PSYCH OF LEARNING CHAPTER 3, PSYCH of Learning Chapter 4, PSYCH of Learning Chapter 5
A response that has been extinguished can be reacquired quite rapidly when the__________ is once again paired with the US.
CS or NS
The suppression ratio consists of the number of _____ divided by the number of _____.
CS responses; CS responses plus pre-CS responses
According to Pavlov's stimulus-substitution theory, the ____ acts as a substitute for the ____.
CS; US
In a placebo effect, the little white pill functions as the _____ while the drug within it functions as the _____.
CS; US
A complex stimulus that consists of the simultaneous presentation of two or more individual stimuli.
Compound Stimulus
The _____ effect refers to the tendency for males of certain species to become more sexually aroused when presented with _____.
Coolidge; different females
__________________is the sudden recovery of a conditioned response during an extinction procedure when a novel (unfamiliar) stimulus is introduced.
Disinhibition
At about the same time that Pavlov began investigating classical conditioning in Russia, an American named _____ was also investigating it.
E. B. Twitmyer
The first American to systematically investigate processes of classical conditioning was
E. B. Twitmyer.
Which of the following low-intensity stimuli would be most difficult to habituate to, and why?
A buzzing mosquito, because it is a natural threat.
Which of the following would be considered a reflex?
A dog pricks up its ears at the sound of a car.
Process of developing and strengthening a conditional response through repeated pairings of a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus
Acquisition
An experimentally produced disorder in which animals exposed to unpredictable events develop neurotic-like symptoms
Experimental Neurosis
In a process known as ___________, a conditioned response is weakened or eliminated when the conditioned stimulus (CS) is repeatedly presented in the absence of the US.
Extinction
A treatment method that involves prolonged exposure to a feared stimulus is
Flooding
From an evolutionary perspective, what function does habituation serve?
Habituation allows us to focus on currently relevant stimuli. Habituation allows us to ignore irrelevant stimuli. (Both A and B)
The process whereby a neutral stimulus that is associated with a CS (rather than a US) also becomes a CS
Higher-order conditioning
Under what conditions would you expect to be able to habituate more readily to a loud stimulus but not a quiet one?
If the quiet stimulus is dangerous and the loud stimulus is safe
Conditioned Response
CR
he major difficulty with Pavlov's stimulus-substitution theory is that the ____ are sometimes quite ____
CR and UR; different
If a person displays an allergic reaction to an artificial flower, the allergic reaction is most likely a
CR.
According to the preparatory-response theory of conditioning, the purpose of the ____ is to enable the organism to get ready for the ____.
CR; US
It has been argued by Ferguson and Cassaday (1999) that the symptoms of Gulf War Syndrome are actually
CRs elicited by stimuli encountered during the Gulf War.
It has been hypothesized that the symptoms of multiple chemical sensitivity are actually _____ resulting from a process of stimulus _____.
CRs; generalization
Condition Stimulus
CS
Tamsen once became ill while riding in the back seat of a car. Now, whenever she rides in the back seat of a car, she feels nauseous. Riding in the back seat is now a ______ for nausea.
CS
There are multiple reports of drug overdoses where the individual overdoses on a normal dose of the drug, but in a novel place. As a result of the novel situation, the user's tolerance was reduced. According to the compensatory-response model, which of the following was missing from the conditioning scenario?
CS CR (Both A and B)
According to Freud's notions of psychic energy, the investment of more energy in the id (the instinctual component of personality) means that less energy is available for the ego (the rational component of personality). This model is analogous to which theory of classical conditioning?
Rescorla-Wagner theory
Selby found that as he became increasingly interested in a new girl at a school, he began to lose interest in his girlfriend. However, after he found out that this new girl was a rather nasty person, his romantic feelings for his girlfriend returned. Selby's experience is consistent with the ____ of conditioning.
Rescorla-Wagner theory
The flexion response that happens when you step on a tack is a ______ while the experience of the tack hitting your foot is a ______.
UR; US
If we inherit a tendency to learn fears by observation, then the display of fear by others serves as a(n) _______ for a fear response in ourselves.
US
A process that involves the post conditioning presentation of the US at a different level of intensity, thereby altering the strength of response to the previously conditioned CS
US revaluation
Although Jolene was always slightly nervous while driving, she became extremely frightened of driving after witnessing a terrible car accident. This is best described as an example of
US revaluation.
Heather was slightly nervous about skiing after she fell and slightly twisted her ankle. She later suffers a serious and painful leg injury in a boating accident. After she fully recovers, she is now not only quite fearful of boating but also of skiing. This is best described as an example of
US revaluation.
