psych- learning..

Match the word to the term from this demonstration. 1. Conditional stimulus. 2. Unconditional stimulus. 3. Unconditional response. 4. Conditional response. 5. Pavlov. --------- "Learning." Noise. Responding to the noise. Responding to the word "'learning." Irrelevant stimulus.

1. "Learning." 2. Noise. 3. Responding to the noise. 4. Responding to the word "learning." 5. Pavlov. Startling/jumping is the unconditional response to a loud noise, which is an unconditional stimulus. This is a reflex and doesn't require any learning. You can pair any stimulus with the loud noise, and then your new stimulus (here, learning) will become a conditional stimulus which elicits a startle response--a conditional response. Anything else is an irrelevant stimulus.

Match the type of learning with the appropriate example. 1. Pavlovian (classical) conditioning. 2. Instrumental (operant) conditioning. 3. Social learning. -------------- An event signals that behavior will have a specific consequence. An initially unimportant event signals an important event. We learn what to do by watching someone else respond and earn something good.

1. An initially unimportant event signals an important event. 2. An event signals that behavior will have a specific consequence. 3. We learn what to do by watching someone else respond and earn something good. The behavior doesn't really matter in Pavlovian conditioning--only associating two events; behavior determines which consequence will occur in operant conditioning; and there have to be at least two people--a model/demonstrator and an observer in social learning

Garcia and Koelling's rats drank sweetened, bright, and noisy water and received either shock or irradiation poisoning. Identify the parts of taste aversion learning for Group 2 (irradiation) rats. 1. Sweet taste. 2. Nausea. 3. Irradiation (x-ray.) ------------- conditional stimulus. conditional and unconditional response. unconditional stimulus.

1. Conditional stimulus. 2. Conditional and unconditional response. 3. Unconditional stimulus. X-ray poisoning makes rats sick automatically, without learning, so that's the unconditional stimulus. Sickness to the x-ray poisoning is the unconditional response. The sweet taste is something we (and rats) have to learn about, so it becomes associated with the x-ray poisoning, which makes sweet taste the conditional stimulus. Then, as a sign of learning, the rats start to feel nauseated (conditional response) to the sweet taste and avoid drinking water with a sweet taste.

Match the words on the left with their most appropriate examples. 1. Positive reinforcement. 2. Negative reinforcement. 3. Positive punishment. 4. Negative punishment. ----- Greg annoys his brother and gets pinched and subsequently stops annoying him. Amaya washes her hands before dinner to avoid getting sick and continues to wash her hands before other meals. Connor throws a tantrum at the store and gets a chocolate bar; then he throws more tantrums in the store. Luna argued with her parents and had her phone taken away and subsequently stopped arguing with her parents.

1. Connor throws a tantrum at the store and gets a chocolate bar; then he throws more tantrums in the store. 2. Amaya washes her hands before dinner to avoid getting sick and continues to wash her hands before other meals. 3. Greg annoys his brother and gets pinched and subsequently stops annoying him. 4. Luna argued with her parents and had her phone taken away and subsequently stopped arguing with her parents. Tantrums are reinforced with added chocolate; washing hands is reinforced by avoiding/removing/preventing sickness; annoyances are punished with added pinching; and arguing is punished with removing the phone.

Jodie saw Cujo, a large, brown dog, and walked up to pet him. Cujo bit Jodie on the hand, and she immediately began to cry and exhibit other fear responses (e.g., rapid heartbeat, "butterflies" in her stomach, etc.). Now when she sees any large dog, she gets nervous and frightened. Match the correct definition to the specifics of the event. 1. Conditional stimulus. 2. Unconditional stimulus. 3. Conditional response. ----------- Bite on hand. Fear. Cujo.

1. Cujo. 2. Bite on hand. 3. Fear. A bite on the hand hurts and will generate fear without learning, so it's the unconditional stimulus. Fear to the bite on the hand is the unconditional response. Jodie learned to fear Cujo and other large dogs, so he's the conditional stimulus. Fear of other dogs is the conditional response.

