Psych Quiz Questions Final Exam

What is episodic memory?

Information about events we have personally experienced.

Relatively recent research conducted by Cowan (2010) revised the so-called magic number by finding that the capacity of working memory is how many units of information?

4 plus or minus 1

Which part of the brain is most involved in creating implicit memories?

Cerebellum

How is explicit memory different from implicit memory?

Explicit memories are memories we consciously try to remember and recall, while implicit memories are those that are not part of our consciousness.

what is the main point of the textbook discussion of milgrams obedience study?

individuals will obey authority to the point of potentially causing serious harm to another person

During the elementary school stage (ages 6-12), children begin to compare themselves to their peers to see how they measure up. They either develop a sense of accomplishment or they feel inadequate when they don't measure up. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?

industry vs inferiority

a(an) ___________ complex refers to the feeling that one lacks worth and doesn't measure up to the standards of others or of society.

inferiority

Once children reach the preschool stage (ages 3-6 years), they are capable of originating activities and asserting control over their world through social interactions and play. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?

initiative vs guilt

During the therapist's first meeting with the client, called ________, the therapist gathers specific information to address the client's immediate needs.

intake

From a cognitive psychology perspective, why is getting plenty of sleep the night before an exam important?

it allows for consolidation of studied material in long-term memory

which of the following is true regarding the accuracy and reliability of a job analysis

it can depend on the nature of the descriptions and the source for the job analysis

Isolation, a lack of job security, work overload, harassment, and bullying are all examples of factors that can lead to ________.

job stress

which of the following is the best example of a complusion?

jordy locks his door exactly nine times every time he leaves the house to make sure it is locked

which of the following is a disadvantage of strengths based management

managers neglect improving their weaknesses and overusing their strengths

which term describes a form of informal training in which an experienced employee guides the work of a new employee

mentoring

The behavior of soldiers who abused prisoners at the Abu Ghraib facility during the Iraq war was predicted by the Stanford Prison Experiment that was overseen by social psychologist ________.

Philip Zimbardo

Which of the following is an example of a mnemonic device?

Using the acronym HOMES to remember the names of the five Great lakes

Terrance finds it difficult to learn the alphabet, until he hears the alphabet song. Then he can easily remember it. This is an example of ________ encoding.

acoustic

According to carl rogers, a healthy personality would result from congruence between ones _______ self and their ___________ self.

actual; ideal

what is the main idea behind erik eiksons theory of psychosocial development?

an individuals personality develops throughout the lifespan

Jessica believes that she succeeds in high school because she works hard, earned a place on the basketball team because she practices constantly, and cooks well because she takes cooking classes. Julian Rotter would say that Jessica has ________.

an internal locus of control

The famous case of H.M. demonstrated ____________ amnesia, a condition in which a person can remember previously encoded memories but cannot encode new ones.

anterograde

Which of the following is the best example of peripheral route persuasion?

anti-smoking advertisements that rely on celebrity spokespeople advocating for reduction in cigarette use

__________ disorders are characterized by excessive, persistent fear and worry that is accompanied by disturbances in behaviors

anxiety

what did the researchers who identified the hawthorne effect see as evidence that employee performance was influenced by something other than the physical work conditions

any change in a variable, such as lighting levels, led to an improvement in productivity this was true even when the change was negative such as a return to poor lighting

Many cultures have stories about a hero who goes on a quest, such as Hercules, King Arthur, and Gilgamesh. What would Carl Jung say this exemplified?

archetypes

Sharmila cannot remember what she had for breakfast last week, but she can remember the day she got married ten years ago as clearly as if it just happened. This example illustrates the ________ theory.

arousal

Egon can't pay attention in class. He is easily distracted, won't sit still, and displays poor impulse control. The school counselor suggested that his parents take him to a doctor to have him assessed for ________.

attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

As toddlers (ages 1-3 years) begin to explore their world, they learn that they can control their actions and act on the environment to get results. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?

autonomy vs shame/doubt

Phyllis cannot be alone. Her moods and behaviors are unstable, as are her relationships with other people. She often displays inappropriate and intense anger. Recently, Phyllis wrote a suicide note and offered to show it to her husband. Which of the following diagnoses accounts for her personality?