In the "Little Albert" experiment, loud noise is to white rat as ______ is to ______.
US; CS
In a backward conditioning procedure, the _____ precedes the _____.
US; NS
It has been proposed that in multiple chemical sensitivity, the toxic substance to which the person was initially exposed functions as a _____ while the _____ of the substance functions as a _____.
US; odor; CS
More intense____________ produce stronger and more rapid conditioning than do less intense USs
USs
A deer's tendency to run in a zigzag pattern in front of a car is
a fixed action pattern.
According to the opponent-process theory, an event which produces a strong feeling of happiness is likely to be followed by
a period of unhappiness.
Systematic desensitization is likely to be effective with
a person who is fearful of spiders and nothing else.
According to the S-S model of conditioning, the CS should elicit
a response that is somehow related to the US.
Under which circumstance is backward conditioning of a fear response most likely?
a spider serves as the NS (or CS)
According to the process of selective sensitization, a person's fears may become exaggerated following exposure to
a stressful event of some sort.
According to the opponent-process theory of emotion, the _____ is elicited by the _____.
a-process; emotional event b-process; a-process (Both A and C)
According to the Rescorla-Wagner theory, if a bell and a light are simultaneously associated with shock, then the amount of fear elicited by the bell will be
affected by the amount of conditioning that occurs to the light
Pavlov began to devote more and more resources to the study of salivary conditioning in dogs
after determining that the behavior was quite lawful.
Feeling strongly attracted to your classmate following some romantic encounters is best described as an example of _____ conditioning.
appetitive
In _____ conditioning, the US is an event that is usually considered pleasant or satisfying.
appetitive
In _____ conditioning, the _____ is an event that is usually considered pleasant or satisfying.
appetitive; US
In general, pleasant events are used in _____ conditioning, while unpleasant events are used in _____ conditioning.
appetitive; aversive
According to the opponent-process theory, following your recovery from a period of sickness, you may feel still worse than normal.
better than normal.
According to the opponent-process theory of emotion, the purpose of the b-process is to
compensate for the a-process.
In keeping with the ____ model of conditioning, many drug fatalities occur when the person injects a normal dosage of the drug in a(n) ____ environment.
compensatory-response; unfamiliar
A(n) _____ stimulus is a stimulus that elicits a certain response because it has been associated with some other stimulus.
conditioned
Svitlana once received a bite while handling her hamster, and is now quite anxious each time she handles it. In this example, her fear of the hamster is a(n) _____ response.
conditioned
Svitlana once received a bite while handling her hamster, and is now quite fearful each time she handles it. In this example, the hamster has become a(n) _____ stimulus.
conditioned
In Pavlov's basic classical conditioning procedure, salivating in response to the sound of a metronome is a(n)
conditioned response.
Ferguson and Cassaday (1999) speculated that the symptoms of Gulf War Syndrome are actually
conditioned responses to stimuli associated with the war.
In Pavlov's basic classical conditioning procedure, the sound of a metronome eventually becomes a(n)
conditioned stimulus.
"Everyone on Main Street suddenly fell silent when the outlaw Jesse James rode into town." This is analogous to the _____ procedure in classical conditioning.
conditioned suppression
A rat freezes when a snake passes by. This is most similar to which of the following procedures?
conditioned suppression procedure
According to the opponent-process theory the a-process
correlates closely with the emotional event.
In ____, an event that elicits one type of response is associated with another event that elicits a(n) ____ response.
counterconditioning; incompatible
In order to overcome her addiction to hamburgers, Sheila imagines that the meat contains ground cockroaches. What therapeutic technique is she attempting to use?
covert conditioning
Attempting to eliminate your attraction to a former partner by imagining him or her covered in vomit is an example of
covert sensitization.
Developing an aversion to lettuce and tomato sandwiches after hearing a story about someone who once found a spider in such a sandwich is analogous to the treatment procedure known as
covert sensitization.
The three steps in systematic desensitization include
creation of a hierarchy of progressively more fearful scenes. training in deep muscle relaxation. (both a and b)
According to the compensatory-response model of conditioning, if a certain drug has a tendency to increase blood pressure, then just being in an environment associated with taking the drug may
decrease blood pressure.
If the primary effect of a drug is to increase heart rate, the UR in a drug conditioning trial is
decrease in heart rate.