Match each situation to what would happen according to the law of effect. 1. Walk too close to a puddle of water - car drives through puddle and splashes you. 2. Leave early for work - get a great parking spot. -- Satisfaction. Discomfort.

1. Discomfort. 2. Satisfaction. Think of satisfaction as something you would want to happen and discomfort as something you don't want to happen.

Use what you know about biological preparedness to match each stimulus to its response. 1. Snake. 2. Spoiled food. 3. Sour taste. ----- Fear. Nausea. Salivation. Yawning.

1. Fear. 2. Nausea. 3. Salivation. Fear goes with something that could hurt you, like a venomous snake. Nausea happens when we're going to get sick like if we eat rotten food. Salivation occurs with digestion and to dilute acids in the mouth (see Chapter 11), so salivation goes with sour taste (e.g., lemons are very acidic). Yawning happens so we can get more oxygen, and no stimulus here really goes with that response.

For each of the following descriptions, determine whether you think it is learning or not. (For each premise, consider: Is it learning when...?) 1. You feel anxious because your professor mentions an upcoming exam? 2. Your cat comes running whenever you shake a bag of treats? 3. An infant cries when s/he is hungry? 4. While showering you jump out of the way of the water when you hear a toilet flush? 5. Your dog thinks you are going to take him out when you get up in the morning to use the bathroom? 6. You make sure you do your chores before your mom gets home so you can go to the movies? 7. A cat is put in an odd puzzle box‚ but after trial and error is able to escape and then can escape quickly in subsequent trials? 8. Children are afraid of loud sounds? -------------- Learning/ Not Learning.

1. Learning. 2. Learning. 3. Not learning. 4. Learning. 5. Learning. 6. Learning. 7. Learning. 8. Not learning.

You were outside with a bunch of your friends sitting near a small fire pit. It's cold, so you light the firewood with a match to get warm. You accidentally burned your hand on the match, which made you drop it on the ground. Now you are careful around matches. Match the terms to the specifics of the event. 1. Operant behavior. 2. Pavlovian unconditional response. 3. Reinforcer. 4. Unconditional stimulus. 5. Antecedent stimulus. --------- Involuntarily recoiling your hand. Lighting firewood. Burned hand. Producing a warm fire. Cold weather.

1. Lighting firewood. 2. Involuntarily recoiling your hand. 3. Producing a warm fire. 4. Burned hand. 5. Cold weather. It's cold outside, which is the antecedent for lighting a fire. You don't have to light a fire, but it's a good idea if you're cold. Lighting a fire naturally produces a warm fire, which is the (positive) reinforcer. Burning your hand is an unconditional stimulus that makes you recoil your hand in pain, which is the unconditional response.

Match each reinforcer to its type. 1. Belly rubs for the dog. 2. Tension relief for sore muscles.

1. Positive reinforcer. 2. Negative reinforcer. Belly rubs weren't there before but then were added contingent upon some response; positive reinforcer. Tension was there but was then relieved, so that's a negative reinforcer.

Each of the following premises could function as a positive reinforcer. Match each of the positive reinforcers with the type of reinforcer it is most likely to be. 1. Bottled water when you're thirsty. 2. A gold star on a quiz. 3. Academic probation ended. 4. Pesos. 5. Loosening a very tight seat belt. ----- Secondary positive reinforcer. Generalized conditioned reinforcer. Primary positive reinforcer Primary negative reinforcer Secondary negative reinforcer.

1. Primary positive reinforcer. 2. Secondary positive reinforcer. 3. Secondary negative reinforcer. 4. Generalized conditioned reinforcer. 5. Primary negative reinforcer. Bottled water is a thing you can hold that's important for meeting basic life needs, so primary reinforcer. A gold star on a quiz is something you need to learn about for it to function, and it's basically a sticker/toy that's added. Academic probation is an aversive situation, and it going away can function as a negative reinforcer that you have to learn about. Pesos are money, which is a generalized conditioned reinforcer. And pain is an aversive situation that doesn't require learning before you'll work to take it away (negative).

