PSYCH: Learning
operant conditioning processes with laboratory animals
A Skinner box is a chamber with a highly controlled environment that was used to study _____.
classical
A learned association between a particular taste and nausea is a special kind of _____ conditioning.
conditioned stimulus
A previously neutral stimulus that eventually elicits a learned response
unconditioned stimulus
A stimulus that produces a response without prior learning
variable-interval
A(n) _____ schedule is a timetable in which a behavior is reinforced after a variable amount of time has elapsed.
unconditioned
A(n) _____ stimulus produces a response without prior learning.
fixed
A(n) ______-interval schedule of reinforcement is a schedule that provides reinforcement for a response only if a fixed time period has elapsed.
avoidance
After receiving her first low grade on a geography exam, Dora changed her study habits so that she would never score below an 80 again. Dora's change in behavior illustrates _____ learning.
Unconditioned response
An unlearned response that is automatically elicited by an unconditioned stimulus
behavior
Applied behavior analysis or _____ modification is the use of operant conditioning principles to change human behavior.
reduce the frequency of a behavior
Both positive and negative punishment _____.
delayed reinforcement
Choosing to not go out on Saturday nights with friends and instead spend the time studying in order to get into a top professional school is an example of
conditioned response
Classical conditioning can explain habituation to a drug's effects because the _____ to the drug can be the body's way of preparing itself for the drug.
conditioned
Classical conditioning can explain the placebo effects of a fake pill because the pill can serve as a _____ stimulus for the actual drug.
stimulus discrimination
Even though his owner has a ring tone on his cell phone that sounds like a doorbell, Buster, the family dog, only barks when the doorbell rings and not when the phone rings. This is an example of which of the following?
reinforcement
Every time Max, the family dog, sits on command, he receives a treat. The treat would be considered _____.
primary
Food, sex, or water would be considered a _____ reinforcer.
exhibited
Generalization occurs when learning that occurred in one setting is _____ in other similar settings.
Accidentally after discovering that dogs salivated to various stimuli such as a food dish or a door opening
How did Pavlov discover classical conditioning?
bell
In Pavlov's original experiment, the conditioned stimulus (CS) was the _____.
salivation to the meat powder
In Pavlov's original experiment, the unconditioned response (UR) was the _____.
meat powder/food
In Pavlov's original experiment, the unconditioned stimulus was the _____.
stimuli
In Pavlov's work, he found that dogs would salivate to various _____, such as seeing someone who usually brings food enter the room or a cabinet door opening.
blank 1: continuous blank 2: partial
In _____ reinforcement, the reinforcer is presented every time; whereas in _____ reinforcement, the reinforcer is presented some of the time.
counterconditioning
In _____, pleasant feelings from eating chocolate chip cookies are incompatible with the fear produced by being in an elevator, allowing the fear to be weakened or extinguished.
blank 1: contiguity blank 2: contingency
In classical conditioning, _____ means that the CS and US are presented closely together, whereas _____ means that the CS is a good predictor that the US will occur soon.
unconditioned stimulus
In classical conditioning, extinction occurs when the ______ ________ is absent.
conditioned response
In classical conditioning, the _______ ________ is the learned response to the conditioned stimulus that occurs after the pairing of the conditioned stimulus (CS) and unconditioned stimulus (US).
blank 1: stimulus blank 2: response
In classical conditioning, the sight of a food dish would be considered a _____, and the dog's salivation would be considered _____.
generalization
In classical conditioning, the tendency of a new stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus to elicit a response that is similar to the conditioned response know as _____.
extinction
In classical conditioning, the weakening of the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is absent is known as _______.
generalization
In operant conditioning, ______ means performing a reinforced behavior in a different situation.
ratio
In operant conditioning, if one wants a high rate of responding, a ________ schedule should be utilized.
More efficient
In operant conditioning, when the interval between a behavior and its consequences is relatively immediate, learning is ______
primary
Innate reinforcers that satisfy biological needs (food, water, sex, etc.) are called _____ reinforcers.
Pavlov
Ivan _____ was the researcher who originally described classical conditioning.
operant
Jared, a first grader, works harder in school so that he can get a prize from the teacher's treasure chest at the end of the week. In this case, the teacher is using _______ conditioning to help Jared improve.
stimulus generalization
Joan was bitten by a chihuahua when she was 5 years old. As a result, she is now afraid of all dogs, no matter the breed. What is this an example of?
Observational
Learning by watching the behavior of other is called _______ learning in social learning theory.
observational learning
Learning that occurs when a person observes and imitates another's behavior is known as ______ ______.
Associative
Learning that occurs when we make connections, or an association, between two events is known as _____ learning.
extinction
Lori used to rush to her infant son and pick him up every time he cried. Lately, she has stopped rushing to him, and he has decreased his crying. According to the principles of operant conditioning, this is due to _____.