Don was equally attracted to Sasha and Dominique, whom he dated separately. Over time, he learned to become very aroused by Sasha's style of dress and by Dominique's perfume. Later, he struck up a relationship with Marnie, who dressed like Sasha and wore the same perfume as Dominique. According to the Rescorla-Wagner theory, the amount of arousal Don experiences from the perfume alone will likely
decrease.
A _____ is a fixed sequence of responses elicited by a specific stimulus.
fixed action pattern
A dog's tendency to roll on its back and expose its underside to a more dominant dog animal is best described as an example of a(n)
fixed action pattern.
The inborn tendency of a dog to scratch dirt after it urinates is an example of a(n)
fixed action pattern.
Stepping on a nail is likely to result in a(n)
flexion response.
The _____ response involves the automatic removal of a hand or foot from a sharp or hot object, while the _____ response is a bodily movement designed to facilitate attending to a stimulus.
flexion; orienting
Freud overcame his own fear of heights using a process similar to
flooding.
Wolpe's treatment of experimentally-induced phobias in cats was similar to Mary Cover Jones' treatment of Peter in that Wolpe used ____ to counter the fear response.
food
Öst's single-session treatment procedure for phobias includes a ____ component.
gradual approach participant modeling prolonged exposure (all of these)
Öst's single-session treatment procedure for phobias combines the ____ aspect of systematic desensitization with the ____ aspect of flooding.
gradual approach; prolonged exposure
Mary Cover Jones (1924) was able to eliminate Peter's rabbit phobia by
gradually moving the rabbit closer and closer. pairing the presentation of the rabbit with cookies. (both a and b)
A decrease in the strength of an elicited behavior following repeated presentations of the eliciting stimulus is known as
habituation.
The more often you try to attract the cat's attention, the less attention it pays to you. This is best described as an example of
habituation.
The CR is _____ the UR.
often similar to
Conditioning a rat to display a flexion response to a flash of light is an example of
operant conditioning. classical conditioning. (both b and c)
Many risky sports, like snowboarding and parasailing, have become quite popular with many people. Which of the following would best account for this?
opponent process theory of emotion
Catching a glimpse of a familiar individual out of the corner of your eye is likely to result in a(n)
orienting response
A click and a scent are separately paired with a shock, and each conditioned to the maximum associative value. The click and scent are then combined into a compound stimulus and subjected to further pairings with the shock. This is obviously an experiment on the ____ effect.
overexpectation
In general, phobias represent a process of
overgeneralization.
Exposure-based treatments for phobias are generally more effective when they include
participant modeling.
When workers down the street began using a jackhammer, the dog reacted with fright at the unusual noise. An hour later, however, it was fast asleep, though the noise level remained the same. This is an example of
habituation.
The process of _____ tends to _____.
habituation; be stimulus specific sensitization; generalize to other stimuli (Both A and B)
A very faint vibration (as in a moving car) is likely to result in ____, while an extremely strong vibration (as in an earthquake) is likely to result in _____.
habituation; sensitization
A weakening of behavior is to _____ as a strengthening of behavior is to _____.
habituation; sensitization
According to the compensatory-response model of conditioning (and assuming that it is relevant to relationships), it would be easier to go through a marriage break-up
if you moved to a different apartment from where you had lived with your former partner.
Covert sensitization involves the use of
imaginal stimuli.
According to the compensatory-response model of conditioning (and assuming that it applies to situations such as these), a couple that has been married for many years would be most aroused if they made love
in a strange hotel room.
The compensatory-response model of conditioning predicts that it will be easier for someone to quit smoking
in an environment not related to smoking.
With in vivo desensitization, the phobic stimulus is presented
in reality
With ____, there are few worries about whether the treatment effect will generalize to the real world.
in vivo desensitization
Öst's single-session treatment procedure for phobias involves
in vivo exposure to the feared stimulus. eliciting relatively intense levels of fear. encouraging the client to gradually approach the feared event. (all of these )
If the a-process tends to decrease body temperature, then the b-process will attempt to
increase body temperature.
