Psych Final Questions

Why is categorization an efficient way of thinking? a.It reduces the amount of information about a concept in memory. b.It makes information about a concept more specific. c.It reduces the number of concepts held in memory. d.It prioritizes the important information in a concept.

a.It reduces the amount of information about a concept in memory.

Ngwama has been asked to interview for a very prestigious job. She knows that very few people who are interviewed will be offered jobs by this company. She turns down the interview because she is afraid of how terrible she will feel if she interviews and is not offered a job. In refusing the interview, Ngwama was influenced by a.affective forecasting. c.confirmation biases. b.projected regret. d.subjective likelihoods.

a.affective forecasting.

If you were given an EEG while you were awake and alert, what type of brain waves would show up on your EEG? a.beta waves c.theta waves b.alpha waves d.sleep spindles

a.beta waves

In ________, learning occurs when two types of events are paired closely in time. a.classical conditioning c.observational learning b.operant conditioning d.social learning

a.classical conditioning

The memory enhancement that occurs when there are matching situations surrounding encoding and recall match is called ________ memory; the memory enhancement that occurs when there are matching internal states surrounding encoding and recall match is called ________ memory. a.context-dependent; state-dependent b.semantic; episodic c.episodic; semantic d.state-dependent; context-dependent

a.context-dependent; state-dependent

If getting $1 for every correct answer on this test makes you study harder, being given $1 would be a form of a.positive reinforcement. c.positive punishment. b.negative reinforcement. d.negative punishment.

a.positive reinforcement.

In memory information processing, an individual must ________ a memory before ________ it. a.store; retrieving c.process; inputting b.retrieve; storing d.store; consolidating

a.store; retrieving

You are conducting an informal study in which, for a month, you play a particular song for your best friend right before you serve dinner to her. Eventually, you play the song, and then wait to see how your friend responds. She begins to salivate and says she has hunger pains. In this scenario, what is the unconditioned stimulus? a.the song c.the time of day b.the food d.salivation

a.the song

What is a conditioned response? a.an innate response c.an automatic response b.a response that has been learned d.a reflex

b.a response that has been learned

The physical properties of a stimulus are translated into neural impulses in a process called a.perception. c.sensation. b.transduction. d.coarse coding.

b.transduction.

What is an unconditioned response? a.a learned pairing between two stimuli b.a nervous system reflex c.an unlearned, automatic behavior following a stimulus d.an increase in behavior following repeated exposure to a stimulus

c.an unlearned, automatic behavior following a stimulus

The process of getting information out of memory storage is called a.encoding. c.retrieval. b.rehearsal. d.storage.

c.retrieval.

What type of learning occurs when one's behavior is modified simply through exposure to others performing a behavior? a.associative c.operant b.observational d.classical

b.observational

Which of the following best represents a medium negative correlation? a.0.49 c.−0.97 b.−0.53 d.0.22

b.−0.53

Precious was woken up in the middle of a dream about dragons shopping for umbrellas while dancing a polka. Precious was most likely experiencing ________ when she was woken up. a.psychedelic hallucinations c.REM sleep b.non-REM sleep d.unresolved conflicts

c.REM sleep

Which of the following is most characteristic of REM sleep? a.reduced brain activity b.involuntary muscle contractions c.dreaming d.delta waves

c.dreaming

Wilhelm randomly assigns participants to two groups and compares the group that receives a treatment with the group that receives no treatment. The group that gets the treatment is the ________ group. a.variable c.experimental b.confounded d.control

c.experimental

Jody has a great memory for things that she did during kindergarten and first grade, but cannot remember any details from earlier in her life. This difference is most likely due to a.false memories implanted by a therapist. b.the fact that accurate memory becomes possible after the first year of life. c.infantile amnesia. d.the fact that children cannot accurately process concepts until they begin to walk.

c.infantile amnesia.

Positive reinforcement and positive punishment are similar in that both a.produce an increase in the probability of a behavior. b.produce a decrease in the probability of a behavior. c.involve the administration of a stimulus. d.involve the removal of a stimulus.

c.involve the administration of a stimulus.

A store owner wants to make sure she has enough shirts in the right sizes in her inventory, so she buys a lot of shirts in the most popular size. In order to make this purchase, what type of statistic would she want to know? a.mode c.standard deviation b.mean d.range

a.mode

The gland that controls the release of hormones in the endocrine system is the a.pineal. c.pituitary. b.thyroid. d.adrenal.

c.pituitary.

