Psych Test 2
The mean score for a person with an average IQ is ________.
100
frome ____ months old, children are most capable of using simple sentences such as I see
18-24
Audible range for humans
20 Hz to 20,000 Hz
Who proposed observational learning?
Albert Bandura
which of the following is an example of vicarious reinforcement
Babs saw Martin receive a candy bar for completing his reading list. She is careful to complete her reading list because she saw Martin get a reward for doing it.
Although B.F. Skinner and John B Watson refused to believe that the thoughts and expectations play a role in learning _____ suggested a cognitive aspect to learning
Edward C Tolman
which of the following statements about eyewitness testimony is correct
Eyewitness testimony is vulnerable to suggestibility
which of the following statements about Ivan Pavlov Is true?
He is known for establishing the principles of classical conditioning
identify the major flaw with John B. Watson's Little Albert experiment
It is unethical for a researcher to induce fear in a child, since it is harmful to induce fear.
according to the ________ theory of emotion, emotional experiences arise from psychological arousal
James-Lange
which of the following theories of emotion would suggest that polygraphs should be quite accurate at differentiating one emotion from another
James-Lange theory
which of the following examples illustrates that the dense-roediger-mcdermott paradigm?
Jerome is required to memorizes 15 words associated with dog. when he is asked to repeat the words he has learned, dog is among them, even though dog is not a words on the original list
which of the following is a way that the Kinsey researched differed from the Johnson research
Kinsey collected data with personal interviews, masters and Johnson recorded measurements of psychological variables
which of the following is a good example of semantic encoding
Remembering the colors of the rainbow with the acronym ROY-G-BIV
which of the following findings was not a result of the Kinsey study
Sexual desire and sexual ability can be separate functions
which of the following is an example of a variable reinforcement schedule
Winona checks her cellphone at random times throughout the day instead of overtime she hears the voicemail notification
which of the following examples accurately reflects the Yerkees-Dodson law
a low level of arousal will lead to optimal performance when disarming a bomb
suppose you are watching a movie on a large screen, for a fraction of a second the words drink cola appear on the screen, but you do not perceive the words because it is beyond your absolute threshold, the message drink cola is an example of
a subliminal message
which of the following statements about drive theory is incorrect?
according to the drive theory, we are driven to develop new psychological needs in order to motivate our own behavior
Sarah enters a room with several chirpping crickets in it. upon first entering the room, she can hear the chirping however as she beings to talk to her friends she is no longer aware of the chirping even tho it is still there, the fact Sarah no longer perceives the chirping demonstrates sensory
adaption
social motives include the following needs: achievement, ______ and intimacy
affiliation
Kimya stares at a bright light and then looks away. After she looks away, she perceives a spot. What is this spot?
afterimage
describes the continuation of a visual sensation after the removal of stimulus
afterimage
a specific formula for solving a problem is called
an algorithm
when you are examining data to look for trends, which type of intelligence are you using most
analytical
when you are learning how to play the piano, the statement "every good boy does fine" can help you remember the notes EGBDF for the lines of the treble clef, this is an example of
arostic
_______ concepts are ones that we know by a specific set of characteristics that are always exhibited, such as what defines different basic shapes
artificial
classical and operant conditioning are forms of ______ learning
associational
Sarit is at a bar full of music, chatter, and laughter. He gets involved in an interesting conversation with a woman named Mona, and he tunes out all the background noise. Sarit's friend, Karen, taps him on the shoulder and asks what song just played on the jukebox. Sarit says he doesn't know, even though he is sitting right next to the jukebox and is familiar with popular music. This illustrates the role that __________ plays in what is sensed versus what is perceived.
attention
which of the following is an example of the over justification effect
children enjoy playing with toys until they are told they will get paid to play with toys. they may still play with toys to get paid, but they view it differently because they are getting paid
in _____ conditioning the unconditioned stimulus unconditionally elicits a reaction. for example a bit of black paper blown into the eye produces a blinking response
classical
In ________ the stimulus or experience occurs before the behavior and then gets paired with the behavior.