Negative reinforcement
Luis cleans his room so that his parents will not scold him. This is an example of _____.
conditioned
Money is likely to be a ____ (secondary) reinforcement.
voluntary
Operant conditioning is better than classical conditioning at explaining _____ behaviors.
aversive
Pairing an alcoholic beverage with something that induces nausea to reduce drinking is a form of ______ conditioning.
stimulus disrimination
Pavlov's dogs would salivate at the ring of a bell but not at the chime of a clock. What concept is this an example of?
innate
Primary reinforcers are _____, whereas secondary reinforcers are learned.
delay of gratification
Putting off the pleasure of an immediate reward in order to gain a valuable reward later is called
higher
Ratio schedules of reinforcement tend to create a _____ response rate compared to interval schedules.
endocrine
Research on the placebo effect shows that the secretion of hormones from the ______ system can be influenced by classical conditioning.
contingency
Sam wants her cat, Mr. Whiskers, to run into the kitchen for tuna when he hears the electric can opener. However, sometimes Sam opens canned vegetables for herself instead of tuna. _______ would explain the most likely reason Mr. Whiskers would not associate the sound of the can opener with the tuna.
delayed punishment
Sarah is starting to struggle in her general psychology class. She doesn't understand the material in her lectures, and she has gotten behind on her homework. She knows that if she goes to the professor now, the solution will likely be easier than if she waits and gets farther behind. If Sarah decides to wait to go see her professor and see if she can catch up on her own but then fails the test, it would exemplify which of the following?
classical
Sometimes real estate agents will provide freshly baked chocolate chip cookies at open houses in hopes that potential buyers will associate the smell of the cookies with positive feelings about the house. In this case, they are applying _______ conditioning techniques.
punishment
Steven has been fired twice for being late. In his new job, he has never been late. The consequence of being fired would be considered _____.
unconditioned stimulus
The ______ _______ automatically causes a response, each time it is presented.
bell
The ______ was the neutral stimulus in Pavlov's original experiment.
blank 1: neutral blank 2: conditioned
The bell began as a _______ stimulus in Pavlov's original experiment and became a _______ stimulus by the end.
conditioning
The following are types of _______ where association are learned: - classical - observational
fixed-interval
The following is a _____-_____ schedule: Sam is reinforced once a week for putting his toys away.
Variable-ratio
The following is a _____-______ schedule: Sam is reinforced every two to five times he puts his toys away.
fixed-ratio
The following is a ______-______ schedule: Sam is reinforced every third time he puts his toys away.
variable-interval
The following is a ______-______ schedule: Sam is reinforced every two to 10 days for putting his toys away.
blank 1: associative blank 2: classical
The form of ___(1)____ learning in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a stimulus to which the subject has an automatic inborn response is called ___(2)____ conditioning
Negative reinforcement
When removal of a stimulus in response to a behavior increases the frequency of that behavior, _____ is said to have occurred.
Law of Effect
The idea that consequences of a behavior can increase or decrease the likelihood that a behavior will be repeated is referred to as which of the following?
Variable Interval (VI)
The pattern of intermittent reinforcement in which responses are reinforced after time periods of different duration have passed is called a _____ schedule.
Fixed-ratio
The pattern of partial reinforcement in which reinforcement requires a set number of responses is called a(n) _____ schedule.
fixed-interval
The pattern of partial reinforcement in which responses are regularly reinforced after a set period of time has passed is called a _____ schedule.
spontaneous
The sudden reappearance of an extinguished response is called _____ recovery.
secondary
The term for reinforcers that are learned by association is _____ reinforcers. (aka conditioned reinforcers)
Variable-Interval (VI)
This is a pattern of intermittent reinforcement in which responses are reinforced after time periods of different duration have passed.
Variable-Ratio (VR)
This is a pattern of intermittent reinforcement in which the number of responses needed for reinforcement changes.
reinforcement
Tiffany usually fastens her seat belt so that the buzzing sound will stop. This would be considered negative ______.
Delayed reinforcement
Tim has decided not to go out this weekend to party with his friends but to save his money and go on vacation with his girlfriend over Christmas break. Tim's actions are an example of which of the following?
avoidance learning
To prevent a headache, Mariah takes her medication as soon as she feels pressure near her eyes. This is an example of _____.
habituation
Tolerance and _____ occur when an individual needs a higher and higher dose of a substance to get the same effect.
FALSE: A variable-interval schedule is a timetable in which a behavior is reinforced after variable amounts of time have elapsed. Therefore, you might be rewarded after 10 minutes, then after 2 minutes, then after 18 minutes.
True or false: A variable-interval schedule is a timetable in which behaviors are rewarded an average number of times, but on an unpredictable basis.
TRUE: This involves a neutral stimulus being associated with the unconditioned stimulus and becoming the conditioned stimulus that elicits the conditioned response.
True or false: Acquisition in classical conditioning is the initial learning of the stimulus-response link.
TRUE: Aversive conditioning pairs a stimulus with an unpleasant stimulus to prevent an unwanted response.