One of the primary effects of amphetamine is an increase in heart rate. According to the compensatory-response model, in a drug conditioning trial the US would be ______________ and the UR would be _______________.
increase in heart rate; decrease in heart rate
After being stung by a bee, Antonio occasionally sees a bee which he then quickly runs away from. As a result, Antonio's fear of bees might ____, which is an example of a process that is known as ____.
increase; incubation
The process of ____ is the strengthening of a fear response through brief exposures to a feared CS.
incubation
Little fears can grow into big fears through the process of
incubation. US revaluation. selective sensitization. (all of these)
The process of ____ is the strengthening of a conditioned fear response through ____ exposures to a feared CS.
incubation; brief
After being bitten by a cat, Shawna occasionally encounters cats for brief periods of time. According to the process of ____, these encounters may ____ her fear of cats.
incubation; enhance
After little Arlo was attacked by a crow, he would run away each time he encountered one. According to the concept of ______, this may result in a(n) ______ in his fear response
incubation; increase
Mary Cover Jones (1924) was able to eliminate Peter's rabbit phobia by
placing the rabbit in Peter's lap for long periods of time. pairing the presentation of the rabbit with relaxation. (Neither A or B)
One must be particularly cautious about using flooding therapy with a person who suffers fro
posttraumatic stress disorder.
Classical conditioning of compensatory responses provides evidence for which of the following theories of conditioning?
preparatory-response theory
The concept of ____ refers to an animal's inherited tendency to acquire certain kinds of fears more easily than others.
preparedness
Valentine (1930) was unable to replicate Watson and Rayner's results when he attempted to condition his little daughter to become fearful of some inanimate objects. This provided some of the earliest evidence for the importance of ____ in phobic development.
preparedness
People in general more easily acquire a fear of snakes than of birds. This is an example of the effect of ______. Certain people more easily acquire a fear of snakes than do other people. This is an example of the effect of ______.
preparedness; temperament
Little Joey always feels particularly safe whenever he sees a teacher monitoring what is happening on the playground. This is best described as an example of _____ conditioning.
inhibitory
The association of an NS with the removal of a US is known as _____ conditioning.
inhibitory
Feeling relaxed while walking your pet lion through a dangerous neighborhood is best described as an example of
inhibitory conditioning.
Freud believed that the _____ step in the treatment of a phobia should involve _____.
initial; prolonged exposure to what the person is afraid of
In the Watson and Rayner experiment with Little Albert, the rat was
initially the NS.
The time between the onset of the NS and the onset of the US is called the
interstimulus interval.
The method of rapid smoking
is a form of aversion therapy. involves taking a puff every 6-10 seconds. (both a and b)
According to the Rescorla-Wagner theory, the amount of conditioning that occurs
is limited and must be distributed among the various CSs available.
Shock-elicited aggression in rats
is more likely to occur in rats that have been trained to be aggressive.
According to the opponent-process theory, in an abusive relationship, the "honeymoon phase" that often follows a period of intense abuse
is representative of the a-process. will grow stronger with repeated instances of abuse. (Both A and C)
According to the opponent-process theory the b-process
is slow to increase and slow to decrease.
In phobic development, selective sensitization differs from US revaluation in that the event which exacerbates the person's fear response
is unrelated to the original fear conditioning.
In his early investigations, Pavlov noted that a dry inedible substance placed in a dog's mouth elicited a small amount of slimy saliva.
large amount of watery saliva.
Pavlov noted that sand in a dog's mouth tended to elicit a
large amount of watery saliva.
When you first move to your new home, you are quite bothered by the sound of aircraft taking off from the military base nearby. After a few weeks, however, you hardly notice it. This is an example of
long-term habituation.
In the Watson and Rayner experiment with Little Albert, the US was the
loud noise
In general, you should find it easier to habituate to a _________________ than to a __________________. low intensity stimulus; high intensity stimulus
low intensity stimulus; high intensity stimulus
In contradiction to the compensatory-response model of conditioning, the CSs for some drugs elicit reactions that
mimic the effect of the drug.
In general, a(n) _____ stimulus results in _____.
moderate; sensitization followed by habituation
In general, for both smoking and alcoholism, ____ treatments are more effective than ____ treatments.
nausea-based; shock-based
The offset of the US precedes the offset of the CS. This statement describes a _____ conditioning procedure.
neither a nor b
Seema once received a shock while plugging in her toaster, and is now quite fearful each time she uses it. In this example, the toaster was originally a(n) _____ stimulus with respect to fear.
neutral
NS
neutral stimulus
In Pavlov's basic classical conditioning procedure, the sound of a metronome is originally a(n)
neutral stimulus.
In keeping with the compensatory-response model of conditioning, many drug fatalities occur when the addict injects a(n) ____ dosage of the drug in a setting that is ____ to drug use.
normal; unrelated
During his study of digestive processes, Pavlov noted that the _____ of saliva could vary according to the type of substance placed in the dog's mouth. quantity quality
quantity quality (Both A and B)
Reflexes that are controlled by a reflex arc are very _____ because the neural impulses controlling it _____.
quick; bypass the brain
In the Watson and Rayner experiment with Little Albert, the CS was the
rat.