classical conditioning
electronic device that consist of a microphone, a speech processor, and an electrode to directly stimulate the auditory nerve to transmit information to the brain
cochlear implant
a _____ is a mental picture of the layout of the environment
cognitive map
in the _______ theory of emotion, our emotions are determined by our appraisal of the stimulus
cognitive-meditational
according to your reading, nearly _____ of the adult population of the US can be classified as obese
one third
which nerve carries visual information from the retina to the brain
optic
The X-shaped structure that sits just below the brain's ventral surface and is formed by the meeting of the two optic nerves is called the
optic chiasm
During the ________ phase of the sexual response cycle, individuals experience rhythmic contractions of the pelvis that are accompanied by uterine contractions in women and ejaculation in men.
orgasm
which of the following is an example of an abstract, complex concept
patriotism
several studies have suggested that non-black participants identify weapons faster and are more likely to identify non-weapons when the image of a weapon is paired with an image of a black person, what does this imply about perception
perceptions are influenced by implicit prejudice and stereotypes
if you were to stare at a green dot for a long time and then shift your gaze to a blank white screen, you would see a ____ negative afterimage
red
Kicking your leg when your knee is tapped and quickly pulling your hand back when you accidently touch a hot stove are both examples of ________.
reflexes
which of the following is the time immediately following an orgasm during which an individual isimmeditincapable of experiencing another orgasm
refractory period
The conscious repetition of information to be remembered
rehearsal
Ilayda assumes that her professors spend their free time reading books and engaging in intellectual conversation, because the idea of them spending their time playing volleyball or visiting an amusement park does not fit in with her stereotypes of professors. This exemplifies ________.
representational bias
Which type of bias involves relying on a false stereotype to make a decision?
representative bias
In order for a test to be normed and standardized it must be tested on ________.
representative sample
The act of getting information out of memory storage and back into conscious awareness is known as ________.
retrieval
act of getting information out of long-term memory storage and back into conscious awareness is
retrieval
Jason studies Spanish for three years, and then switches to Pashto. When asked to remember Spanish vocabulary he can't, instead he can only remember Pashto vocabulary. This is an example of ________ interference.
retroactive
which of the following experiments involves the use of operant conditioning
rewarding a child for finishing his oatmeal mush and counting how many times the child needs to be rewarded before he finishes his oatmeal voluntarily
Wesley is in a movie theater with no windows—the only light is low illumination from the emergency lights on the floor. Which photoreceptors will be most useful to Wesley as he attempts to leave the theater?
rods
Samara meets a nurse. She immediately assumes he is able to help care for sick people, works long hours, and dispenses advice about illness because her ________ schema suggests that nurses behave this way.
role
mental construct consisting of a cluster or collection of related concepts
schema
________ is an individual's belief in her capability to complete some task.
self-efficacy
an individual's belief in her own capability to complete a task, which may include a previous successful completion of the exact task or a similar task
self-efficacy
if you believe you will win the hot dog eating competition, then. you will have a sense of _________ and you are more lily to enter a hot dog eating competition
self-efficacy
what is the tendency for an individual to have better memory for information that relates to oneself in comparison to material that has less personal relevance
self-reference effect
The encoding of words and their meaning is known as ________ encoding.
semantic
decreased sensitivity to an unchanging stimulus is known as
sensory adaptation
which theory asserts that each individual has an ideal body weight that is resistant to change
set point
the ______ response cycle includes four phases including excitement, plateau, and orgasm, and resolution
sexual
Rewarding successive approximations toward a target behavior is ________.
shaping
According to Baddeley and Hitch, ________.
short-term memory itself has different forms
Mikel can look at an engineering plan and quickly build a scale model. This exemplifies ________ intelligence.
spatial
method of testing in which administration, scoring, and interpretation of results are consistent
standardization
Watson and Rayner's study of Little Albert was conditioned to fear a white rat, and then he began to be afraid of other furry white objects. this demonstrates
stimulus generalization
in the _______ effect test you will name a color more easily if it appears printed in that color
stroop
what did a researcher identify by timing participants on how long they took to name colors when the semantic merging of the word offered from the color it was presented in
stroop effect
which concept describes the effects of misinformation from external sources that leads to the creation of false memories
suggestibility
Harold catches fish throughout the day at unpredictable intervals. Which reinforcement schedule is this?