Sort these events in order from what happens first to what happens last in extinction. Response produces reinforcer. Response no longer has any effect. Responding decreases over time.

1. Response produces reinforcer. 2. Response no longer has any effect. 3. Responding decreases over time. In order for a response to occur in the first place, it must have been reinforced. Then the extinction procedure occurs in which nothing happens after the response (no reinforcer). And then the response decreases, usually until the response stops.

Suppose that fear developed to stimuli on the left. To which stimulus category on the right might fear generalize in each case? Match the stimuli. 1. Real snakes. 2. Real spiders. 3. Clowns. 4. Needles/shots. ------ rubber snakes. pictures of spiders. balloon animals. doctors.

1. Rubber Snakes. 2. Pictures Of Snakes. 3. Balloon Animals. 4. Doctors. Each set of stimuli either have similar characteristics (real vs. fake snake) or regularly occur together (clowns and balloon animals).

Carlton wanted to teach his young nephew how to brush his teeth (a new skill) via shaping. Sort the following steps in the forward order that Carlton would teach (reinforce) them. Put toothpaste on a toothbrush. Rinse toothpaste from mouth. Run water over a dry toothbrush. Spread toothpaste over teeth with a toothbrush.

1. Run water over a dry toothbrush. 2. Put toothpaste on a toothbrush. 3. Spread toothpaste over teeth with a toothbrush. 4. Rinse toothpaste from mouth. You start with a dry toothbrush, wet the toothbrush, and then you put toothpaste on the toothbrush. Then the toothpaste on the toothbrush cleans the teeth, and then you rinse. You start teaching one step and then go to the next step that makes sense until you have taught all the steps and the nephew can brush his teeth independently.

(Dog experiment.) Match the clicker training components to their respective Pavlovian conditioning labels. 1. Clicker. 2. Salivate to clicker. 3. Treat. 4. Salivate to treat. ------------ conditional response. conditional stimulus. unconditional response. unconditional stimulus.

1. conditional stimulus. 2. conditional response. 3. unconditional stimulus. 4. unconditional response. The dog doesn't have to learn what the treat is (unconditional stimulus) or what to do with it (eat it, including salivation; unconditional response). The dog does have to learn that the clicker signals the treat, so the clicker becomes a conditional stimulus that eventually forces salivation (conditional response).

Suppose you go to the eye doctor, and she has you sit in front of a machine that puffs air into your eye. You blink to the puff of air, but you also start to blink before the puff of air while sitting in front of the machine. Match each part of visiting the eye doctor to its Pavlovian conditioning label. 1. Machine with pressurized air. 2. Blinking to the machine. 3. Puff of air. 4. Blinking to the puff of air. -------------- conditional response. conditional stimulus. unconditional response. unconditional stimulus.

1. conditional stimulus. 2. conditional response. 3. unconditional stimulus. 4. unconditional response. A puff of air doesn't require any learning, it's an unconditional stimulus that will make you blink (unconditional response) every time; you learn that the machine produces the air (conditional stimulus) after repeated visits to the eye doctor and eventually blink in front of the machine (conditional response).

You're out shopping for toothpaste, and you notice the pictures on several different brands. Brand A has a picture of an extremely happy celebrity, Brand B has a picture of gum disease (as a warning for not brushing), Brand C has a picture of starving children (because they're collecting donations), and Brand D has no picture. Based purely on the pictures, which brand of toothpaste are you most likely to purchase according to evaluative conditioning? A. Brand A. B. Brand B. C. Brand C. D. Brand D.

A. Brand A. Brand A is the one you are most likely to buy because the name of the toothpaste is paired with something pleasant. The other toothpaste brands are all paired with something unpleasant (Brands B & C) or nothing (Brand D).

