative charge of an inactive neuron

Wilhelm Wundt was the founder of _____, whereas William James was the founder of ____

structuralism/ functionalism

_____ is the ability to maintain attention to a selected stimulus for a prolonged period of time.

sustained attention

If a person needs to run away from a dangerous situation, the _____ nervous system sends blood to the person's extremities to prepare him or her for taking off.

sympathetic

Just before you went on a job interview your heart was pounding like crazy. You experienced a shortness of breath and felt sick to your stomach. These symptoms were most likely produced by your _____ nervous system.

sympathetic

Which of the following refer to tiny spaces between neurons?

synapses

Which of the following techniques should be most likely implemented by a behavioral therapist when a client has a fear of public speaking?

systematic desensitization

According to Gardner's multiple intelligences, which of the following types of vocations would most likely require interpersonal intelligence?

teachers

The term _____ refers to an individual's behavioral style and characteristic way of responding.

temperament

What differentiates people with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) from those who don't have OCD?

the ability to ignore or dismiss negative, intrusive thoughts

In operant conditioning, _____

the consequences of behavior produce change in the probability of the occurrence of the behavior

Which of the following advocates that repression's main function is to protect the individual from threatening information?

the psychodynamic theory

Whenever Claudia gets an A on her psychology exam, she believes it was due to the fact that she is an intelligent, hard-working student. However, when she receives a C on an exam, she blames the instructor's ineffective teaching style and poor choice of test questions. Claudia's behavior is an example of

the self-serving bias

Maya burns her fingers while cooking dinner. Which of the following divisions of the nervous system will be primarily responsible for the pain she feels?

the somatic nervous system

The disordered thoughts in schizophrenia are referred to as psychotic because

they are far removed from reality

In the context of ethical guidelines in psychological research, when data are confidential, it is possible:

to link a participant's identity to his or her data

Dendrites are

treelike fibers which receive information and orient it toward the neuron's cell body.

The therapeutic environment of client-centered therapy is likely to be characterized by

warmth and support

_____ is most often regarded the "founding father" of modern psychology.

wilhelm Wundt

If all of the information on the hard drive of your computer is like long-term memory, then _____, like RAM, is comparable to what you actually have open and active at any given moment.

working memory

Andrew openly criticizes the Asian Americans in his neighborhood. He says that the presence of these "outsiders" has led to an increase in the crime rate in the United States. Others in his neighborhood do not agree with him. His openly shared racist attitude is an example of

explicit racism

Welma is unable to accept the fact that she has been diagnosed with lung cancer. She refuses treatment despite her family's attempts to convince her. According to Freud's psychoanalytic theory, Welma is unconsciously engaging in

Denial

Allison is at a workshop where a presenter is attempting to persuade people to make a rather risky but potentially profitable financial investment. The arguments for investing appeal to logic and reason. After slowly and carefully considering the presenter's arguments, Alison finds that this person's idea sounds compelling and decides to invest. This example best demonstrates the

central route to persuasion

Hugh bought a new calculator at Staples for $125. One week later, he saw an ad from Walmart showing the same calculator on sale for $65. Hugh said to himself, "I'm glad I got my calculator at Staples; the ones at Walmart are probably defective. I don't mind having paid more for mine." Hugh's statement reflects

cognitive dissonance reduction

Megan is a 17-year-old girl who is interested in music. She wants to become a pop star and, therefore, has joined piano and vocal-training classes. According to Marcia's theory on identity status, which of the following dimensions of identity is being focused by Megan?

commitment

Alison had sustained severe injuries after being brutally attacked by a mad dog as a child. Following that incident, Alison has been experiencing an overwhelming sense of fear and paralysis every time she sees a dog. The fear is so intense that it keeps Alison from leaving her house. Alison believes that as long as she's inside her house, the chances of encountering a dog are slim. In the context of psychological disorders, Alison is most likely to be diagnosed with

specific phobia

Social loafing refers to the

tendency for people to exert less effort when working in groups than when working alone.

Adolescents often have difficulty controlling their emotions and making sound decisions about risky behavior. Brain research suggests that this is due to the fact that during adolescence

the amygdala is developed earlier than the prefrontal cortex.

Children of permissive parents

fail to learn respect for others and have difficulty controlling their behavior.