variable interval
Slot machines reward gamblers with money according to which reinforcement schedule?
variable ratio
Vinnie is standing on one leg with his arms in the air. The ________ sense helps keep him balanced so he has less chance of falling over.
vestibular
which process involves observing a model being punished and then becoming less likely to imitate the models behavior
vicarious punishment
______ encoding is the encoding of images
visual
Motivation describes the wants or needs that direct behavior toward a goal. In the following sentence, what is the motivation? Sheila wants to complete a marathon so she buys new running shoes and spends every day timing how long it takes her to run the high school track.
completing a marathon
______ are categories or groupings of linguistic information, images, ideas, or memories such as life experiences
concepts
In Pavlov's work with dogs, the psychic secretions were ________.
conditioned responses
hearing aids might be effective for treating
conductive hearing loss
_____ operate best under bright light conditions
cones
Benigno wakes up in the middle of the night. He dreamed that he left the oven on, and he is now convinced that the oven is on. He can't go back to sleep until he turns the oven off. Which category of memory failure associated with the seven sins of memory is exemplified?
distortion
which of the following is the decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented with the conditioned stimulus
extinction
______ motivation arises from external factors or rewards
extrinsic
the main focus in a visual display is known as the
figure
a ____ interval is when behavior is rewarded after a set amount of time
fixed
Navigating your way home through an unfamiliar route due to road construction would draw upon your ________ intelligence.
fluid
What is confirmation bias?
focusing on information that confirms your existing beliefs
which category of memory failure associated with the seven sins of memory is exemplified by the following "Amantha left her phone somewhere, but she can't remember where"
forgetting
hertz measures
frequency
number of waves that pass through a given point in a given time period
frequency
If someone is uncomfortable identifying with the gender normally associated with their biological sex, then he could be classified as experiencing ________.
gender dysphoria
Arthur Jensen believed that ________.
genetics was solely responsible for intelligence
the fact that English grammar dictates that most verbs end in ed to indicate past tense is an example of the _______ component of language
grammar
when we learn not to respond to a stimulus that is presented repeatedly without change
habituation
another term for malleus
hammer
which of the following exemplifies the sense of audition
hearing a song on the radio
mental shortcut that saves time when solving a problem
heuristic
________ amplitudes are associated with ________ sounds.
higher, louder
Individuals suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have been shown to have reduced volumes of
hippocampus
which part of the brain integrates emotional experience with cognition
hippocampus
Empty stomachs contract, causing both hunger pangs and the secretion of chemical messages that travel to the brain to serve as a signal to initiate feeding behavior. This is an example of ________.
how physiological mechanisms serve as the basis for hunger
what is described by the concept of perception
how sensory information is interpreted and consciously experienced
remembering ______ is a good example of procedural memory
how to use the phone
which concept is illustrated by the following study? participants were instructed to focus on either white or black objects, disregarding the other color, when a Red Cross passed across the screen about 1/3 of the subjects did not notice it
inattentional blindness
If a stimulus plus a response results in a satisfying outcome, the probability of that response occurring again ________.
increases
which of the following is an example of instinct
infant rooting for a nipple
an infant sucking is a good example of a
instinct
unlearned, automatic response by an organism to a stimulus in the environment
instinct
Birds migrating, cats chasing prey, sea turtles moving toward the ocean immediately after birth, and joeys moving to the mother's pouch immediately after birth are all examples of ________.
instincts
what are innate behaviors that are triggered by a broader range of events such as aging and changing of seasons
instincts
_________ motivation is based on interal feelings rather than external rewards
intrinsic
some studies show that ______ motivation may not be entirely vulnerable to the effects of extrinsic reinforcements, in fact reinforcements such as verbal praise might actually increase ______ motivation
intrinsic
Chuck was in a car accident. He wishes he could put it behind him, but every night he has dreams about it, and every time he sees a car he remembers how he felt that day. Which category of memory failure associated with the seven sins of memory is exemplified?