borderline personality disorder

Johanna is almost always nasty to people. She talks about others behind their backs, looks for ways to undercut classmates, and intentionally does things to impede other's success. Virtually everyone she knows eventually grows to dislike her, often citing her nastiness as the reason why they don't want to be around her. According to Allport, this negativity seems to be a(n) ________ trait for Johanna.

cardinal

According to Galen, the ________ person is passionate, ambitious, and bold.

choleric

Addiction is viewed as a __________ disease which can rewire the sufferers brain

chronic

Elena finds it very difficult to remember a long string of numbers, so she tries to memorize three numbers at a time. Later, she is able to repeat the numbers correctly because she grouped the numbers into more manageable groups of three. This is an example of ________.

chunking

Roscoe suffers from cocaine use disorder as well as bipolar disorder. The fact that he has two psychiatric diagnoses at once would make his a ________ situation.

comorbid

Rhonda and Jerome share each others thoughts and feelings and are prepared to support each other, but they do not feel physical attraction. They have a relationship based on __________ love.

companionate

a psychological disorder is a _________

condition characterized by abnormal thoughts, feelings, and behaviors

Jules is participating in the Strange Situation experiment. When his mother returns, he freezes, and then behaves erratically. In fact, he runs away from his mother. What kind of attachment is this?

disorganized

____________ holds that our behavior is determined by internal factors, such as individual traits or temperaments

dispositionism

Amarah has an exam in a week, so she schedules 30 to 60 minutes each night to review her course material. She does this rather than waiting until the night before the exam so that she can avoid a "cram session." Amarah's approach to studying is called ________ practice.

distributed

the field of social psychology also studies topics at the intrapersonal level. these topics include _______

emotions and attitudes, the self, and social cognition

When Jacob came home from work upset about a disagreement he'd had with his boss, his wife Jodi sat down to listen to him. She imagined the argument that had occurred, and tried to understand how her husband was feeling. Jodi is demonstrating a high level of ________.

empathy

Cole spends a few weeks being treated for major depressive disorder. He eventually stops exhibiting symptoms, but a few months later they reoccur. Once again the symptoms dissipate, but a few months later they reoccur. Cole's major depressive disorder is ________?

episodic

within industrial organizational psychology what is another term for human factors, which is favored in Europe?

ergonomics

I am trying to learn the names of all 50 states. While I am actively remembering and recalling this information, it is considered ________.

explicit

in the HEXACO model of personality traits, to what does the X refer?

extraversion

Grasping a toy, writing with a pencil, and using a spoon are all examples of ________ motor skills.

fine

Dorothy knows songs and rhymes by memory. She can name most colors and numbers, she can even write the letters of her name. Assuming she reached these cognitive and language development milestones at the average age, about how old is Dorothy?

four

fidel suddenly wanders away from his home and experiences confusion about his identity. Fidel may be experiencing dissociative ___________

fugue

which of the following best exemplifies a symptom of autism spectrum disorder?

gemma exhibits deflicits in social interaction by not initiating conversations with other children, and she turns her head away when spoken to

What was the overall result of Lashley's research that sought out the engram of human memory?

he found no evidence that an engram actual exists

__________ describes a proportion of difference among people that is attributed to genetics

heritability

Tammy has a positive view of challenges: She views them as tasks to be mastered. She develops a deep interest in and a strong commitment to becoming a good teacher. When she doesn't pass her first teaching praxis, she quickly recovers and works to overcome the setback. Albert Bandura would say Tammy has ________.

high self-efficacy

Apollonia was diagnosed with major depressive disorder five years ago. She knows her mother took medicine to combat depression and she worries her daughter will experience depression too. Why?

mood disorders have been shown to have a strong genetic and biological basis

When Marcos is unhappy, he is mean to other children; he calls them names and behaves aggressively toward them. He often manipulates his peers into doing what he wants. What coping strategy is Marcos using?

moving against people

symptoms that involve noticeable decreases and absences in certain behaviors, emotions, or drives, particularly important in diagnosing those afflicted with schizophrenia are called ___________ symptoms

negative

what is the main difference between sigmund freud and neo-freudians

neo-freudians reduced the emphasis on sex

Suppose you hate reality shows, but you pretend to like them in order to fit in, feel good, and be accepted by your friends, who all love reality television. This is an example of ________ social influence.

