psych quiz questions

By pairing a flashing light with a loud noise, a researcher has taught a rat to exhibit a fear response to the light, when the light is flashed amidst darkness. What is the conditioned stimulus in this study?

Flashing light

Which of the following refers to the Whorf-Sapir hypothesis?

Language creates thought as much as thought creates language.

Which of the following models proposes that associations between concepts activate many networks or nodes at the same time?

Parallel distributive processing

Which of the following explains the word "syntax"?

The rules for arranging words and symbols in sentences

Researcher Eric Kandel's work with sea slugs showed that:

conversion from short-term to long-term memory storage requires spaced repetition.

Which of the following refers to the shortcuts people take to make complex and uncertain decisions and judgments?

heuristics

___________ is made up of the brief traces of a sensation left by the firing of neurons in the brain.

sensory meemory

Neurogenesis is ___________.

the growth of new neurons

A person is usually described as 'gifted' if he or she has an IQ in the range of __________.

130-140

What does the g-factor theory imply?

A person's intelligence can be accurately indicated with a single number.

Which of the following is a criterion used to assess the reliability of an intelligence test?

Are the results obtained by a person the same every time he or she takes the test?

Which of the following statements is true regarding primary reinforcers?

Food, water, and sex are primary reinforcers.

What are the levels of intelligence as propounded by John Carroll?

General intelligence, broad intelligence and narrow intelligence

Which of the following best describes a cultural test bias?

Group differences in IQ scores are caused by different ethnic and educational environments.

__________ is to nondeclarative memory as ___________ is to declarative memory.

Implicit; explicit

Which of the following is true about encoding as a processing stage in long-term memory?

It is driven by attention.

Which of the following is true about retrieval as a processing stage in long-term memory?

It is the recovery of information stored in memory.

Which of the following describes deductive reasoning?

Reasoning from general statements of what is known to specific conclusions.

Who among the following developed the concept of mental age?

Theodore Simon and Alfred Binet

Which of the following can be described as a serial position effect?

When learning a list of items, people are better able to recall items at the beginning and end of the list; they tend to forget the items in the middle.

Most current diagnoses of intellectual disability emphasizes on __________.

a person's everyday abilities

A savant is most likely to suffer from __________.

autism

Konrad Lorenz demonstrated that in mammals and birds, there is a rapid and innate learning of the characteristics of a caregiver very soon after birth when he:

became an imprinted parent to a flock of goslings.

Thelma is trying to quit smoking. Her therapist tells her to reward herself with a dollar every time she successfully fights off the craving for a cigarette. The therapist is using a ______ technique in helping Thelma to quit smoking.

behavior modification

Aricept and Reminyl are two medications that are approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease because they:

boost levels of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.

In Alan Baddeley's model of short-term memory, the _______________ decides where to focus attention and selectively hones in on specific aspects of a stimulus.

central executive

The string of digits 17749991941 is difficult for most people to remember, but breaking them up into 177, 999,1941 in a process called ____________ makes it easier.

chunking

Which of the following refers to the science of how people think, learn, remember, and perceive?

cognitive psychology

The tendency to selectively attend to information that supports one's general beliefs while ignoring information or evidence that contradicts one's beliefs is known as ______.

confirmation bias

Which of the following occurs when people say the combination of two events is more likely than either event alone?

conjunction fallacy

_________ refers to the ability to analyze facts, generate and organize ideas, defend opinions, make comparisons, draw inferences, evaluate arguments, and solve problems.

critical thinking

How do psychologists define learning?

enduring changes in behavior that occur with experience

Julia vividly remembers the first time she met her boyfriend. This is an example of _____________ memory.

episodic

In Pavlov's classical conditioning experiment, the dogs gradually stopped salivating to the bell once they learned that the bell wasn't accompanied by meat powder. This phenomenon is an example of ___________.

extinction

_____ memories are memories for events that never happened, but were suggested by someone or something.

fasle

If a pregnant lady drinks excessively, her child runs the risk of having ______.

fetal alcohol syndrome

In a ____________, reinforcement always follows the first response after a set amount of time.

fixed-interval schedule

For every 10 cars Gus sells, he gets a bonus. Gus's sales are being reinforced according to a ____________.

fixed-ratio schedule

Memory consolidation takes place in the:

hippocampus

When one knows or remembers something but does not consciously know that one remembers it, then one is said to be tapping into:

implicit memory

If language is defined as being "open," what does it mean?

it can be freely changed

__________ requires the ability to think and then to reflect on one's own thinking and to question it. Perceptual reasoning

metacognitive thinking

Revoking a child's TV-watching privileges for repeatedly hitting a sibling is a form of ___________ if it stops the hitting.

negative punishment

The removal of a stimulus after a behavior to increase the frequency of that behavior is known as ___________.

negative reinforcement

The brains of creative people have both more connections between ___________ and more ___________ than less creative people.

neurons; myelin

Whenever Julia gets ready for school on time, she gets a chocolate from her mother. Hence, Julia always tries to get ready on time. This is an example of ______ type of learning.

operant conditioning

Which theory posited that when given a choice between two or more options, humans will choose the one that is most likely to help them achieve their particular goals?

rational choice theory

Recall for items at the end of a list is known as the:

recency effect.

___________ is a way of testing the creativity of a person, whereby three words at one time are displayed to the participant, who must then come up with a single word that can be used with all three of the words.

remote association

_____ interference occurs when new experiences or information causes people to forget previously learned experiences or information.

retroactive

Which of the following is one of Howard Gardner's eight forms of intelligence?

spatial intelligence

______________ is a strategy people use when they make decisions based on the ease with which estimates come to mind or how available they are to their awareness.

the availability heuristic

Martha is taking a test which requires her to solve problems through inductive and deductive reasoning. Which part of the brain will she use the most?

the frontal lobe

According to scientists, children employ the recency effect when learning languages. It means that children usually tend to learn:

the last word inn the sentence first

In Pavlov's classical conditioning experiment, he presented the sound of a bell along with meat powder to his dogs. After several trials, the dogs learned to salivate to the sound of the bell in the absence of the meat powder. In this study, meat powder acted as a(n) ___________.

unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

In a ____________, the number of responses needed for reinforcement differs from time to time and it produces a very steady rate of response, because the individual is not quite sure how many responses are necessary to obtain reinforcement.

variable-ratio schedule

______ consists of visual representations created by the brain after the original stimulus is no longer present.

visual imagery