intrusion
Bandora's Bobo doll study, when the children who watched the aggressive model were placed in a room with the doll and other toys they,
kicked and threw the doll
which experiment involves the use of classical conditioning?
knowing that a student fears exams, the instructor wears a bright red shirt only on exam day, every exam day, to see how long it is before the red shirt becomes an object of fear to the student
which of the following is an example of a fixed ratio reinforcement schedule
knowing you will get to play miniature golf as soon as you collect 10 gold stars for your reward chart
which term best describes a communication system that uses systematic rules to organize words to transmit information from one individual to another
language
Ron is taught to use a special numbers trick to check his final answer, but he does not demonstrate this skill until his end-of-the-year math test. This is an example of ________.
latent learning
anywhere between 30-70% of individuals with diagnosed cases of ADHD also have some sort of
learning disability
the satiety hormone is called
leptin
in order for a memory to go into storage ( long term) it has to pass through three distinct stages sensory memory, short term memory, and ________ memory
long term
the self-referencing effect refers to
making the material you are trying to memorize personally meaningful to you
Greg is 5 feet three inches tall and weighs 260 pounds. Greg is ________.
obese
learning that occurs while watching others and then imitating, or modeling what they do or say is called
observational learning
learning is best defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior that
occurs as a result of experience
An anchoring bias occurs when you focus on ________.
one piece of information versus all of the information
Parents of African American students filed a case against the state of California in 1979 because they believed the testing method used to identify students with learning disabilities________.
was culturally unfair as the tests were normed and standardized using White children
_____ is another name for short-term memory
working memory
when something is taken away to decrease behavior that is called
negative punishment
type of memory error where accessibility of memory has decreased over time
transience
What is procedural memory?
type of implicit memory that stores information about how to do things
taste associated with glutamate
umami
the six taste groups include: sweet, salty, bitter, and
umami
illness such as diabetes and stomach cancer kill more than twice the number of Americans than murder or car accidents. however, sale sees car accidents as much more dangerous because he often hears about car accident fatalities on the nightly news, and he doesn't know anyone with diabetes or stomach cancer. therefore, zale takes more precautions against car accidents. this exemplifies
availability heuristic
which of the following is an example of an instinct: unlearned knowledge that involves complex patterns of behavior
baby seeking food by rooting and sucking
the ______ complex is the part of the brain with dense connections with a variety of sensory areas of the brain, it is critical for classical conditioning and attaching emotional value to memory
basolateral
which of the following is a good example of acoustic encoding?
being able to hum the tune to a song even when you can't remember the lyrics
fluid intelligence is characterized by
being able to see complex relationships and solve problems
which of the following is an example of stimulus generalization
being conditioned to laugh when you see a top hat, then also laughing when you see other kinds of hats
Akeelah extended her arm in front of her and then extended one of her fingers. She focused on that finger. Next, she closed her left eye without moving her head; then she opened her left eye and closed her right eye without moving her head. She noticed that her finger seemed to shift as she alternated between the two eyes because of the slightly different view each eye had of her finger. What is illustrated by this example?
binocular disparity
the hierarchy of needs is the spectrum of needs ranging from basic ______ needs to ______ needs to self-actualization
biological; social
Tip-of-theTongue Phenomenon is also known as
blocking
what does the theory of pitch perception suggest
different portions of the basilar membrane are sensitive to sounds of different frequencies
where does high intelligence come from
both genetics and environment
Esther's mother offers her a new dish she's been working on, Esther's body responds first, as she looks at the contents of the skillet and she smells it, her stomach churns and she immediately says she's not hungry, what kind of processing is this?
bottom-up
what should be changed to make the sentence true, "neuropathic pain is pain from damage to the neurons of either the brain or central nervous system"
brain should be changed to peripheral
______ is characterized by episodes of binge eating followed by the attempts to compensate for the excessive amount of food that was consumed
bulimia nervosa
the visible spectrum refers to the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that we
can see
in the _____ theory of emotion, psychological arousal and emotional experience occur at the same time
cannon-bard
which part of the brain is most involved in creating implicit memory
cerebellum
what should be changed to make the following sentence true? " the components of cognition are psychological arousal, psychological appraisal, and subjective experience
change cognition to emotion
what should be changed to make the sentence true? "fluid intelligence is characterized as acquired knowledge and the ability to retrieve it"
change fluid to crystalized
what should be changed to make the sentence true, "pain that signals some type of tissue damage is known as neuropathic pain"
change neuropathic to inflammatory
which of the following is the best example of a habit
chewing on your hair to relieve stress
Ronaldo was born without the ability to experience pain, though he can perceive temperature differences and changes in pressure. What is his condition called?