I cannot be both angry and happy at the same time, which means that a good joke can often defuse my anger about something. This is an example of
reciprocal inhibition.
Ned found that if he ate cookies while thinking about his recurrent nightmare, the frequency and severity of those nightmares began to decrease. This appears to be an example of the process of
reciprocal inhibition.
The underlying process in counterconditioning is
reciprocal inhibition.
A(n) _____ is a relatively simple, involuntary response to a stimulus.
reflex
The simplest type of reflex is activated through a(n)
reflex arc.
For flooding to be effective, the period of exposure to the feared stimulus must be
relatively long.
The method of systematic desensitization involves pairing ____ with a succession of stimuli that elicit ____ levels of fear.
relaxation; increasing
A _____ is a specific stimulus that elicits a fixed action pattern.
releaser; sign stimulus (Both A and B)
Fixed action patterns have evolved to help animals cope with certain aspects of their environment which, throughout the animals' evolutionary history, have
remained largely consistent.
Another term for classical conditioning is
respondent conditioning.
You hate having your teeth drilled at the dentist's office. According to the opponent-process theory, your heart rate will likely _____ during the drilling, while directly following the drilling your heart rate will likely _____.
rise above normal; drop below normal
When we quickly withdraw our hand from a sharp object, we do so because of messages that are
routed directly through the spinal cord (with no involvement of the brain).
According to the process of ____, a person's reactivity to a fearful event could increase during a stressful event in his or her life.
selective sensitization
Tammy used to love horror movies. One night, however, while watching "Children Shouldn't Play with Dead Things," she became unusually fearful. Since then, she has found that whenever she is feeling stressed at work, she has nightmares of being chased by dead people. Which of the following processes most closely describes what has happened to her?
selective sensitization
A slight fear can grow into a major phobia as a result of
selective sensitization.
After the therapist told Stan that he had been permanently damaged by the abuse he suffered as a child, he began to experience symptoms of PTSD. This may reflect a process o
selective sensitization.
During exam time, Dilbert finds that he becomes particularly fearful of going out for walks at night. This is best described as an example of
selective sensitization.
An increase in the strength of an elicited behavior following repeated presentations of the eliciting stimulus is known as
sensitization.
Becoming increasingly irritated during a play because the person next to you keeps sniffling is most similar to the process of
sensitization.
The more you clap your hands, the more excited the dog becomes. This is best described as an example of
sensitization.
Wesley finds that the creaking sound of chalk on a blackboard sends shivers up his spine. Moreover, the longer the sound persists, the more aversive it becomes. This is best described as an example of
sensitization.
The process of _____ tends to _____.
sensitization; generalize to other stimuli
A reflex arc consists of the activation of a(n) _____ (in that order).
sensory neuron, interneuron, and motor neuron
Newborns tend to display
several reflexes that disappear within a few years.
Aversion therapy has been used to treat
sex offenders. smoking. alcoholism. (all of these)
Which of the following is most likely to result in inhibitory conditioning?
shock followed by tone
Becoming accustomed to the ongoing sound of a fan during a 3-hour period one afternoon is an example of
short-term habituation.
The red belly of the male Stickleback fish is a _____ stimulus for an aggressive display by another male.
sign
During the spring, the male Boogie Bird engages in a stereotypic dance sequence whenever it sees a female. The female is best described as a ______ while the dance sequence is a ______.
sign stimulus; fixed action pattern
The CR is usually
similar to the UR.
In trying to associate a tone with an electric shock, we present the tone at exactly the same time as the shock. This type of procedure is called _____ conditioning.
simultaneous
In which type of conditioning procedure does the NS provide no additional information concerning the US?
simultaneous
The onset of one stimulus occurs at the same moment as the onset of another. This represents a _____ conditioning procedure.
simultaneous
In his early investigations, Pavlov noted that a moist edible substance placed in a dog's mouth elicited a
small amount of slimy saliva.
Researchers found that when people were exposed to subliminally presented pictures paired with electric shock, they subsequently displayed signs of conditioned anxiety when the pictures were of
snakes and spiders.
Fixed action patterns are sometimes also called
species-specific behaviors.