Callie is pregnant. She has never liked vegetables and rarely eats them. However, she does not want her baby to have the same bad eating habits. If Callie wants her baby to grow up to enjoy the taste of vegetables, the most effective thing she can do is a. eat vegetables while pregnant and nursing b.give the baby strained vegetables as one of his or her first solid foods. c.avoid eating meat while she is pregnant and nursing. d.limit the amount of meat the baby is fed when he or she starts to eat solid food.

a. eat vegetables while pregnant and nursing

If your infant were securely attached to you, how would he react when you leave the room during the strange-situation test? a.He would look around the room for you in distress. b.He would explore the room and the objects in it. c.He would play with any stranger who came in. d.He would be inconsolably upset.

a.He would look around the room for you in distress

According to the text, how do hypotheses relate to theories? a.Hypotheses are specific predictions used to test a theory's prediction. b.Hypotheses are formulated after a research study and later made into theories. c.Theories are specific predictions used to test a theory's prediction. d.Hypotheses always become theories after a study is complete.

a.Hypotheses are specific predictions used to test a theory's prediction.

Imagine you are out for a hike and come across a snake. Which of the following explanations best represents the James-Lange theory of emotion? a.I'm afraid because I'm shaking. b.I'm shaking because I'm afraid. c.My shaking must be due to fear because snakes are naturally scary. d.I'm shaking, and I'm afraid.

a.I'm afraid because I'm shaking.

________ is the body's detection of external or internal sensory stimuli, whereas ________ is its further processing, organizing, and interpreting of those stimuli. a.Sensation; perception c.Transduction; perception b.Perception; sensation d.Perception; transduction

a.Sensation; perception

Terry, a split-brain patient, is shown two pictures simultaneously: the right side of her visual field is presented with a pencil, and the left side of her visual field is presented with a pen. When Terry is asked what she saw, she will say "pencil." Why? a.The left hemisphere is primarily responsible for language production. b.The right hemisphere is primarily responsible for language production. c.The left visual field is primarily responsible for object processing. d.The right visual field is primarily responsible for object processing.

a.The left hemisphere is primarily responsible for language production.

When designing a study, scientists must have which of the following? a.a theory, a testable hypothesis, and a research method b.a testable hypothesis, participants, and data c.a theory, level of analysis, and data d.a research method, participants, and an analysis plan

a.a theory, a testable hypothesis, and a research method

Another term for neuron firing is a.action potential. c.resting membrane potential. b.somatic potential. d.ion potential.

a.action potential.

According to this information-processing model, the recognition of patterns occurs because the data are relayed from a lower level to a higher level of processing in the brain. a.bottom-up processing c.top-up processing b.bottom-down processing d.top-down processing

a.bottom-up processing

The central nervous system (CNS) consists of the a.brain and spinal cord. b.somatic and autonomic nervous systems. c.sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. d.central and peripheral nervous systems.

a.brain and spinal cord.

Your nephew shows you his cool new Pokémon cards, proudly telling you that he knows that Charmander and Ponyta are both "fire type" because there is a picture of a flame on the top of the cards and they're both red. When you see him play, he plans out his attacks in a logical way, but he doesn't predict what his opponent's counterattacks might be. Piaget would place him in the ________ stage of development. a.concrete operational c.preoperational b.formal operational d.sensorimotor

a.concrete operational

Being aware of how to serve a ball in tennis involves ________ memory; the act of serving the ball involves ________ memory; and your first memory of serving a tennis ball involves ________ memory. a.declarative; procedural; episodic b.episodic; procedural; declarative c.procedural; declarative; episodic d.procedural; episodic; declarative

a.declarative; procedural; episodic

John lives far away from his parents and feels badly that he rarely sees them. To make up for it, he calls them three times a week. John's regular phone calls demonstrate that guilt a.encourages behaviors that strengthen relationships. b.can be used to manipulate others. c.demonstrates caring. d.makes people faithful to their life partners.

a.encourages behaviors that strengthen relationships.

What is the process whereby the conditioned response is weakened when it is no longer presented with the unconditioned stimulus? a.extinction c.second-order conditioning b.reward d.acquisition

a.extinction

The idea that one intelligence factor is involved in all intellectual tasks is known as ________ intelligence. a.general c.crystallized b.single d.fluid

a.general

What term is used to describe a decrease in a behavioral response after repeated exposure to nonthreatening stimuli? a.habituation c.orienting b.sensitization d.aplysia

a.habituation

Suppose you need to make a decision, but you must think quickly and so you don't consider all the evidence. What type of thinking are you using? a.heuristic c.insight b.algorithm d.forecasting

a.heuristic

A researcher believes that presenting possible suspects in a lineup one at a time instead of in a group would lead to more accurate identification of the true suspect. This belief represents a(n) a.hypothesis. c.response performance. b.independent variable. d.theory.

a.hypothesis.