Gladys is a therapist who is constantly reminding her clients that people have a natural capacity for personal growth and positive qualities. Gladys likely endorses the _____ of personality.

humanistic perspective

"Out of sight, out of mind" can describe the behavior of a child who lacks the concept of

object permanence

Parents warn a new babysitter that their son, Dennis, is very aggressive and mischievous. As a result of this initial expectation, the babysitter starts calling Dennis "Dennis the Menace," and he behaves in ways that elicit aggressive and mischievous behaviors from Dennis. This example best demonstrates the phenomenon called

self-fulfilling prophecy

"Personology" refers to

the study of the whole person

Which of the following individuals illustrates the trait of extraversion?

Ethan, who communicates with all the members of his choir group lightheartedly

Which of the following is true of Carl Rogers's approach to personality?

Rogers believed that each person is born with natural capacities for growth and fulfillment.

Which of the following statements is true of the development of the brain in humans?

The process of myelination begins prenatally.

_____ are enduring characteristics of our personality. _____ are briefer experiences.

Traits/States

A mother gives her three-year-old and her four-year-old children chocolate milk in identically shaped glasses to avoid conflict over who has more. The mother is showing her awareness of her children's difficulty with

conservation

A child decides to steal a small item from a neighborhood store in order to be accepted into the Hawk Club. The child reasons that the stealing behavior is acceptable because it is what his friends expect of him. According to Kohlberg, this child is operating at the _____ level.

conventional

According to Hyde, the gender similarities hypothesis

is the idea that men and women (and boys and girls) are much more similar than they are different.

With respect to the three characteristics of abnormal behavior, when a behavior interferes with a person's ability to function effectively in the world, it is considered

maladaptive

Compared to authoritarian parents, authoritative parents are likely to be

more collaborative

As other children in his school line up for lunch on the first day of kindergarten, Ben demands to be at the beginning of the line. He is most likely receiving _____ parenting.

permissive

Richie's parents let him do whatever he wants. They place no demands on him, and they place no rules or restrictions on his behavior. Richie's parents have a(n) _____ parenting style.

permissive

According to Freud's psychosexual stages of development, castration anxiety occurs during the

phallic stage

Which of the following refers to a period of rapid skeletal and sexual maturation that occurs mainly in early adolescence?

puberty

The tendency for a group decision to be riskier than the average decision made by the individual group members is known as

risky shift

In the context of group decision making, groupthink can be prevented by

selecting an impartial leader

If Marcy is feeling guilty about lying to her mother, supporters of Freud's psychoanalytic theory would most likely argue that her _____ is making her feel this way.

superego

The hormone that is typically implicated in aggressive behavior is

testosterone

From the perspective of the investment model of close relationships, long-term relationships are most likely to continue when

there are few tempting alternatives for the partners.

Which of the following is NOT a belief of the psychodynamic perspectives of personality? A person's personality can be truly understood by focusing exclusively on his or her behavior.

A person's personality can be truly understood by focusing exclusively on his or her behavior.

Alex cannot control his impulse to wash his hands every five minutes. He washes his hands almost 100 times a day because he is terrified of being contaminated by germs. If Alex doesn't wash his hands, he experiences overwhelming anxiety. In the context of anxiety and anxiety-related disorders, it can be inferred that Alex is most likely to be diagnosed with

obsessive-compulsive disorder

A _____ is a generalization about a group's characteristics that does not consider any variations from one individual to another.

stereotype

Which of the following is true of the three structures of personality described by Freud?

According to Freud, the ego abides by the reality principle.

Which of the following individuals exhibits the trait of openness to experience?

Sarah, who is very successful in the business she has started

_____ are differences between individuals that stem not necessarily from their ages but from the historical period and society in which they were born and developed.

cohort effects

In a(n) _____, a person experiences recurrent, sudden onsets of intense terror, often without warning and with no specific cause.

panic disorder

According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, the first stage of cognitive development that lasts from birth to about two years of age is the _____ stage.

sensorimotor

The _____ approach to personality places emphasis on conscious awareness, beliefs, expectations, and goals.

social cognitive

You are studying in a quiet but crowded library when you suddenly start coughing. You soon notice others doing the same thing. This is an example of

social contagion

Melissa and John have been happily married for 30 years because they have ensured that they have no opportunities to fight. Both of them have jobs so they contribute proportionately to the household income, and they equally share all other responsibilities. Melissa and John's happy marriage can best be explained by the

social exchange theory

What theoretical approach to psychological disorders would be most likely to consider a person's gender and ethnicity when diagnosing a disorder?

sociocultural approach

Which of the following is true of Adler's individual psychology?

