Psych Module 39 (Personality)

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Psychoanalysis

(1) Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts. (2) Freud's therapeutic technique. Freud believed the patient's free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences—and the analyst's interpretations of them—released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight.

fixate

(1) in cognition, the inability to see a problem from a new perspective; an obstacle to problem solving. (2) in psychoanalytic theory, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved. (pp. 289, 443)

Genital (puberty on)

(psychosexual stage) maturation of sexual interests

Latency (6 years to puberty)

A phase of dormant sexual feelings

psychoanalytic theory

A theory developed by Freud that attempts to explain personality, motivation, and mental disorders by focusing on unconscious determinants of behavior

collective unconscious

Carl Jung's concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species' history

heirarchy of needs

Maslow's concept that individual needs must be satisfied in this sequence; physiological, safety, love, and belongingness, esteem, and self actualization.

Rationalization

Offering self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening unconscious reasons for one's actions

libido

Pleasure Center (sexual drive and such)

unconditional positive regard

a caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed would help people develop self-awareness and self-acceptance.

projective test

a personality test, such as the TAT or Rorschach, that provides ambiguous images designed to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics. (p. 448)

Rorschach inkblot test

a projective test designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing how they interpret 10 inkblots. (p. 448)

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes

id's unconscious psychic energy

a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. The id operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification.

id

a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. The id operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification. (id means it)

opedius complex

according to Freud, a boy's sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father

unconscious

according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. According to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware.

self-actualization

according to Maslow, one of the ultimate psychological needs that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill one's potential.

self-transcendence

according to Maslow, the striving for identity, meaning, and purpose beyond the self.

self-concept

all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, "Who am I?"

Personality

an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting

ego

conscious mind

thanatos

death (things that deter us)

Projection

disguising one's own threatening impulses by attributing them to others

trait theories

examine characteristic patterns of behavior (traits)

Social Cognitive theories

explore the interaction between people's traits (including their thinking) and social context

Which theoretical perspective led to the new subfield of psychology known as positive psychology?

humanistic

free association

in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing

Repression

in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories

defense mechanisms

in psychoanalytic theory, the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality

eros

love (things that attract us)

Kayden has to take a Rorschach inkblot test for his new job. He is worried because he has heard that the Rorschach is not a very good test. Critics would agree and suggest that the Rorschach is:

not very reliable and that it has limited validity.

With respect to child development, some think Freud _____ parental influence and _____ peer influence.

overestimated; underestimated

Dr. Conway states that his research investigates the patterns of thinking, feeling, and acting that distinguish one person from another. Dr. Conway's research is MOST likely in the area of:

personality

Minnie is taking the Thematic Apperception Test, and Tammy is taking the Rorschach test. Minnie is looking at _____, and Tammy is examining _____.

pictures; inkblots

Oral (0-18 months)

pleasure centers on the mouth- sucking, biting, chewing

Anal (18-36. months)

pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination; coping with demands for control

Phallic (3-6 years)

pleasure zone is the genitals; coping with incestuous sexual feelings

Sigmund Freud is associated with the _____ theory of personality.

psychoanalytic

Denial

refusing to believe or even perceive painful realities

Abraham Maslow used the term _____ to refer to the need to find meaning, purpose, and identity beyond the self.

self transcendence

When asked, "Who are you?" John answers that he is 4 years old, that he loves trucks and trains, and that his favorite color is blue. John is describing his:

self-concept.

Displacement

shifting sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person

reaction formation

switching unacceptable impulses into their opposites

psychosexual stages

the childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which, according to Freud, the id's pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones. (p. 443)

ego

the largely conscious, "executive" part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. The ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain.

According to Abraham Maslow, self-actualization is a high-level psychological need. It only arises after basic psychological and physiological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved. Self-actualization refers to:

the motivation to fulfill one's potential.

Superego

the part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations

superego

the partly conscious part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations. (p. 442)

ego

the partly conscious, "executive" part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, the superego, and reality. The ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain. (p. 442)

identification

the process by which according to Freud, children incorporate their parents values into their developing superegos

humanistic theories

theories that view personality with a focus on the potential for healthy personal growth

humanistic theorists

theories that view personality with a focus on the potential for healthy personal growth.

psychodynamic theories

theories that view personality with a focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences

Kate comes home with three A's and two B's, to which her mother replies, "Is that the best you could do?" and walks away. Rogers refers to this attitude as the opposite of:

unconditional positive regard.

id and superego

unconscious


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