Imagine you are visiting your sister and her 1-year-old child, Jamie. You note that Jamie becomes distressed whenever your sister leaves the room, can be easily comforted by you while she is gone and something stressful occurs, and ignores your sister when she comes back into the room. Ainsworth would describe Jamie's attachment to your sister as a.insecure. c.strange. b.secure. d.disorganized.

a.insecure.

In front of Chris, Tasha pours 8 ounces of water from a measuring cup into each of two glasses: a short, fat glass and a tall, thin glass. She then asks Chris which glass has more water. If Chris is at the preoperational stage, he is likely to answer that a.it is the tall, thin glass. b.it is the short, fat glass. c.they are the same. d.he does not understand what more means.

a.it is the tall, thin glass.

The basic building blocks of the nervous system are the a.neurons. c.dendrites. b.synapses. d.glial cells.

a.neurons.

For psychologists, theory of mind refers to a.our ability to recognize that others have mental states that might explain their behavior. b.the tendency to explain our own behavior in terms of environmental factors and the behavior of others in terms of their mental states. c.the belief that nonhumans have minds that are much like our own. d.the fact that the mind cannot be observed directly but must be inferred.

a.our ability to recognize that others have mental states that might explain their behavior.

The Cannon-Bard theory argues that physiological responses and emotional experiences occur a.roughly simultaneously and independently. b.sequentially and independently. c.sequentially beginning with physiological responses. d.sequentially beginning with emotional experiences.

a.roughly simultaneously and independently.

You want your dog to learn to lie down when you are about to give him a treat. If you first reinforce his behavior when he sits, then when he sits and stays, then when he lies down, you are using the technique called a.shaping. c.the Premack principle. b.Pavlovian conditioning. d.negative reinforcement.

a.shaping.

What is the state of the electrical charge when a neuron is at resting potential? a.Inside the neuron is more positive than outside the neuron. b.Inside the neuron is more negative than outside the neuron. c.Both the inside and outside of the neuron are of equal electrical charge. d.The inside of the neuron is hyperpolarized.

b.Inside the neuron is more negative than outside the neuron.

Which of the following statements about teratogens is INCORRECT? a.Teratogens include any chemical in the environment that negatively affects a developing embryo or fetus. b.Teratogens are a group of recessive genes that affect the child while still in the womb. c.Teratogens include alcohol, prescription drugs, and environmental chemicals. d.Teratogens are often avoidable.

b.Teratogens are a group of recessive genes that affect the child while still in the womb.

Imagine that an alien tunes in to watch the Super Bowl, and notices the body language of one of the players who just scored a touchdown. If this alien shared the same underlying biology as humans, what would the alien perceive? a.That the football player is attempting to attract a mate. b.That the football player is proud of his accomplishment. c.That the football player is embarrassed about dancing in public. d.The physical movements of the player only.

b.That the football player is proud of his accomplishment.

When you pair two variables, and as one increases the other decreases, your data will show a.a standardized range. b.a negative correlation. c.inferential statistics d.validity.

b.a negative correlation.

When a researcher manipulates a variable to see what effect the manipulation has on a study participant's behavior, the research design involves a.a correlational study. c.naturalistic observation. b.an experiment. d.participant observation.

b.an experiment.

To remember more information, ________ can be used to organize information into meaningful units. a.cognitive maps c.networks of association b.chunking d.mnemonics

b.chunking

Yuming becomes nauseous while driving down a curvy mountain road. Her uncomfortable feeling is due to a.the feedback receptors of her kinesthetic system getting overloaded. b.conflicting signals from the visual and vestibular systems. c.conflicting signals from the visual and kinesthetic systems. d.the feedback receptors of her vestibular system getting overloaded.

b.conflicting signals from the visual and vestibular systems.