normative

Madeline is seven months old. Her mother is eating a cookie and Madeline wants some. Her mother hides the cookie under a napkin, but Madeline is not fooled. She knows the cookie is still there. What does this exemplify?

object permanence

Jeff is an unforgiving perfectionist who would rather deliver work a week late than turn in a project with even minor mistakes. In fact, he spends so much time working that he never has time for anything else. Jeff is known to be rigid, inflexible, and stubborn, and he never compromises. Which of the following diagnoses accounts for Jeff's personality?

obsessive compulsive personality disorder

which of the following is an example of a diathesis-stress model

ozzie has a genetic predisposition towards depression, but he did not experience depression until his mother and father died

When individuals are making a persuasive argument that utilizes the ________ route, they rely on factors unrelated to their actual message to persuade their listener. The hope is that these factors will encourage positivity with the message itself

peripheral

Carissa's parents let her stay up as late as she wants. She is allowed to pick out her own clothes and decide when and what she wants to eat. Her parents act more like her friends than authority figures. What kind of parenting style is this?

permissive

what is the main idea of the behavioral perspective on personality?

personality is significantly shaped by the reinforcements and consequences outside of the organism

Within the field of social psychology a script defined as a ________

persons knowledge about the sequence of events in a specific setting

Galen used the terms calm, reliable, and thoughtful to describe a ________ person.

phlegmatic

Harlow is eight years old. She sees Dr. Gardener every Friday at 11:00 a.m. Their sessions involve Dr. Gardener watching Harlow interact with stuffed animals and other toys. What kind of psychotherapeutic orientation does this exemplify?

play therapy

a negative attitude toward an individual based solely on that persons membership in a specific group is called __________

prejudice

Martha and Mikey go to meet with a psychotherapist and other parents to learn about their adult son's symptoms of schizophrenia. They spend time discussing the illness, learning to understand his challenges, and getting information about how to most effectively help him recover. This approach is called a ________ group.

psychoeducational

Cultural competence is a therapists understanding of and attention to ______________

race, culture, and ethnicity in providing treatment

After Mike does not get the job he interviewed for, he moves back in with his parents and spends his days playing video games. Which defense mechanism does this exemplify?

regression

You see a television commercial for a product you may want to buy, and there is a telephone number you must call to place an order. Because you don't have anything with which to write down the number, you repeat it to yourself over and over again until you feel like you won't forget it. This process is called ________.

rehearsal

What do obsessive-compulsive disorder, body dysmorphic disorder, and hoarding disorder have in common?

repetitive thoughts and urges, as well as an uncontrollable need to engage in repetitive behavior and mental acts

Katya studies Spanish for three years, and then switches to Pashto. When asked to remember Spanish vocabulary she can't; instead she can only remember Pashto vocabulary. This is an example of ________ interference.

retroactive

Mental or behavioral acts that reduce anxiety in social situations, such as avoiding eye contact or rehearsing sentences before speaking are called ________.

safety behaviors

Alexis experiences the symptoms of major depressive disorder, but only during midwinter. What kind of depression does Alexis have?

seasonal pattern

which of the following strategies would effectively prevent groupthink from occurring?

seeking outside opinions on group decisions

Sally really loves being outdoors. She likes to hike, do yoga in the warm sun, and go for long camping trips. She and her wife move to Arizona from New York so that they can enjoy these activities in warmer weather for most of the year. This process of moving to an area that is most suited for one's personality tendencies is called selective ________.

selective migration

According to Abraham Maslow, the highest need is ________.

self-actualization

Ben is asked to memorize the words canine, feline, and avian. He remembers the words by associating them with their synonyms: dog, cat, and bird. This is an example of ________ encoding.

semantic

According to the frustration aggression theory, which of the following is likely to occur when Simon gets frustrated with his toilet training?

simon bites his mother

diondre habors the unfounded belief that spider eggs have been implanted underneath his fingernails and that spiders will hatch inside his skin and will eventually begin to eat his organs. What kind of delusion is this

somatic

Halima is excellent at organizing events, but she is weak in delivering the opening address. She decides to focus on what she is good at and delegate the opening address to her immediate subordinate who excels in public speaking. Halima is practicing ________.

