Psych Midterm Review: Chapt. 6

17. The optic disc is the part of the retina A) where most of the cones are located. B) where most of the rods are located. C) that has no photoreceptors D) that focuses light onto the rest of the retina.

C) that has no photoreceptors

25. Which of the following examples best illustrates an application of the Gestalt rule of continuity? A) In the movie theater, you perceive that an actor is moving rather than just appearing first in one place and then in another place on the screen. B) It is difficult to read the word "term" when written T eR m. C) It is difficult not to think of your family members as a group. D) Though you know all of your friends' names, it is hard for you to remember exactly where they live.

A) In the movie theater, you perceive that an actor is moving rather than just appearing first in one place and then in another place on the screen.

19. What can you conclude about the map on the visual cortex? A) Specific regions of visual space are organized as inputs to specific regions of the visual cortex. B) The brain is able to map physical locations well, but colors are not mapped to real space. C) Only features in the left visual field are constructed in the left visual cortex, but all other features are processed by other parts of the brain. D) The brain does not distinguish between the left and right visual fields.

A) Specific regions of visual space are organized as inputs to specific regions of the visual cortex.

38. _______ are collections of 50-150 cells and are located on the surface of your tongue, back of your mouth, and roof of your mouth. A) Taste buds B) Taste receptor cells C) Taste pores D) Tastants

A) Taste buds

12. Why would you feel pain when placing your hand on both a hot and a cold pipe at the same time? A) Touch receptors are reporting the sensations of heat and cold, but the brain combines the two and perceives pain. B) The juxtaposition of hot and cold metal scalds your skin. C) Any vibration of the pipes interferes with the normal functioning of your free nerve endings. D) The free nerve endings in your hand cannot distinguish between hot and cold sensations.

A) Touch receptors are reporting the sensations of heat and cold, but the brain combines the two and perceives pain.

5. The concept of labeled lines refers to the fact that A) a separate set of nerves transmits information from each sensory receptor organ to the brain. B) the brain operates like a telephone switchboard. C) separate areas of the thalamus process all of the sensory information at once. D) each neuron in your body can be labeled according to the shape and size of its axon.

A) a separate set of nerves transmits information from each sensory receptor organ to the brain.

40. A person who has lost her sense of smell is most likely to experience A) a significant reduction in the ability to experience flavor. B) a loss in the ability to detect sweet and sour tastes only. C) an enhanced ability to experience flavor with the tongue. D) a compromised ability to differentiate among flavors

A) a significant reduction in the ability to experience flavor.

21. Occlusion is a _______ depth cue. A) monocular B) binocular C) proprioceptive D) vestibular

A) monocular

36. In order for you to enjoy the smell of a flower, molecules called _______ from the flower must land on your olfactory epithelium, which lines the inside of the nose. A) odorants B) photons C) tastants D) free radicals

A) odorants

27. The tiny bones that vibrate along with the eardrum and transmit vibrations to the cochlea are called the A) ossicles. B) middle canals. C) rods. D) tympanum.

A) ossicles.

3. Psychologists use the term "sensory modality" to refer to a A) specific stimulation of a sensory receptor. B) set of sensory receptors clustered together in one place in the body. C) specific sense, such as vision or olfaction. D) set of percepts that do not correspond to sensory stimuli.

A) specific stimulation of a sensory receptor.

33. Our two chemosensory systems are the _______ system and the _______ system. A) taste; olfactory B) taste; auditory C) auditory; visual D) olfactory; touch

A) taste; olfactory

39. Biting into a lemon is likely to stimulate taste receptor cells for _______ and _______. A) salty; sweet B) bitter; salty C) sweet; sour D) umami; bitter

C) sweet; sour

24. The main idea behind Gestalt psychology is that A) the whole perception is more than just the sum of our separate sensations. B) photons are perceived by a mental organ separate from the visual system. C) sensations and perceptions have a one-to-one correspondence. D) perception is essentially the sum of our separate sensations

A) the whole perception is more than just the sum of our separate sensations.

9. In which of the following scenarios would you be most likely to succumb to a false alarm in signal detection? A) Listening for the kitchen timer to beep while you are cooking dinner B) Monitoring for the vibration of your phone in your pocket while you are sitting C) Listening for the sound of unknown creatures while you are walking alone in the woods at night D) Listening for raindrops on a quiet afternoon

B) Monitoring for the vibration of your phone in your pocket while you are sitting

18. What does this figure demonstrate? A) The right visual cortex receives information about what we see in the right half of the visual field. B) The left visual cortex receives information about what we see in the right half of the visual field. C) Objects on our right side are processed by the left eye only. D) Objects on our right side are processed by the right eye only.

B) The left visual cortex receives information about what we see in the right half of the visual field.

35. In order to distinguish sweet, salty, bitter, sour, and umami tastes, humans have A) three specialized types of taste receptors: salty/sweet, bitter/sour, and umami. B) a specialized type of taste receptor for each of the five taste categories. C) special locations on the tongue where each taste is processed. D) nearly twice as many salty receptors as the other types of receptors combined.

B) a specialized type of taste receptor for each of the five taste categories.

26. The primary function of the outer ear, or pinna, is to A) vibrate in concert with the surrounding air molecules. B) gather sounds and direct them to the middle ear. C) filter out sounds of low and high frequency. D) dampen loud sounds.

B) gather sounds and direct them to the middle ear.

31. The receptor cells that are specialized to detect vibrations along the cochlear membrane are called A) ossicles. B) hair cells. C) stapes. D) cones.

B) hair cells.