Sara really likes the songs "Werewolves of London" by Warren Zevon and "Sweet Home Alabama" by Lynyrd Skynyrd. When she first heard Kid Rock's "All Summer Long," she immediately started singing the words to "Werewolves of London" over the chorus. Why did Sara think of the lyrics to the old song when she heard the similar melody of the new song? A. Classical conditioning. B. Innate reflex. C. Stimulus generalization. D. Stimulus discrimination.

A. Classical conditioning. & C. Stimulus generalization. The song lyrics are paired with the melody in the old song, and then she hears the melody of the new song which makes her think of the old song and its lyrics (Pavlovian/classical conditioning). Thinking of the lyrics is the same response across similar songs (even though All Summer Long also has the melody of Sweet Home Alabama).

What would Thorndike say his cats learn about in their puzzle box experiment? A. In the presence of a pedal in a puzzle box, press it. B. In the presence of a pedal in a puzzle box, press it and get fish. C. Press against anything in the puzzle box. D. Get stuck in a puzzle box and get fish.

A. In the presence of a pedal in a puzzle box, press it. The stimulus/situation (pedal) and response (pressing) were stamped in or learned according to Thorndike.

Which of the following is true for flavor aversion learning? A. It mostly occurs with new foods. B. It happens after 20 trials. C. The unconditional stimulus occurs hours before the conditional stimulus. D. It occurs for persons with phobias

A. It mostly occurs with new foods. Taste aversion learning doesn't occur with familiar foods because we have safely eaten those familiar foods many times before without getting sick. All we know about new flavors is that they made us sick.

Annalise had been driving through campus for three years, but she didn't think she knew it very well until she started giving tours to prospective students and their parents. What phenomenon might Annalise be demonstrating? A. Latent learning. B. Pavlovian learning. C. Operant learning. D. Social learning.

A. Latent learning. Annalise didn't realize that she knew campus as well as she did until she had a reason (motivation) to explain it to others as she showed them around. She demonstrated learning that had happened long before.

Which of the following statements are true about reflexes? Select all that apply. A. Reflexive responses are controlled by environmental events that precede them. B. Selecting a Big Mac at McDonald's when one is hungry is an example of a reflex. C. Reflexive responses are not due to learning. D. Reflexes are the basis for learning in operant conditioning.

A. Reflexive responses are controlled by environmental events that precede them. & C. Reflexive responses are not due to learning. Environmental stimuli trigger, force, or initiate reflexes--touching a baby's cheek makes them turn toward the hand and try to suck on it. We're born with reflexes; they don't require learning to occur.

The first time Taraji ate onion rings, she vomited. A of couple days later, she became nauseated when she saw and smelled her friend's onion rings. Which of the following might account for this? Select all that apply. A. The onion rings have triggered Taraji becoming ill. B. The onion rings are a naturally occurring antecedent that elicits nausea. C. Because she vomited that last time she was eating onion rings‚ they have acquired the capacity to elicit her feeling nauseated. D. Taraji has been conditioned‚ because of her previous experience‚ to avoid foods that have become associated with causing her to be ill.

A. The onion rings have triggered Taraji becoming ill. C. Because she vomited that last time she was eating onion rings‚ they have acquired the capacity to elicit her feeling nauseated. D. Taraji has been conditioned‚ because of her previous experience‚ to avoid foods that have become associated with causing her to be ill. The sight and smell of onion rings have become a conditional stimulus for whatever initially made Taraji sick. Now the smell and sight of onion rings produce nausea (conditional response). She personally experienced this conditioning the first time she ate onion rings and will feel this way for a while. Taste aversion learning occurs to the conditional stimulus (e.g., food flavor, sight, smell) when someone gets physically ill (unconditional response) from whatever unconditional stimulus (e.g., flu).

Psychology has identified several types of learning. Which of the following is true in reference to the types of learning? A. Types of learning include Pavlovian conditioning, operant conditioning, latent learning, and social learning. B. Learning doesn't affect human behavior. C. Automatic reflexes are the basis for all types of learning. D. Of the types of learning, Pavlovian conditioning is probably the most important.

