Psych Final

Judy thinks she is depressed over her teacher's criticism of her paper. Judy's therapist explains to her that Judy's own illogical belief—that the criticism means she is stupid—is really why she is depressed. Judy is likely to be seeing a therapist who is providing _____therapy.

Beck's cognitive

Which of the following is an example of a cognitive process?

Cindy, a 20 year-old student, who imagines herself as the governor of Florida.

Ernie is an extrovert. Bert is an introvert. What can you predict about Ernie and Bert given your knowledge of personality research?

Ernie experiences more positive emotions than Bert.

Which of the following statements accurately describes how factor analysis is used to identify personality traits?

Factor analysis allows researchers to identify which traits go together in terms of how they are rated.

Which of the following statements is true of generalized anxiety disorder?

Generalized anxiety disorder is often caused due to an elevation in the levels of the neurotransmitter GABA.

_____ are sensory experiences in the absence of real stimuli. _____ are false, unusual, and sometimes magical beliefs that are not part of an individual's culture.

Hallucinations/Delusions

Which of the following statements is true of panic disorder?

In terms of biological factors, genetic predisposition is a likely cause of panic disorder.

Which of the following statements about the DSM-5 is true?

It includes new diagnoses such as binge-eating disorder and gambling addiction.

In the context of psychological factors in conformity, which of the following best describes informational social influence?

It refers to the influence people have on an individual because the individual wants to be right.

Larry and Carol are tested twice on moral reasoning. When Kohlberg's measures are used, Carol gets a lower score than Larry. When Gilligan's approach is used, both individuals score at the same level. Which of the following is likely to be a reason for this discrepancy?

Kohlberg's theory is a justice perspective, while Gilligan's theory is a care perspective.

Which of the following statements is true of the socioemotional selectivity theory?

Older adults gain a sense of meaning by focusing on satisfying relationships and activities in the present.

Alfred Adler would be most likely to endorse which of the following explanations for human behavior?

People are primarily motivated by purposes and goals.

_____ are favorable views of the self that are not necessarily rooted in reality.

Positive illusions

_____ refers to a psychological state in which a person's perceptions and thoughts are fundamentally removed from reality.

Psychosis

_____ involves strong components of sexuality and infatuation, and is often predominant in the early part of a love relationship.

Romantic love

Which of the following is true of self-help support groups?

Self-help support groups provide members with a sympathetic audience for social sharing and emotional release.

_____ refers to the tendency to take credit for one's own successes and to deny responsibility for one's own failures.

Self-serving bias

_____ refers to the way individuals define themselves in terms of their group membership.

Social identity

Which of the following most accurately describes Ainsworth's strange situation test used to measure children's attachment?

The caregiver leaves the infant with a stranger and returns later.

Which of the following is true of majority and minority influence in a group?

The minority in a group cannot win through normative pressure.

Which of the following statements is true of Piaget's preoperational stage?

The symbolic thinking of children in this stage is limited.

All of the following are symptoms of major depressive disorder EXCEPT

a history of manic episodes.

Individuals with dissociative disorders have

a less voluminous hippocampus and amygdala.

When individuals desire to have another person near and have a deep, caring affection for the person, they are displaying

affectionate love.

A fear becomes a phobia when

an individual will go to any length to avoid the object of the fear.

Tranquilizers are _____ drugs.

antianxiety

Jenna constantly experiences feelings of hopelessness and worthlessness. Jenna's doctor, Jacob, advises her to start taking antidepressant drugs that contain serotonin and dopamine. According to Dr. Jacob's diagnosis, Jenna's depression is a result of the imbalance and improper functioning of the neurotransmitters in her brain. In the context of the theoretical approaches to psychological disorders, this diagnosis conforms to the

biological approach.

Dr. Wren is in the process of diagnosing Lily's psychological disorder. After asking Lily a few questions about her symptoms, Lily reveals that she experiences alternating episodes of euphoria and distress. On some days, Lily claims that she feels like she is capable of doing anything in the world. During this phase, she can't sleep; feels restless, and is extremely excitable. On the other days, Lily feels utterly worthless and miserable. During this phase, Lily lies in bed all day and is troubled by morbid thoughts. In the context of disorders involving emotion and mood, it can be inferred that Dr. Wren is likely to diagnose Lily with

bipolar disorder.