A(n) _____ response is a defensive reaction to a sudden, unexpected stimulus.
startle
The _____ response is a defensive reaction to an unexpected stimulus, while the _____ response involves the automatic removal of a hand or foot from a sharp or hot object.
startle; flexion
A man with a shoe fetish spends considerable time obtaining women's shoes. This behavior is most easily explained by which theory of conditioning?
stimulus-substitution
According to ____ theory, the CR should be quite similar to the UR.
stimulus-substitution
In general, the UR is _____ the CR.
stronger than
Which of the following reflexes in a newborn disappear within a few years?
sucking reflex
Research revealed that patients who received chemotherapy in a hospital setting subsequently experienced a(n) ____ immune response when they again visited the hospital. In this example, the ____ would be classified as
suppressed; chemotherapy
Research revealed that patients who received chemotherapy in a hospital setting subsequently experienced a(n) ____ immune response when they again visited the hospital. In this case, the ____ would be classified as the
suppressed; hospital
Many reflexes are closely tied to
survival.
The method of ____ involves pairing relaxation with a succession of stimuli that elicit increasing levels of fear.
systematic desensitization
Gradual is to intense as ____ is to ____.
systematic desensitization; flooding
Evidence that classical conditioning often underlies placebo effects is the fact that
the effects are stronger following a period of treatment with the real drug.
According to Pavlov's stimulus-substitution theory, the dog salivates to the sound of a metronome because
the metronome acts as a substitute for the food.
Valentine (1930) was unable to produce a phobia in his young daughter by blowing a loud whistle when she touched certain objects. He speculated that this was because
the objects were ones that people are not naturally inclined to fear.
Problems with flooding include
the patient may become so stressed that medical complications result. the treatment might sometimes worsen a phobia. (both a and b)
According to the compensatory-response model of drug tolerance, in a conditioning trial in which cues are paired with drug administration, the US is ______________ and the UR is ________________.
the primary effect of the drug on the body; the compensatory response to the primary effect
The limitations of Watson and Rayner's Little Albert experiment as an example of phobic conditioning include
the rat had to be repeatedly paired with the loud noise. Albert's fear started to diminish following a rest period of several days. Albert's fear was easily diminished by thumbsucking. (all of the above)
According to the S-R model of conditioning, the CS should elicit
the same response as the UR.
Aversion therapy for alcoholism often involves
the use of an emetic. pairing alcohol ingestion with nausea. (both A and B)
I momentarily see a wasp fly behind me. A second later, I feel a sting in the back of the neck. I now fear wasps. This is an example of _____ conditioning.
trace
The offset of the NS precedes the onset of the US. This statement describes a _____ conditioning procedure.
trace
With which of the following conditioning procedures would a memory deficit be most problematic?
trace conditioning
A(n) _____ stimulus is a stimulus that naturally elicits a response.
unconditioned
Seema once received a shock while plugging in her toaster, and is now quite anxious each time she uses it. In this example, the shock was a(n) _____ stimulus
unconditioned
In Pavlov's basic classical conditioning procedure, salivating in response to the food is a(n)
unconditioned response.
US
unconditioned stimulus
If we have an innate tendency to acquire conditioned fears through the observation of fearful reactions in others, then the look of fear in others must be functioning as a(n)
unconditioned stimulus.
In Pavlov's basic classical conditioning procedure, the food is a(n)
unconditioned stimulus.
A startle response is a defensive reaction to a(n)
unexpected stimulus.
Given that each drink contains the same amount of alcohol and that you drink each drink at the same rate, you will likely become most drunk if you are drinking a(n) ____ drink.
unfamiliar
According to ____ theory, a given US can support only so much conditioning.
Rescorla-Wagner
Behaviors that are automatically drawn out by the stimuli that precede them are called _____ behaviors.
elicited
Flinching in response to a gunshot is an example of an _____ behavior.
elicited
Yelping in reaction to stubbing your toe is an example of a(n) _____ behavior.
elicited
A rat emits 10 responses during the CS period and 40 responses during the pre-CS period, yielding a suppression ratio of _____.
.2
A rat emits 25 responses during the CS period and 25 responses during the pre-CS period, yielding a suppression ratio of _____.
.5
A compound stimulus consists of a click, which already has 15 units of associative value, and a scent, which has 0 units of associative value. This compound stimulus is then paired with a shock that can support a maximum associative value of 15 units. Following these pairings, the scent will likely have ____ units of associative value, which is a demonstration of ____.
0; blocking
In a suppression ratio, a value of _____ indicates _____.
0; total suppression
A compound stimulus consists of a buzzer and a light flash, each of which has 0 units of associative value. This compound stimulus is then repeatedly paired with a sweet drink that can support a maximum associative value of 15 units. Following these pairings, the buzzer has acquired 14 units of associative value. This means that the light flash has at most acquired ____ units of associative value, which is a demonstration of ____.