A. Types of learning include Pavlovian conditioning, operant conditioning, latent learning, and social learning. All three forms of conditioning are equally important and impact our daily lives. Reflexes are the basis for classical conditioning, and we've already seen several examples of all three types of learning occurring with human behavior.

What are the properties of a stimulus? Select all that apply. A. We can measure it. B. We can see‚ hear‚ touch‚ smell‚ or taste it. C. We can safely ignore it because it provides no information about the environment. D. We can act accordingly in its presence.

A. We can measure it. B. We can see‚ hear‚ touch‚ smell‚ or taste it. D. We can act accordingly in its presence. Anything can be a stimulus, but we're specifically talking about informative events or objects here. We can measure the magnitude (e.g., lumens for light, decibels for sound, amplitude and voltage of shock) of any stimulus, our senses are affected by a stimulus, and a stimulus affects our behavior.

Shariq's father counted that he threw rocks 4 times on Monday (for a baseline). Starting Tuesday, Shariq's father reprimanded him every time he threw rocks. Then Shariq threw rocks 10 times on Tuesday after being reprimanded. Although Shariq's father thinks that reprimands could be _______, it would appear, based on Shariq's behavior, the reprimands are actually acting as _______ for rock-throwing. See also the figure above (Figure 7.20). A. positive punishment; positive reinforcement. B. negative punishment; positive reinforcement. C. positive reinforcement; positive punishment. D. positive reinforcement; negative reinforcement. E. positive punishment; negative reinforcement.

A. positive punishment; positive reinforcement. Reprimands should function as positive punishment, but that would mean that the rock-throwing would decrease. Reprimands are definitely positive in terms of contingency, but it seems that rock-throwing increased. That makes reprimands positive reinforcement.

Sort the events in order of when they occur (first to last) in escape. Aversive stimulus is present. Operant response occurs. Aversive stimulus is removed.

Aversive stimulus is present Operant response occurs Aversive stimulus is removed In escape, the operant response removes an already-occurring aversive stimulus. That is, you get away from or escape the thing you don't want happening.

What is the "dead man test"? A. A term used to define if learning has occurred: Can you perform the task faster than a dead man? B. A term used to help define behavior: If a dead man can do it, it is not behavior. C. A term to help differentiate between stimulus and behavior: A dead man is a stimulus and cannot perform behaviors. D. A term meant to help differentiate between antecedent and consequences: The consequence is that he is dead, the antecedent is the cause of death.

B. A term used to help define behavior: If a dead man can do it, it is not behavior. Ogden Lindsley talked about how the best way to determine whether something is behavior is to ask if a dead person can do it (the behavior is governed by gravity and not antecedent events) or if it's affected by the environment and affects the environment (that is, happens reliably after some event and produces some event).

When Charlie watches Simon and then Charlie acts in a way similar to how Simon acted, Charlie engaged in ________. Select all that apply. Multiple answers: Multiple answers are accepted for this question A. Modeling. B. Imitation. C. Observational learning.

B. Imitation. C. Observational learning. Modeling is what the observed person (Simon) is doing; imitating is what the observer (Charlie) is doing. Charlie is also learning from Simon, so that's social, vicarious, or observational learning.

Kasey's boss has been unnecessarily harsh to her ever since she started working at the company. He finally gave her a chance to prove that she isn't incompetent, but she didn't embrace the opportunity like he thought she should. What is a likely explanation for Kasey's behavior? A. Latent inhibition. B. Learned helplessness. C. Extinction burst. D. Systematic desensitization.

B. Learned helplessness. Kasey presumably did try to impress her boss when she first started working at the company with no success, and she feels that any attempt to impress him now would also be unsuccessful. She couldn't control the aversive situation at first and now feels that she can't do anything to control the situation, even though she can.

Which researcher influenced Watson's approach to psychology? A. Tolman. B. Pavlov. C. Bandura. D. Harlow.