According to Kohlberg, in which stage of moral reasoning are moral judgments based on how well they conform to rules of law and order or focus on others' disapproval? a.preconventional c.postconventional b.conventional d.concrete operational

b.conventional

Antagonistic drugs ________ the availability of neurotransmitters, whereas agonistic drugs ________ the availability of neurotransmitters. a.increase; decrease c.eliminate; block b.decrease; increase d.block; eliminate

b.decrease; increase

If companies want to encourage people to stay in the workforce as they age, they can create jobs that involve more use of ________ and less use of ________. a.creative thinking; logical knowledge and skills b.existing knowledge and skills; quick and flexible thinking c.understanding of daily routines; analytical thinking d.verbal skills and knowledge; spatial skills and knowledge

b.existing knowledge and skills; quick and flexible thinking

Imagine you are paying for something at a store and the clerk gives you too much change. If you are operating at the conventional level of moral development, you are likely to a.buy candy with the money. b.give the money back because it will make the clerk very happy with you. c.keep the money because it will make you happy. d.give the money back because it could help someone in need.

b.give the money back because it will make the clerk very happy with you.

Subliminal perception is best categorized as a type of a.altered consciousness. b.information processing occurring outside awareness. c.hypnotic suggestion. d.hemineglect.

b.information processing occurring outside awareness.?

Which of the following interferes with normal circadian rhythms? a.melatonin c.naturally changing light levels b.jet lag d.sleep

b.jet lag

Which of the following terms is used to describe the removal of a stimulus? a.positive c.reinforcement b.negative d.punishment

b.negative

In ________, learning occurs because of the consequences that follow the behavior. a.classical conditioning c.observational learning b.operant conditioning d.imitation

b.operant conditioning

The James-Lange theory of emotion states that a.the emotions we experience cause our bodily reactions. b.our perception of bodily responses leads to our emotions. c.our emotions and bodily responses occur simultaneously. d.emotion and physical reaction happen independently but at the same time.

b.our perception of bodily responses leads to our emotions.

In New York City, it might be a dress shoe. In Texas, it could be a cowboy boot. In Florida, it might be a sandal. In Montana, it could be a hiking boot. Each of these is a(n) ________ of the shoe category for the culture of that city. a.exemplar c.schema b.prototype d.representation

b.prototype

Your friend is taking an over-the-counter medication. He claims that it is not a psychoactive drug, but you claim it is. What characteristic of the drug would most likely support your argument? a.The drug is available over the counter. b.The drug is legal. c.The drug activates the brain's neurotransmitter receptors. d.The drug is nonprescription.

c.The drug activates the brain's neurotransmitter receptors.

Circadian rhythms can best be described as a.special heartbeats that trigger the heart to increase or decrease the circular flow of blood. b.the rise and fall of the sun each day. c.biological clocks controlling hormone levels, temperature, and the sleep cycle. d.the ancient art of star tracking, which is used today to figure out sleep patterns.

c.biological clocks controlling hormone levels, temperature, and the sleep cycle.

The extensions of a neuron that receive messages from other neurons are the a.axons. c.dendrites. b.cell body. d.terminal buttons.

c.dendrites.

To be considered a stimulant, a drug must ________ both mental and ________ activity. a.decrease; behavioral c.increase; behavioral b.decrease; emotional d.increase; emotional

c.increase; behavioral

Which of the following is NOT an effect of opioid drugs? a.feeling of intense pleasure c.increased heart rate b.pain relief or analgesia d.relaxation

c.increased heart rate

Temporal coding encodes ________ sounds, while place coding encodes ________ sounds. a.low-amplitude; high-amplitude b.high-amplitude; low-amplitude c.low-frequency; high-frequency d.high-frequency; low-frequency

c.low-frequency; high-frequency

The statistic that involves the basic arithmetic average of a set of scores is known as the a.mode. c.mean. b.range. d.median.

c.mean.

Toby is generally somewhat sad and pessimistic. Today, however, his candidate for president has won the election, and Toby is feeling incredibly optimistic and exuberant. Toby's usual sadness and pessimism are a(n) ________; his current optimism and exuberance are a(n) ________. a.emotion; mood c.mood; emotion b.emotion; emotion d.mood; mood

c.mood; emotion

Imagine you will be going to Zambia on a field trip. The research on facial expressions and emotion would suggest you should a.take care because the Zambians will not be able to read your expressions. b.not assume that you are reading Zambian expressions accurately. c.not worry much about misinterpretation of universal facial expressions. d.assume that the Zambians will not be able to read your expressions and you will not be able to read the Zambians' expressions.

c.not worry much about misinterpretation of universal facial expressions.