1; overshadowing
Suppose a US supports a maximum associative value of 30. According to the Rescorla-Wagner theory, if one CS in a compound stimulus has acquired 10 units of associative value, then the other CS will at most have acquired ____ units of associative value.
20
An aversive blast of air has a maximum associative value of 15 units. A compound stimulus consisting of a click and a scent are repeatedly paired with the puff of air, until the asymptote of conditioning has been reached. The scent acquires 13 units of associative value. This means that the click must have acquired ______ units of associative value, which is an example of ______.
2; overshadowing
Suppose a US supports a maximum associative value of 10. According to the Rescorla-Wagner theory, if one CS in a compound stimulus has acquired 7 units of associative value, the other CS will at most have acquired ____ units of associative value.
3
The phenomenon whereby the presence of an established CS interferes with conditioning of a new CS
Blocking
Burton grows up in an environment in which he has little control over the things that matter most to him. Paula grows up in an environment in which she experiences a great deal of control over what matters most to her. According to research evidence, which of these children will be most susceptible to acquiring a phobia?
Burton
More intense____________ result in stronger and more rapid conditioning than do less intense NSs.
Nss
A procedure in which a stimulus(known as an occasion setter) signals whether a CS is likely to be followed by a US and thereby controls whether the CS will elicit a CR
Occasion Setting
The phenomenon whereby the more salient member of a compound stimulus is more readily conditioned as a CS and thereby interferes with conditioning of the less salient member
Overshadowing
Classical conditioning is also known as
Pavlovian conditioning. respondent conditioning. (Both A and B)
Based on evidence presented by both sides, which of the following conclusions can be drawn regarding the statement that Douglas Merritte was 'Little Albert'?
It is unclear.
The phenomenon whereby a neutral stimulus is more difficult to condition as a CS than is an unfamiliar (novel stimulus)
Latent Inhibition
Factors which suggests that Little Albert did not grow up to have a phobia of furry objects include which of the following?
Little Albert did not have the kind of temperament often associated with phobias.
Suzie once encountered a snake in the woods near town, and as a result developed a strong fear of those woods. Later, however, she learned that there are no snakes in those woods, and that what she thought was a snake must have instead been a branch lying on the ground. If her fear reaction was based on an ____ association, then her fear of the woods should now ____.
S-R; remain unchanged
Suzie once encountered a snake in the woods near town, and as a result developed a strong fear of those woods. Later, however, she learned that there are no snakes in those woods, and that what she thought was a snake must have instead been a branch lying on the ground. As a result, she immediately lost her fear of the woods. This suggests that Suzie's fear of the woods must have been based on an ____ association.
S-S
Pavlov's stimulus-substitution theory is an example of a(n)
S-S model.
In the Watson and Rayner experiment with Little Albert, Albert's fear of the ____ was regarded as evidence of stimulus generalization.
Santa Claus mask.
The generalization of a conditioned response to verbal stimuli that are similar in meaning to the CS.
Semantic generalization
When one stimulus is conditioned as a CS, another stimulus with which it was previously associated can also become a CS
Sensory Preconditioning
The reappearance of a conditioned response to a CS following a rest period after extinction.
Spontaneous Recovery
The tendency for a response to be elicited more by one stimulus than another
Stimulus Discrimination
The tendency for a CR to occur in the presence of a stimulus that is similar to the CS
Stimulus Generalization
The opposite of stimulus generalization is the tendency for a response to be elicited more by one stimulus than another.
Stimulus discrimination
The maximum amount of conditioning that can take place in a particular situation is known as the_____________ of conditioning
asymptote
The word elicited refers to behaviors that are largely
automatic
The treatment method known as ____ involves pairing an event that is overly attractive with an unpleasant stimulus.
aversion therapy
Forcing yourself to play a computer game to which you are addicted until you are absolutely hate it is an example of
aversion therapy.
According to opponent process theory, the duration of the _____ tends to _____ with repeated presentations of the emotional event.
b-process; increase
In which type of conditioning procedure is a "biologically relevant" NS likely to produce a conditioned fear response when other types of NSs will not?
backward
This type of conditioning procedure can sometimes result in inhibitory conditioning.
backward
I feel a bite and then see the dog that bit me. This is an example of a _____ conditioning procedure which is _____ to be effective.
backward; likely
We first present a shock followed by a tone. This is an example of a _____ conditioning procedure, which is _____ to be effective.
backward; unlikely
Temperament is an animal's
base level of emotionality. reactivity to stimulation. (Both A and B)
Aversion therapy for alcoholism often involves
both pairing ingestion with nausea
According to the Rescorla-Wagner theory, a given US
can support only so much conditioning.