B. Pavlov. Watson was using classical or Pavlovian conditioning with Little Albert.

Joseph had difficulty telling the difference between "da" and "ba." His teacher helped him emphasize this difference by pointing when he saw "da" and waving when he saw "ba." In addition, Joseph received an M&M when he pointed to "da" and a Gummi bear when he waved after seeing "ba." What did Joseph learn to associate according to Skinner? A. "da" and "ba." B. "da" and pointing. C. "ba," waving, and Gummi bears. D. "ba" and M&Ms.

C. "ba," waving, and Gummi bears. Skinner says we learn to associate the antecedent, behavior, and consequence. The antecedent is "ba"--it happens before behavior. The response is to wave in the presence of "ba," and the consequence was receiving a Gummi bear for waving after "ba," which are all learned.

What is the response that indicates that flavor aversion learning is occurring for cancer patients? A. Post-treatment vomiting and nausea. B. Unconditional response. C. Anticipatory vomiting and nausea. D. Tastes and odors augment each other.

C. Anticipatory vomiting and nausea. Cancer patients get sick and attribute that sickness to the food they ate (pre-treatment). If they get sick immediately after treatment but before they eat, that's post-treatment vomiting and nausea.

In the movie A Clockwork Orange, Alex receives aversion therapy—pairing a nausea-inducing drug with violent films and Beethoven's music—so that he might not have violent thoughts and commit violent crimes once released from prison. At first, Alex becomes ill when he thinks about or is put into situations in which he could be violent. When he's forced to listen to Beethoven for many hours without the nausea-inducing drug, he eventually stops feeling ill. What Pavlovian phenomenon has occurred to produce Alex's reduction in responding? A. Backward conditioning. B. Higher-order conditioning. C. Extinction. D. Fear conditioning.

C. Extinction. In order to have an extinction procedure, you first have to have excitatory conditioning: That's Alex's violent films and Beethoven paired with the nausea-inducing drug. Then the conditional stimulus (violent films, thoughts, or Beethoven--it's got multiple elements) is presented without the illness-inducing drug (conditional stimulus), and Beethoven no longer elicits nausea (conditional response). Presumably, Alex will now commit violent crimes when he's released from prison.

If every sixth occurrence of a response triggers the delivery of a positive reinforcer, which schedule of reinforcement is being illustrated? A. FI 6. B. VR 6. C. FR 6. D. VI 6.

C. FR 6. We've only talked about the fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement so far. Ratio schedules are based on a number of responses, not time. Fixed schedules have the same requirement for reinforcement each time, not a different or variable requirement.

Which of the following types of positive reinforcers is least likely to temporarily lose its reinforcing capacity even though one has "gotten it" recently? A. Doughnuts. B. Toys. C. Generalized conditioned reinforcers. D. Soda.

C. Generalized conditioned reinforcers. Generalized conditioned reinforcers are paired/associated with many different primary and secondary reinforcers and not as dependent upon a specific motivating variable (see end of Chapter 11). If you've got money and you've just spent a bunch of it on clothes, you probably don't want more clothes but will work for more money to buy food.

In the video, Peggy says that running out of the dentist's office after the dentist says, "This won't hurt a bit" is part of Pavlovian conditioning. However, running out of the office would prevent any painful stimulus from occurring. What type of behavior is this really? A. Social learning. B. Conditional response. C. Operant behavior. D. Unconditional response.

C. Operant behavior. Operant behavior changes whether the consequence will be delivered; the unconditional stimulus is presented regardless of behavior in Pavlovian conditioning.

Darnell likes to watch YouTube videos. YouTube used to have no commercials, but now Darnell has to watch at least five commercials every time he wants to watch a 3-minute video. He doesn't like commercials, and he rarely ever watches YouTube videos anymore. Which operant process is responsible for this change in Darnell's behavior? A. Positive reinforcement B. Negative reinforcement C. Positive punishment D. Negative punishment

C. Positive punishment He used to watch videos a lot (higher rate), and after commercials, he doesn't watch YouTube videos (decrease in rate of behavior). Commercials are something Darnell doesn't like, so those would function as punishers for his behavior of watching YouTube videos.