Adler argued that people have the ability to take their genetic inheritance.

According to the five-factor model of personality, which statement best describes the relationship between neuroticism and personality?

Neuroticism is low in self-satisfied individuals.

In the context of social behavior, which of the following best explains why the bystander effect occurs?

People tend to look to the behavior of others for cues about what to do.

_____ is the psychological discomfort caused by two inconsistent thoughts.

cognitive dissonance

According to the social facilitation effect, the presence of others is likely to

improve performance on new tasks.

_____ is a person's assessment of his or her own level of positive affect relative to negative affect, and an evaluation of his or her life in general.

subjective well-being

Baby Janice knows that when she is put in the highchair, it is time to eat. So when her father puts her in the highchair and hands her a book, Janice puts the corner of the book in her mouth. According to Piaget, Janice's behavior can be best explained by

the assimilation process

Which of the following is true with regard to development?

Development is the product of nature, nurture, and the complex interaction of the two.

The _____ was published in 1952 by the American Psychiatric Association for the major classification of psychological disorders in the United States.

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)

The _____ approach is evident in the medical model.

biological

The _____ approach to psychological disorders primarily focuses on the brain, genetic factors, and neurotransmitter functioning as the sources of abnormality.

biological

Which stage of cognitive development involves replacing intuitive reasoning with logical reasoning in concrete situations?

concrete operational

Ivan is a child who experiences regular punishment from parents and is only rewarded for good behavior. According to Rogers, Ivan is likely to develop knowledge of

conditions of worth

A mother gives her three-year-old and her four-year-old children chocolate milk in identically shaped glasses to avoid conflict over who has more. The mother is showing her awareness of her children's difficulty with

conversation

Which of the following is NOT one of the essential qualities needed in a relationship to reconnect with one's true feelings and desires according to Rogers?

defense mechanisms

Which of the following defense mechanisms involves directing unacceptable impulses at a less threatening target?

displacement

Jack and John were recently dumped by their girlfriends. Jack believes that his girlfriend broke up with him because she is selfish and unhappy, whereas John believes that his girlfriend broke up with him because she had to attend to a family emergency and could not make a commitment right now. Jack is making a(n) _____ about his girlfriend's behavior, whereas John is making a(n) _____.

internal attribution/external attribution

The anxiety disorder in which the individual has anxiety-provoking thoughts that will not go away and/or urges to perform repetitive, ritualistic behaviors to prevent or produce some future situation is called

obsessive-compulsive disorder

Behavior that is meant to harm the social standing of another person through activities such as gossiping and spreading rumors is known as

relational aggression

____ refers to the tendency to take credit for one's own successes and to deny responsibility for one's own failures.

self-serving bias

Which of the following is true of agreeableness in the context of prosocial behavior?

It is related to greater volume in the posterior cingulate cortex.

_____ is an eating disorder in which an individual, typically female, consistently follows a binge-and-purge eating pattern.

bulimia nervosa

Freud's view of anatomy as destiny was criticized by Karen Horney primarily for

ignoring sociocultural influences on personality development.

Sammy is in third grade. When he won the spelling bee, he felt proud of his accomplishment. But when he could not complete his arithmetic assignment on time, he felt incompetent. Which of Erikson's developmental stages does this reflect?

industry vs. inferiority

Schaie's longitudinal study of intellectual abilities showed that _____ is the period when most people reach their peak for many intellectual skills.

middle adulthood

Cooper's father is a corporate executive who works long hours. He travels several days throughout the month and spends very little time with Cooper. He has never been to any of Cooper's soccer games or met any of his friends. Cooper's father believes that his career is more important than raising his son. As such, he does not get involved in Cooper's life. Psychologists would describe Cooper's father's style of parenting as

neglectful

You arrange two rows of pennies so they are equal in length. A child views the rows and states that s/he has the same amount of pennies. You spread out the pennies in the bottom row so it is longer than the top row. The child now states that the bottom row has more pennies. This child is in which of Piaget's stages?

preoperational