When visiting your sister, you notice that her infant enjoys watching a mobile that hangs over his head. Of the various objects hanging on the mobile, which ones are likely to get more of his attention? a.red ones, because infants are particularly responsive to this color b.gray ones, because these are least frightening to a child c.ones with bold black-and-white patterns, because patterns with high contrast are most interesting to an infant d.objects with simple shapes, because these are easier for the infant to recognize

c.ones with bold black-and-white patterns, because patterns with high contrast are most interesting to an infant

After spending the day with friends, trading baseball cards and talking about his favorite players, Moses comes home and asks for his father's help with his math homework. This example illustrates that a.only parents have a meaningful influence on a child's development. b.parents have less of an impact as children age. c.parents and peers play complementary roles in a child's development. d.peers have little to no effect on child development.

c.parents and peers play complementary roles in a child's development.

Dr. Smith reads about a research study investigating whether a reading intervention has a positive effect on children's performances in school. She decides to repeat the same study to see if she obtains similar results. She is engaging in a.meta-analysis. c.replication. b.experience sampling. d.correlational research.

c.replication.

Which theory of sleep would explain why Jon slept an extra 4 hours after running a marathon? a.circadian rhythms theory c.restorative theory b.facilitation of learning theory d.paradoxical theory

c.restorative theory

At birth, an infant will automatically turn and suck when a nipple or similar object is placed near her mouth. This reflex is called a.grasping. c.rooting. b.pruning. d.orienting.

c.rooting.

Storage in which memory system is brief and represents a sensory experience? a.short-term memory c.sensory memory b.long-term memory d.working memory

c.sensory memory

As a research participant, you study this list of words: curtain, book, anger, dirt, plant, hunger, paper, sadness, sunshine, music, disease, surprise, fired, love, test, pizza, electricity. When you are later asked to recall the list, the ________ effect would suggest that you are most likely to have trouble remembering ________. a.chunking; book c.serial position; music b.chunking; pizza d.serial position; curtain

c.serial position; music

You've just met Johanna, and find that she is outgoing, funny, and great at telling stories and jokes. If you were relying on the representativeness heuristic to guess what Johanna does for a living, you would be more likely to guess that she is a ________ because you are ________. a.cashier; ignoring information about base rates b.stand-up comedian; paying attention to base rates c.stand-up comedian; ignoring information about base rates d.cashier; paying attention to base rates

c.stand-up comedian; ignoring information about base rates

Empathy is ________ while sympathy is ________. a.understanding another's emotional state and feeling what the other person is feeling or would be expected to feel; understanding your own emotional state and feeling as you would be expected to feel b.understanding your own emotional state and feeling as you would be expected to feel; feelings of concern, pity, or sorrow for another person c.understanding another's emotional state and feeling what the other person is feeling or would be expected to feel; feelings of concern, pity, or sorrow for another person d.feelings of concern, pity, or sorrow for another person; understanding another's emotional state and feeling what the other person is feeling or would be expected to feel

c.understanding another's emotional state and feeling what the other person is feeling or would be expected to feel; feelings of concern, pity, or sorrow for another person

Brianna received an overall IQ score of 117 on the Wechsler Scale. This number means that Brianna has scored more than ________ standard deviation(s) above the mean IQ score of ________. a.2; 90 c.2; 75 b.1; 110 d.1; 100

d.1; 100

Imagine you are out for a hike and come across a snake. Which of the following explanations best represents the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion? a.I'm afraid because I'm shaking. b.I'm shaking because I'm afraid. c.My shaking must be due to fear because snakes are naturally scary. d.I'm shaking, and I'm afraid.

d.I'm shaking, and I'm afraid.

What is the influence of the environment on brain development? a.None; brain development is controlled by genes. b.None; the brain is fully developed at birth. c.Substantial; however, the influence is primarily through diet. d.Substantial; a broad range of environmental factors affects brain development

d.Substantial; a broad range of environmental factors affects brain development

Evidence for observational learning in nonhumans is present in all of the following examples EXCEPT a.lab-raised monkeys becoming fearful of a snake after watching a wild monkey's reactions. b.a puppy learning to get into the cupboard with the dog food after watching an older dog open the door. c.animals that injure rather than kill their prey in order to teach their young how to hunt. d.a cat learning to come at the sound of a can opener because the sound predicts food.

d.a cat learning to come at the sound of a can opener because the sound predicts food.