Which of the following best defines a variable interval schedule of reinforcement? A. Reinforcing the target behavior after an average number of responses. B. Reinforcing the second response after the fixed amount of time. C. Reinforcing the target behavior after an average amount of time has passed. D. Reinforcing every response.

C. Reinforcing the target behavior after an average amount of time has passed. Time-based schedules that also require a response to start the interval are interval schedules. Variable schedules of reinforcement have different requirements for the amount of time that needs to pass before a reinforcer becomes available.

After developing a fear of the white rat, Little Albert also exhibited fear responses to other white objects that had not been paired with loud noise. This illustrates which phenomenon associated with classical conditioning? A. Stimulus discrimination. B. Higher-order conditioning. C. Stimulus generalization. D. Extinction.

C. Stimulus generalization. Pairing one of the white objects (a conditional stimulus) with the loud noise (hitting metal with a hammer; the unconditional stimulus) will make Albert afraid (conditional response) of the white object. The white objects share physical properties (the fact that they're furry and white: white rat, white Santa beard, white rug), and the fear will generalize or be elicited by those other furry, white objects.

Negative reinforcement is negative in the sense that ________________________. A. a consequence stimulus is delivered in a negative manner. B. it results in the removal of the behavior. C. the behavior results in the removal of a consequence stimulus. D. the behavior is decreased or weakened.

C. The behavior results in the removal of a consequence stimulus. In negative reinforcement, a response occurs, and a scheduled consequence is removed or avoided. For example, taking allergy medication, the response, relieves (or removes) sinus pressure, the consequence.

Sort these classical conditioning events in order from what happens first after learning has taken place to what happens last as in the Pavlovian or classical conditioning figures above--before, during, and after conditioning. Unconditional response. Unconditional stimulus. Conditional stimulus. Unconditional stimulus.

Conditional stimulus. Conditional response. Unconditional stimulus. Unconditional response. The stimuli elicit responses, and the conditional stimulus is informative when it occurs before the unconditional stimulus. If the response occurs after the unconditional stimulus, then it's the unconditional response--the conditional response never occurs after the unconditional stimulus.

When Melissa hears chainsaws in Resident Evil 4, her heart races and palms sweat because the chainsaw-wielding Plagas are about to kill her character, Leon. Eventually, she can overcome Las Plagas, and her heart rate returns to normal as she picks up the camp key and a ruby. What is/are the safety signal(s) here? Select all that apply. A. Chainsaws. B. Las Plagas. C. Heart racing. D. Camp key. E. Ruby.

D. Camp key. E. Ruby. Her heart rate returns to normal (opposite of conditional response) in the presence of the camp key and ruby (conditioned inhibitors). Las Plagas and the chainsaws are the conditional stimuli or conditioned excitors, and the conditional response is a heart rate increase.

Janie had tantrums before bedtime, and her parents tried to quiet her down. Then Janie's parents stopped attending to her tantrums when they put her to bed. Six months later, Janie no longer exhibits tantrums. Which of the following eliminated Janie's tantrums? A. Positive reinforcement B. Negative reinforcement C. Positive punishment D. Extinction

D. Extinction. Janie's tantrums before bed were positively reinforced by her parents' attention. Then they removed the reinforcer (attention), and Janie's response stopped. That's extinction.

Neil saw his dad shake hands with a friend, and now Neil shakes hands with everyone he sees. How did Neil learn to shake hands with others? A. Operant learning. B. Pavlovian learning. C. Latent learning. D. Social learning.

D. Social learning. Shaking hands is voluntary behavior, and it wasn't specifically shaped or reinforced. Neil saw someone else do it first and imitated that response. (Only later is the response reinforced.)

George wears his lucky socks every time his favorite team plays. They only win half the time he wears the socks. What is the relationship between George's lucky socks and his team winning? A. Trace conditioning B. Simultaneous conditioning C. Long-delayed conditioning D. There is no relationship

D. There is no relationship. While wearing the lucky socks and winning could be considered simultaneous conditioning, that arrangement ignores the other "trials" in which lucky socks (~conditional stimulus) are present but winning (unconditional stimulus) is not.