In _____, one stimulus that does not elicit a response is associated with a second stimulus that does; as a result, the first stimulus, also comes to elicit a response.
classical conditioning
In _____, two stimuli are paired together with the result that one of the stimuli comes to elicit a response that it did not originally elicit.
classical conditioning
It has been argued by Ferguson and Cassaday (1999) that the symptoms of Gulf War Syndrome are actually
classically conditioned responses.
A click and a scent are each separately paired with a shock, and conditioned to a maximum associative value. The click and scent are then combined into a compound stimulus and subjected to further pairings with the same shock. A likely result is that the associative value of one CS will ____ while the associative value of the other CS will ____.
decrease; also decrease
I watch as a wasp lands on my arm and stings me. As a result, I now fear wasps. This is an example of _____ conditioning.
delayed
If we wanted to associate a tone with an electric shock, we could first present the tone, and then, while it is still on, present a brief shock. This type of conditioning procedure is called _____ conditioning.
delayed
Which type of NS-US arrangement is most likely to result in effective conditioning?
delayed
Which type of conditioning procedure is usually the most effective?
delayed
Pavlov believed that the process of pairing an NS with a US resulted in the formation of a neural connection between
different areas in the cortex that are activated by each type of stimulus.
The fact that a rat's fear response to an aversive CS is likely to be quite ____ its response to the aversive US is best explained by ____.
different from, preparatory response theory
US revaluation can strengthen a phobia through
direct exposure to a stronger US. observational learning. verbally transmitted information. all of these
During the exam, Vinita eventually stopped noticing that the student next to her was repeatedly sniffling. At one point, however, the lights in the room went off, after which she again noticed the sniffling. The reappearance of her reaction to the sniffling is best described as an example of
dishabituation.
The reappearance of a habituated response to a stimulus following the presentation of another, seemingly irrelevant stimulus is called
dishabituation.
The scent of lilacs is repeatedly paired with shots of adrenaline, which facilitates immune system activity. As a result, the scent of lilacs is likely to elicit
enhanced functioning of the immune system.
The association of an NS with the presentation of a US is known as _____ conditioning.
excitatory
To get rid of an unwanted admirer, Amanda wore no deodorant all day and then exercised heavily without showering before going out on a date with him. This is best described as an example of
excitatory conditioning.
Kandis loves Aunt Edna's desserts and salivates more than normal when she visits her. This is an example of _____ conditioning. Kandis salivates less than normal when her health-conscious sister is present, since Aunt Edna never serves dessert at those times. This is an example of _____ conditioning.
excitatory; inhibitory
The basic process involved in flooding appears to be
extinction.
Researchers have found that monkeys can develop fear reactions through observational learning when the feared object is a ____ event.
fear-relevant
In a standard CER procedure, the CR is
fear.
The ease with which a conditioned fear response is acquired can be affected by
temperament. observational learning. history of control. (all of these)
Aaron is much more reactive to loud noises and sudden events than Kevin is. Using the terminology provided in the text, we would say that there seems to be a difference in ____ between the two children, which has probably to a large extent been ____.
temperament; inherited
During the Second World War, the vast majority of people exposed to air raids developed
temporary fear reactions that quickly disappeared.
In support of the preparatory-response theory of conditioning,
the CR can sometimes be quite different from the UR.
According to the Rescorla-Wagner theory of conditioning, blocking occurs because
the CS has already taken up most of the available associative strength.
According to the S-S model of conditioning,
the NS becomes associated with the US
According to the S-R model of conditioning, the
the UR becomes associated with the NS
To say that a CS has high associative value is equivalent, in more cognitive terms, to saying that
the animal expects that the CS will be followed by the US. the CS is a good predictor of the US. (both a and b)
According to the opponent-process theory, with repeated presentations of an emotional event the b-process increases in both strength and duration.
the b-process increases in both strength and duration.
When I see bullies, my feeling of fear is strongest almost immediately after seeing them. This is because
the b-process is not yet strong enough to moderate the a-process.
According to opponent-process theory, if we repeatedly present a stimulus that evokes a strong emotional response,
the b-process will last longer and become more intense
During the Second World War, a major predictor of whether children developed an intense fear of air raids was whether their mothers
were fearful of air raids.
The average person would likely become most intoxicated by drinking alcohol
while taking a shower.
The Coolidge effect refers to the tendency for males of certain species to become more sexually aroused
with presentations of different females.