In terms of Sternberg's theory of intelligence, an architect who draws blueprints of a standard house is showing ________ intelligence; the contractor who builds the house is showing ________ intelligence. a.analytical; creative c.practical; analytical b.creative; practical d.analytical; practical

d.analytical; practical

What is the proper order of events that need to take place in order for classical conditioning to occur? a.unconditioned response presentation → conditioned stimulus presentation, which elicits the unconditioned stimulus → after many trials, the unconditioned response elicits the conditioned stimulus b.conditioned response presentation → unconditioned response presentation, which elicits the conditioned response → after many trials, the conditioned response elicits the unconditioned stimulus c.unconditioned stimulus presentation → conditioned stimulus presentation, which elicits the conditioned response → after many trials, the unconditioned stimulus elicits the unconditioned response d.conditioned stimulus presentation → unconditioned stimulus presentation, which elicits the unconditioned response → after many trials, the conditioned stimulus elicits the conditioned response

d.conditioned stimulus presentation → unconditioned stimulus presentation, which elicits the unconditioned response → after many trials, the conditioned stimulus elicits the conditioned response

Ouch! A paper cut! The sharp sting travels along ________ pain fibers, which are ________. a.slow; unmyelinated c.fast; unmyelinated b.slow; myelinated d.fast; myelinated

d.fast; myelinated

Temperature, pain, and pressure are components of the ________ sense. a.olfactory c.gustatory b.vestibular d.haptic

d.haptic

According to Zajonc, the presence of other people affects performance because it ________ arousal, which ________. a.decreases; weakens responding b.increases; causes selection of the adaptive response c.decreases; promotes seeking further stimulation d.increases; leads to the dominant response

d.increases; leads to the dominant response

The best definition of learning is that learning a.results entirely from natural development rather than experience. b.must result in adaptation of behavior, but does not have to be enduring. c.always results in adaptations in behavior. d.is relatively enduring and results from experience.

d.is relatively enduring and results from experience.

Kumar is trying to remember who ran against John F. Kennedy in the 1960 presidential election. Kumar's search for information to answer this question is being carried out in his ________ memory. a.working c.short-term b.sensory d.long-term

d.long-term

If having your license suspended for driving too fast makes you less likely to speed when you get it back, then the suspension is an example of a.positive reinforcement. c.positive punishment. b.negative reinforcement. d.negative punishment.

d.negative punishment.

A young child is referred to Dr. Marco's psychology practice following a severe accident. The child had vision prior to the accident, but because of a blow to the head, she can no longer see. However, her eyes are still fully functional. Based on this information, Dr. Marco determines that the brain area most likely damaged in the accident is the ________ lobe. a.frontal c.temporal b.parietal d.occipital

d.occipital

If a key is pressed on a piano, the frequency of the resulting sound waves will determine the ________, and the amplitude will determine the ________ of the perceived musical note. a.timbre; intensity c.loudness; pitch b.intensity; timbre d.pitch; loudness

d.pitch; loudness

Given an ambiguous ethical dilemma, Joey considers all perspectives of people who will be affected by his decision and is able to use abstract reasoning to determine whether the behavior is "right" or "wrong." According to Kohlberg's stage theory, in which stage is this child most likely functioning? a.preconventional c.concrete operational b.conventional d.postconventional

d.postconventional

Encharta is sitting outside, looking at her beautiful garden. As the sun goes down, the colors become less bright and finally all become shades of gray. This change happens because the a.amount of photopigment is decreasing. b.amount of photopigment is increasing. c.cones are taking over for the rods. d.rods are taking over for the cones.

d.rods are taking over for the cones.

When using shaping, it is important to reinforce a.the first behavior the animal performs. b.the last behavior the animal performs. c.both the first and last behavior the animal performs. d.successive approximations of the desired behavior.

d.successive approximations of the desired behavior.

Elna prefers to drive instead of flying because she is afraid that the plane might crash. However, she is not worried about the possibility of a car crash. Elna is falling victim to a.affect-as-information reasoning. c.loss aversion. b.the representativeness heuristic. d.the availability heuristic.

d.the availability heuristic.

You present an infant with two pictures—one of a boat and another of a tree. You time how long she looks at each of them. Over a 5-minute period, the infant looks at each of the pictures for the same amount of time. You can probably conclude that a.the stimuli are of no interest to the infant. b.the infant has never seen the stimuli. c.the infant is more interested in the boat picture. d.the stimuli are similarly interesting to the infant.

d.the stimuli are similarly interesting to the infant.

The advantage of studying monozygotic twins is that a.all of their behaviors are identical. b.they are treated the same in their environment. c.they are easy to locate and track for research. d.they are genetically identical.

d.they are genetically identical.