Dr. Robotnik studied the relationship between the order of presenting the neutral stimulus (a click) and the unconditional stimulus (a small, electric shock). The small, electric shock automatically produced muscle retraction. The click occurred before, after, or at the same time as the electric shock in three different trial types. In which of these trial types would the click elicit muscle retraction? A. Equally across the trial types. B. When the click occurred at the same time as the electric shock. C. When the click followed the electric shock. D. When the click preceded the electric shock.

D. When the click preceded the electric shock. The click before the electric shock is short-delayed conditioning and produces the best excitatory conditioning. The click at the same time as electric shock is simultaneous conditioning and doesn't reliably produce excitatory conditioning. The click after the electric shock is backward conditioning and generally produces inhibitory conditioning.

Which of the following is NOT behavior? 1. Reading. 2. Texting. 3. Emoji. 4. Answering.

Emoji. Emojis can change your behavior, and you can send them. However, they are not themselves behavior. Verbs (e.g. sending, reading, texting, answering) are behavior.

Sort the intermittent schedules of reinforcement in order from lowest to highest rate of responding. See also the figure with the graph of responses over time for each of the four schedules of reinforcement. Fixed ratio. Variable ratio. Fixed interval. Variable interval.

Fixed interval. Variable interval. Fixed ratio. Variable ratio. Fixed interval schedules produce the lowest rate because reinforcers are predictable but mostly dependent upon time; toward the end of the interval when the reinforcer is scheduled, responding increases. Variable interval schedules are next because reinforcers are predictable and force consistent responding, but higher response rates don't produce reinforcers faster because they're also dependent upon time to the end of the interval. Fixed ratio schedules of reinforcement are next because reinforcers are predictable and produce an increasing rate of responding just before the reinforcer delivery but with postreinforcement pauses. The variable ratio schedule produces the highest response rate--more responses produce more reinforcers faster, and the reinforcers are unpredictable which leads to more consistent responding.

Sort the Pavlovian conditioning phases in the correct order of acquisition, extinction, and spontaneous recovery. Light + food - pecking occurs to both. Light alone - pecking slowly diminishes. Rest period without light or food. Light alone - pecking returns.

Light + food - pecking occurs to both. Light alone - pecking slowly diminishes. Rest period without light or food. Light alone - pecking returns. Acquisition occurs first, when pecking as a conditional response occurs to the light and as an unconditional response to the food (unconditional stimulus). Then extinction occurs, when the light conditional stimulus is presented alone and pecking conditional response diminishes. Then nothing happens or is presented (rest period). Then the light conditional stimulus is presented alone, and pecking as a conditional response comes back.

Suppose that I wanted to teach a dog how to ride a skateboard. What operant conditioning method would I use to teach this new behavior if I reinforce responses that get closer to skateboarding and extinguish previous responses further away from skateboarding?

Shaping. We shape new operant behavior.

Sort these Pavlovian conditioning components in order for backward conditioning. Unconditional Stimulus. Unconditional Response. Conditional Stimulus.

Unconditional stimulus. Unconditional response. Conditional stimulus. It's backward conditioning because the conditional stimulus is supposed to signal the unconditional stimulus. The unconditional stimulus is the important event, but if it occurs first, then we don't really care about the conditional stimulus (which occurs last here). The unconditional response always immediately occurs to the unconditional stimulus (doesn't depend upon learning).

Sort the events in order of when they occur (first to last) in avoidance. Warning stimulus present (but no bad thing is happening yet.) Scheduled aversive event canceled. Operant response emitted.

Warning stimulus present (but no bad thing is happening yet.) Operant response emitted. Scheduled aversive event canceled. You don't always have a warning stimulus in avoidance procedures, but unlike escape procedures, the aversive stimulus is not yet present. The operant response cancels the otherwise scheduled aversive event.