psych final study

object permanence

"Out of sight, out of mind" can describe the behavior of a child who lacks the concept of

Adolescent egocentrism

A 13-year-old breaks up with his first girlfriend, and he is very upset. No one can console him, because he believes that no one else has ever been hurt as badly as he has. The boy's beliefs are consistent with

Thematic Apperception Test

A client is asked by her therapist to look at a picture and to tell a story that describes what she thinks is happening in the picture. The therapist will use the content of the story to make inferences about the client's personality. The client is likely taking the

conservation

A mother gives her 3-year-old and her 4-year-old children chocolate milk in identically shaped glasses to avoid conflict over who has more. The mother is showing her awareness of her children's difficulty with the concept of

Teratogen

A(n) ________ is any agent that causes a birth defect.

reciprocal determinism

According to Bandura, the way behavior, environment, and person/cognitive factors interact to create personality is described as

Unconditional positive regard

According to Carl Rogers, to reconnect with one's true feelings and desires, one should experience a relationship that includes empathy, genuineness, and

Trust vs. Mistrust

According to Erikson's theory of socioemotional development, the first 18 months of life are devoted to mastering which developmental task?

phallic stage

According to Freud's psychosexual stages of development, castration anxiety occurs during the

deals with the demands of reality

According to Freud, the ego

Postconventional

According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, an individual who recognizes alternative moral courses, explores the options, and then develops an increasingly personal moral code is operating at the ________ level of moral development.

Sensorimotor

According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, the first stage of cognitive development that lasts from birth to about 2 years of age is the ________ stage.

unconditional positive regard

According to Rogers, an individual's need to be liked, loved, and accepted by others regardless of his or her behavior is called

Precontemplation

An alcoholic who believes that he is just being a typical college student and does not think his drinking is a problem is most likely to be classified as being in the ________ stage of change.

Carrie adopted her persona at social events

At home Carrie was moody, self-centered, and bossy. At social events, Carrie was the life of the party. She was funny, happy, and demonstrated social graces that none of her family ever saw at home. What is Jung's explanation of Carrie's behavior?

alarm

Emma is shocked when her teacher announces that he is conducting a pop quiz on the reading material that was assigned the day before. Which of the following stages of the general adaptation syndrome will Emma be experiencing first?

Ernie experiences more positive emotions than Bert

Ernie is an extrovert. Bert is an introvert. What can you predict about Ernie and Bert given your knowledge of personality research?

The extent to which a test item appears to fit the particular trait it is measuring

Face validity refers to

superego

If Marcy is feeling guilty about lying to her mother, supporters of Freud's psychoanalytic theory would most likely argue that her ________ is making her feel this way.

Is associated with physical and psychological health benefits

In the long run, writing about traumatic life events

repression

Matteo was bitten by a dog when he was 2 years old. As he grew up, he developed an intense fear of dogs. However, he did not remember when and why he started being afraid of dogs. According to Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory, which defense mechanism is Matteo exhibiting in this scenario?

ego

Meyer plans to obtain quick money through gambling, but he realizes that he might get arrested by the police. This prevents him from going ahead with the plan. According to Freud's psychoanalytic theory, which of the following structures of personality most likely stopped Meyer from going ahead with his plan?

Directly ask people whether specific items describe their personality traits

Self-report personality tests

social cognitive

The ________ approach to personality places emphasis on conscious awareness, beliefs, expectations, and goals.

Type A behavior pattern; the Type B behavior pattern

The ________ is linked with a higher incidence of heart disease, whereas ________ is linked with a lower incidence of heart disease.

Conscientiousness

The big five factors of personality are neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, and

dislike of milk

Which of the following behaviors is typical of a person fixated at the oral stage of psychosexual development and uses the defense mechanism of reaction formation?

syphillis

Which of the following is an example of a sexually transmitted infection (STI)?

self concept

Which of the following is an important element of Carl Rogers's humanistic theory?

The test does not meet certain criteria of reliability and validity

Which of the following is true of the Rorschach inkblot test?

They stress that personality consists of broad, enduring dispositions that tend to lead to characteristic responses

Which of the following is true of the trait theories of personality?

serotonin

Which of the following neurotransmitters is associated with neuroticism?

anal stage

Yonatan, a 26-year-old, is a statistician. He spends his free time making clay sculptures as he finds working with clay to be a calming experience. According to Freud's stages of psychosexual development, Yonatan is most likely to be fixated at the