strengths based management

Dozens of people witness a purse snatching. One of the eyewitnesses loudly yells "the man with the blue shirt did it." Later, when questioned by police, several other eyewitnesses remember the purse snatcher wearing a blue shirt, even though the purse snatcher was a woman in flowered dress. This is an example of ________: the effects of misinformation from external sources that leads to the creation of false memories.

suggestibility

a police or FBI SWAT team handling a hostage situation exemplifies a __________ team

tactical

peripartum onset depression is a kind of depression

that applies to women who experience an episode of major depression either during pregnancy or in the four weeks following childbirth

what is meant by the term etiology

the cause of a disorder

what is comorbidity

the co-occurrence of two disorders

which of the following was a contributing factor to the development of the indigenous model of studying the cultural context of personality?

the dominance of western approaches to studying personality in non-western cultures

Elaborative rehearsal involves

thinking about the meaning of the new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory

which of the following is not a way you can use what is known about memory to help you remember the names of all 50 states

to stay up the night before your exam to maximize the amount of time you have to study

__________ theorists attempt to explain our personality to identifying our stable characteristics and ways of behaving.

trait

Dr. Duncan is a therapist who works with men accused of domestic violence. Although it is difficult, she does her best to be non-judgmental during therapy sessions. Which aspect of client-centered therapy is this?

unconditional positive regard

what does the normative approach ask regarding the lifespan?

what is normal development?

Carlos is a small business owner. Recently, he became the primary caretaker for his aging mother. He works long hours at his business while also making sure that his mother can keep her medical appointments and has company in the evening. This exemplifies ________.

work-family balance

an organizational psychologist studies such topics as ___________

worker satisfaction, motivation, and commitment

which of the following descriptions exemplifies a worker-oriented approach to job analysis

works well under pressure and in group situations

the notion that workers tend to show an increase in performance when they know that they are being observed is called the ______________ effect

Hawthorne

A public opinion poll was administered to 50 people before the election of President Obama. Polls taken before election night showed 50% of the people polled believed Barack Obama would be elected president. After the election results, the same people were asked if they believed Barack Obama was going to be elected president, and this time 75% of the people said yes. This is an example of ____________ bias.

Hindsight

which of the following is a common characteristic of all dissociative disorders

becoming split off or separated from ones core sense of self

based on the presentation in the textbook, which of these events would have the highest likelihood of causing posttraumatic stress disorder

being assaulted and robbed of your cash and credit cards

the scientific approach suggesting that psychological disorders may be best explained by looking at genetic factors, chemical imbalances, and brain abnormalities is the ____________ perspective.

biological

Ina can no longer read the street signs, but she refuses to admit she needs glasses to drive. Which Freudian defense mechanism does this exemplify?

denial

What is the primary psychosocial milestone of childhood?

developing a positive sense of self

Which classification system is used by most mental health professionals in the United States of America?

diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders

suppose you are walking down a street. A women has fallen down, but because there are so many people around it does not occur to you that you should help. you just assume someone else is about to help her and keep walking. this is an example of __________.

diffusion of responsibility

which statement summarizes the main idea of reciprocal determinism?

our behavior, cognitive processes, and situational context all influence each other

industrial-organizational psychology is a branch of psychology that studies _______________

how human behavior and psychology affect work and how they are affected by work

Ted conducts a study regarding how walking on a treadmill instead of sitting at a desk impacts worker productivity. Ted's study is within the industrial-organizational specialty area of ________ psychology.

human factors

what was the primary finding of the Minnesota study of twins reared apart?

identical twins, whether raised together or apart, have very similar personalities

Adolescents (ages 12-18) experiment with and develop a sense of who they are and what roles they want to play. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?

identity vs confusion

what is the main idea in levels of processing theory?

if you want to remember a piece of information, you should think about it more deeply and link it to other information and memories to make it more meaningful

Jasmin belongs to the chess club on her campus. She prefers to associate with other members of the chess club while avoiding people that do not belong to this group. Jasmin has a(n) ________ bias.

in-group

Dr. Smyth conducts research that examines how stress, disease, and disorders can impact individuals in the workplace. She is working in the area of ________ psychology.

occupational health psychology