True or false: Aversive conditioning is a form of conditioning that repeatedly pairs a stimulus with a very unpleasant stimulus.
FALSE: Classical conditioning involves learning by association. Operant conditioning involves learning as a result of the consequences of one's behavior.
True or false: Operant conditioning involves associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus.
TRUE: Classical conditioning involves learning by association. Operant conditioning involves learning as a result of the consequences of one's behavior.
True or false: Operant conditioning involves associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus.
TRUE: Shaping is reinforcing successive approximation of a desired behavior.
True or false: Shaping can help teach a child who is struggling to produce language by first reinforcing the production of sounds, then by only reinforcing simple words.
FALSE: Stimulus generalization occurs when one responds in a similar manner to a new stimulus as the conditioned stimulus.
True or false: Stimulus generalization occurs when one responds only to the original conditioned stimulus.
blank 1: negative blank 2: positive
Tyler puts on his seat belt as soon as he gets into his car so that he will not get a ticket, which is an example of _______ reinforcement. Leon puts on his seat belt because he gets compliments for being a safe driver, which is an example of ______ reinforcement.
involves removing a stimulus
Unlike positive punishment, negative punishment _____.
learned
Unlike primary reinforcers, secondary reinforcers are _____.
delayed
Utilizing reinforcement, Deanna saves money from her summer internship to purchase a car at the end of the summer rather than using that money to shop at the mall every week.
variable-ratio
Watching for shooting stars is an example of a ______-______ schedule because seeing the stars occurs on an unpredictable basis.
- fixed ratio - variable ratio - fixed interval - variable interval
What are the four main schedules of positive reinforcement?
Shaping
What learning process is exhibited by the following: In teaching a child to walk, the child is rewarded first for crawling, then for standing up, and then for taking his or her first step?
Negative
What type of punishment is a time-out?
unconditioned response
When a dog salivates upon tasting food, the salivation is called the _____.
extinction
When a previously conditioned response decreases and eventually disappears, _______ has occurred.
Shaping
When a rat enters a Skinner box, it has to learn to press a lever to get food. At the very beginning of this process, it is rewarded with food when it is only in the vicinity of the lever. Then it is rewarded when it touches the lever, and so on. This technique of rewarding successive approximations of a desired behavior is ______.
By ringing the bell and then never providing food
When considering Pavlov's dogs, how would you permanently extinguish the association between the bell and food?
Behaviorism
Which theory of learning discounts the importance of such mental activities as thinking, wishing, and hoping and focuses solely on observable actions?
partial
Winning on a slot machine would be considered _____ reinforcement because winning only occurs some of the time.
POSITIVE: Positive punishment adds a stimulus such a spanking the child to decrease behavior, whereas negative punishment removes a stimulus to decrease behavior. This could be to take away TV for a period of time.
Within the framework of operant conditioning, spanking a child would be considered _____ punishment.
unconditioned stimulus
You cringed the first time you saw a bright light; therefore, the light is likely an ________ ______.
stimulus discrimination
_____ _______is a classical conditioning concept that involves the process of learning to respond to certain stimuli and not others.
Shaping
_____ can be especially helpful for learning tasks that require multiple steps, some of which may be complex, because rewards are given as subjects get closer to approximating the task.
Operant
_____ conditioning occurs when organisms learn from the consequences of their behavior.
discrimination
_____ in operant conditioning means responding appropriately to stimuli that signal that a behavior will or will not be reinforced.
Acquisition
_____ involves the initial learning of the stimulus-response link.
counterconditioning
_____ is a classical conditioning procedure for weakening a conditioned response by associating the fear-provoking stimulus with a new response that is incompatible with the fear.
Learning
_____ is a relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through experience.
positive
_____ punishment occurs when a behavior decreases when it is followed by a stimulus.
positive reinforcement
______ _______is the presentation or addition of a stimulus after a behavior occurs that increases how often that behavior will occur.
taste
______ aversion involves learning the association between conditioned stimuli and nausea after only a single pairing
classical
______ conditioning can produce immunosuppression, a decrease in the production of antibodies.
Reinforcement
______ is the process in operant conditioning by which a stimulus or event following a particular behavior increases the probability that the behavior will be repeated.
Schedules
______ of reinforcement are timetables that determine when a behavior will be reinforced.
operant
_______ conditioning is a form of associative learning in which the consequences of a behavior change the probability of the behavior's occurrence.
aversive
_______ conditioning refers to a form of treatment that involves repeated pairings of a stimulus with a very unpleasant stimulus to change an association.
placebo
________ effects are observable changes that occur in response to a fake pill or medicine containing no active ingredient.
blank 1: negative blank 2: positive
________ reinforcement is the removal of a stimulus after a behavior to increase the frequency of that behavior, whereas __________ reinforcement is the presentation of a stimulus after a behavior.
Learning
a systematic, relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through experience