7. Weber's fraction expresses the _______ as a proportion of the original stimulus. A) absolute threshold B) just noticeable difference (JND) C) stimulus intensity D) response magnitude

B) just noticeable difference (JND)

2. A _______ is a physical event that a sensory receptor cell might detect, whereas a _______ is the final interpretation of that physical event. A) percept; stimulus B) stimulus; response C) response; percept D) stimulus; percept

B) stimulus; response

8. In psychology, the word "noise" is defined as A) an unwanted sound. B) the firing of a sensory cell without a stimulus or in response to an irrelevant stimulus. C) the misclassification of a hit or miss in a signal detection experiment. D) a factor that is always manipulated in controlled psychophysical experiments.

B) the firing of a sensory cell without a stimulus or in response to an irrelevant stimulus.

28. The cochlea relays information to the brain about sound when A) sound molecules chemically interact with the hair cells. B) vibrations in the cochlea bend the hairs of the hair cells, producing an action potential in a neuron underneath the hair cells. C) free nerve endings in the cochlea are stimulated. D) Meissner's corpuscles are stimulated.

B) vibrations in the cochlea bend the hairs of the hair cells, producing an action potential in a neuron underneath the hair cells.

30. Imagine that you and a friend are riding in a car singing along to loud music. Which of the following external sounds is most likely to be considered "noise" and ignored? A) A driver passing you on the left honks his horn repeatedly. B) A police car races up behind you with its siren sounding. C) A noisy motorcycle passes you from the opposite direction. D) Your friend yells at you to get off at the next exit.

C) A noisy motorcycle passes you from the opposite direction.

32. The duplex theory holds that we use both intensity and _______ differences to localize sounds, depending on the _______ of sounds. A) latency; frequencies B) latency; duration C) frequency; duration D) frequency; latencies

C) frequency; duration

29. According to the duplex theory, we use both _______ differences and _______ differences to localize sounds. A) latency; convergence B) intensity; conflict resolution C) intensity; latency D) latency; frequency

C) intensity; latency

1. The main distinction between sensation and perception is that only perception involves A) noticing that a stimulus is present. B) detecting the absence of stimulus. C) interpreting what the stimulus is. D) deciding how to react to a stimulus.

C) interpreting what the stimulus is.

37. The olfactory system routes information directly to the _______ of the brain. A) lateral geniculate nucleus B) primary visual cortex C) olfactory bulb D) parietal cortex

C) olfactory bulb

13. In a sense, phantom limb pain is a purely _______ phenomenon. A) sensory B) combat-specific C) perceptual D) modality-general

C) perceptual

15. The retina is the A) flexible material on the outside of the eye. B) transparent layer below the cornea that passes light through the eye. C) surface at the back of the eye where the image is focused. D) muscular portion of the eye that changes size to allow more or less light in.

C) surface at the back of the eye where the image is focused.

11. Meissner's corpuscles respond to A) heat. B) pain. C) touch. D) pressure.

C) touch.

23. According to the trichromatic theory of color vision, which of the following people would be the most likely to suffer from colorblindness? A) Rod, who has all of his cones intact and functioning normally B) Steve, who has fewer rods than most people C) Angel, whose short-wavelength cones have exceptional sensitivity D) Cornell, whose long-wavelength cones lack sensitivity

D) Cornell, whose long-wavelength cones lack sensitivity

6. Which of the following research questions is a psychophysicist likely to be most interested in asking? A) Which neurons relay information from the thalamus to the cerebral cortex? B) What kinds of neurons relay information from the spinal cord to the muscles? C) How is perceptual information encoded and stored for later use by the brain? D) How much louder must a sound be before a person can detect that it is louder than the original sound?

D) How much louder must a sound be before a person can detect that it is louder than the original sound?

10. Which of the following is an example of a receptive field for a touch receptor cell? A) An area of skin B) Differences in action potential C) Clusters of touch receptors D) Neurons in the brain

D) Neurons in the brain

20. The main difference between binocular and monocular depth cues is that A) monocular cues are generally more complex than binocular cues. B) monocular cues require information from both eyes, while binocular cues do not. C) binocular cues are used mostly for Gestalt perception, while monocular cues are used for motion. D) binocular cues require information from both eyes, while monocular cues do not.

D) binocular cues require information from both eyes, while monocular cues do not.

16. Your ability to perceive the color of a vibrant blue sky or a red rose depends on the responses of the _______ in your retina, and your ability to find your way to the bathroom in the dark depends upon the _______ in your retina. A) cones; blind spots B) hair cells; rods C) rods; cones D) cones; rods

D) cones; rods

14. The flexible, transparent structure in the eye that helps focus an image on the back of the eye's interior is called the A) iris. B) optic disc. C) fovea. D) lens.

D) lens.

22. You would expect your pupil to be largest when you are A) sitting on the beach on a sunny day. B) staring at your computer screen during the day. C) watching TV in a dimly lit room D) navigating through a dark forest at night.

D) navigating through a dark forest at night.

34. Chemicals in the mouth encounter the surface of taste receptor cells at A) epithelial cells. B) olfactory pores. C) tastants. D) taste pores.

D) taste pores.

4. Your brain is able to distinguish between the sound of a car horn and the sight of the car itself because A) visual-type energy and auditory-type energy are very different. B) auditory-type energy reaches the brain faster than visual-type energy. C) the brain labels each percept according to the information that it receives before you detect the stimulus. D) the set of nerves that relays information from the ear to the brain is different from the set that relays information from the eye to the brain.

D) the set of nerves that relays information from the ear to the brain is different from the set that relays information from the eye to the brain.