Your roommate is acting very strangely. Although she has not slept much in the past few days, she says she is on top of the world. She also took all her savings and invested it in a questionable financial venture. This period of non-stop activity has lasted for well over a week and is in sharp contrast to the depression and fatigue she exhibited earlier this semester. Your roommate is exhibiting symptoms of

bipolar disorder.

Dr. Patterson tries to create a warm supportive atmosphere to help her clients improve their self-concepts and to encourage insight into problems. Dr. Patterson says little to her depressed client. Instead, she waits for him to express his feelings and for him to decide what he wants to do about his problems. This emphasis on encouraging self-reflection indicates that Dr. Patterson is practicing

client-centered therapy.

Researchers have found that when there is an ethnic match between the therapist and the client and when ethnic-specific services are provided,

clients have better treatment outcomes.

Cindy's therapist uses the technique of distraction to help her deal with anxiety and asks her to count to 200 by 13s when she feels herself becoming anxious. From this scenario, it can be inferred that Cindy's therapist practices

cognitive therapy.

Tasha is seeing a therapist because she is depressed. Her therapist gives her examples of reinforcing self-statements and trains Tasha on self-instructional methods that allow her to modify her own behavior. Tasha's therapist is most likely practicing

cognitive-behavior therapy.

Which stage of cognitive development involves replacing intuitive reasoning with logical reasoning in concrete situations?

concrete operational

A mother gives her three-year-old and her four-year-old children chocolate milk in identically shaped glasses to avoid conflict over who has more. The mother is showing her awareness of her children's difficulty with

conservation.

The work of Harry Harlow established that

contact comfort is more important than feeding in the attachment process.

A child decides to steal a small item from a neighborhood store in order to be accepted into the Hawk Club. The child reasons that the stealing behavior is acceptable because it is what his friends expect of him. According to Kohlberg, this child is operating at the _____ level.

conventional

Katie bought a few t-shirts from a garage sale. While purchasing them, she tried her best to bargain as she knew the seller was charging her a higher price for every t-shirts compared to the others. After reaching home, she found that there was an extra t-shirts in her bag for which she did not pay. As her mother had taught her to return things that did not belong to her, Katie went back to the store and returned the extra t-shirts. According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, Katie belongs to the _____ level of moral development.

conventional

June is usually very quiet, but she recently discovered a different side of herself. During Mardi Gras, she found herself swept up in the festivities, doing the things that the other party-goers were doing. These were not behaviors that she would have ever considered engaging in on her own. Social psychologists would most likely attribute June's behavior to

deindividuation.

Welma is unable to accept the fact that she has been diagnosed with lung cancer. She refuses treatment despite her family's attempts to convince her. According to Freud's psychoanalytic theory, Welma is unconsciously engaging in

denial.

All of the following are classified as anxiety disorders, EXCEPT

depression.

Given that collectivist cultures place more importance on the group than on the individual, some psychologists have suggested that _____ is likely to be more effective with people from Asian and Latino cultures.

family therapy

Validation, reframing, structural change, and detriangulation are techniques most commonly used in

family therapy.

The _____ is a theory suggesting that preexisting conditions, such as genetic characteristics, personality dispositions, or experiences, put a person at risk of developing a psychological disorder.

five-factor model

Deficits in the functioning of the _____ are associated with aggression.

frontal lobes

Mary has been working with a therapist because she has felt very confused and unsure about herself for the past few years. Mary's therapist tends to be very nondirective and devotes a great deal of the session to allowing Mary to explore her identity, wants, and dreams for the future. The therapist rarely gives direct advice and instead is primarily interested in helping Mary clarify her own ideas and feelings. Mary's therapist is most likely associated with the _____ perspective of psychotherapy.

humanistic

The elaboration likelihood model

identifies two ways to persuade: a central route and a peripheral route.

Linda has decided to pursue law because everyone in her family is a lawyer. This is an example of

identity foreclosure.

Freud's view of anatomy as destiny was criticized by Karen Horney primarily for

ignoring sociocultural influences on personality development.

The sense of _____ is the most dangerous aspect of adolescent egocentrism.

invincibility

In adult development, when experience conflicts with existing schemas

it is recommended to alter current ways of thinking.

Jane is afraid of crowds. If her therapist uses systematic desensitization technique, Jane will be asked to

learn how to relax.

According to the National Institute of Mental Health, the leading cause of disability in the United States is

major depressive disorder.

Cathy is worried about her mental health. She visits Dr. Henderson, a psychiatrist, to seek treatment for her condition. When Dr. Henderson asks her questions about herself, Cathy reveals that she is unhappy and feels worthless most of the time. She doesn't eat or sleep well and has even contemplated suicide. Dr. Henderson also learns that Cathy has been experiencing these distressing symptoms for almost three weeks. In the context of disorders involving emotion and mood, it can be inferred that Dr. Henderson is likely to diagnose Cathy with

major depressive disorder.

With respect to the three characteristics of abnormal behavior, when a behavior interferes with a person's ability to function effectively in the world, it is considered

maladaptive.

Marilyn is depressed a great deal of the time and seeks help from a doctor. She is diagnosed as having a mental illness caused by a chemical imbalance. Marilyn is most likely being treated by a person who adheres to the _____ of psychological disorders.

medical model

The _____ of schizophrenia are marked by a distortion or an excess of normal function, whereas the _____ reflect social withdrawal, behavioral deficits, and the loss or decrease of normal functions.

positive symptoms/negative symptoms

Soldiers who have returned from the frontlines often struggle with overwhelming anxiety, nervousness, depression, and flashbacks. In many cases, these soldiers have problems with memory and an inability to experience happiness. These characteristics are indicative of

post-traumatic stress disorder.

When Sandra was 18 years old, she was in a serious car accident. Although she made a full recovery from her injuries, she experienced extreme anxiety afterward. Sandra is now very anxious when driving, has nightmares about the accident, and flinches when she goes through intersections. Sandra has symptoms suggestive of

post-traumatic stress disorder.

Which of Piaget's stages of cognitive development is characterized by egocentric thought?

preoperational

John, who is jealous of his older brother, states that his older brother hates him and is jealous of him. This scenario best illustrates the defense mechanism of

projection.

Which of the following therapies stress the importance of the unconscious mind, extensive interpretation by the therapist, and the role of early childhood experiences in the development of an individual's problems?

psychodynamic therapies

Which of the following biomedical interventions for eliminating the symptoms of psychological disorders is used least often?

psychosurgery

Which of the following forms of treatment would be used only as a last resort to help patients with severely debilitating conditions?

psychosurgery

The primary goal of behavior therapy is to

reduce or eliminate maladaptive behavior.

If a child is in Piaget's preoperational stage of development, which of the following tasks is the child most likely to perform?

represent the world with words and images

Social psychologists believe that _____ is particularly strong during the early stages of a relationship, and that _____ increases as the relationship grows and matures.

romantic love/affectionate love

Which of the following neurotransmitters is associated with neuroticism?

serotonin

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a treatment sometimes used for

severe depression.

According to _____, the most important predictor of relationship success is having both partners feel that each is doing his or her "fair share."

social exchange theory

What theoretical approach to psychological disorders would be most likely to consider a person's gender and ethnicity when diagnosing a disorder?

sociocultural approach

A man who is so afraid of flying and who would go to any length to avoid flying is most likely experiencing

specific phobia.

By influencing norepinephrine and serotonin, lithium is thought to

stabilize moods.

The hormone that is typically implicated in aggressive behavior is

testosterone.

Adolescents often have difficulty controlling their emotions and making sound decisions about risky behavior. Brain research suggests that this is due to the fact that during adolescence

the amygdala is developed earlier than the prefrontal cortex.

Face validity refers to

the extent to which a test item appears to fit the particular trait it is measuring.

Rob and Deandra are members of a football team. Their self-esteem is greatly affected by their team's performance. They tend to compare their team with that of the opponents in order to improve their self-image. Which of the following theories best explains this scenario?

the social identity theory

From the perspective of the investment model of close relationships, long-term relationships are most likely to continue when

there are few tempting alternatives for the partners.

A psychologist who practices cognitive therapy might try to help a patient who suffers from a major depressive disorder by

trying to get the patient to identify irrational and self-defeating thoughts.