congenital analgesia
The formulation of new memories is sometimes called ________, and the process of bringing up old memories is called ________.
construction; reconstruction
____ intelligence is marked by inventing or imagining a solution to a problem or situation
creative
learning disability that causes extreme difficulty in writing legibly
dysgraphia
________ is when our recollections of the past are done in a self-enhancing manner.
egocentric bias
_____ is a subjective state of being that we often describe as our feelings. A(n) ____ refers to a prolonged, less intense, affective state, that does not occur in response to something we experience
emotion and mood
what did John b. Watson and Rosalie Rayner demonstrate with their studies of little albert
emotion can be a conditioned response
the three functions of memory are
encoding, storage, retrieval
the physical trace of memory is known as the
engram
what did lashley develop by purposely damaging the brain of rats that had learned a task and then testing those rats to see if the brain damage impaired their ability to complete tasks
equipotentiality hypothesis
the storage capacity of long term memory is
essentially limitless
natural concepts are mental groupings created naturally through our
experiences
________ memories are memories we consciously try to remember and recall
explicit
I am trying to learn the names of all 50 states. While I am actively remembering and recalling this information, it is considered ________.
explicit memory
animal research suggests that in male rats the ________ is critical for the ability to engage in sexual behavior, but not for motivation to do so
medial preoptic area of the hypothalamus
researchers demonstrated that the hippocampus functions in memory processing by creating lesions in the hipocampi of rats which resulted in
memory impairment on various tasks, such as object recognition and maze running
When Benito was five he cut his leg on some glass and needed stiches. Years later, his mother tells him the scar came from being bit by a dog. Now, when people ask about his scar he distinctly remembers the dog biting him. This is an example of the ________.
misinformation effect paradigm
memory aids that help organize information for encoding are
mnemonic devices
the person who preforms a behavior that serves as an example is called a
model
which of the following is not one of the four subtypes of intellectual disability
modest
which of the following is a way police have changed their interrogation techniques to lower the risk of false memory syndrome? they have
modified the way witnesses are questioned
a ____ is the smallest unit of language that conveys some type of meaning
morpheme
____ are the smallest unit of language that carry meaning
morphemes
_______ is wants or needs that direct behavior toward some goal
motivation
which of the following statements about motivation is incorrect
motivation never changes
Knowing what a rainbow looks like because you have seen a rainbow is an example of a ________ concept.
natural
a chemical message sent by another individual
pheromone
chemical messages often sent between two members of a species to communicate something about reproductive status are called
pheromones
____ is the basic units of a spoken language
phoebes
a _____ is a basic unit of sound unit of a given language
phoneme
Food, shelter, and warmth represent ________ needs in Maslow's hierarchy of needs.
physiological
Anwar dresses for a cold fall day and steps outside to find it sunny and hot. He goes back inside to change out of his sweater and jeans into a shirt and shorts. Anwar is demonstrating the ________ intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence.
practical
________ reinforcers have innate reinforcing qualities.
primary
which of the following is not one of the four indices of the wechsler intelligence scale for children
processing memory
best representation of a concept
prototype
in operant conditioning, what describes adding something to decrease the likelyhood of behavior
punishment
Dimitri and Rita eat some donuts for breakfast and then spend the morning at an amusement park. After a few hours of riding the Super Looper Double Twist Dimitri feels nauseous and regurgitates the donuts. Rita is fine, but Dimitri has developed a ________, and the next time they stop for donuts, Dimitri immediately feels ill.
taste aversion
_____ theory that sound's frequency is coded by the activity level of a sensory neuron
temporal
Extinction occurs when
the conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without being paired with an unconditioned stimulus
individual's suffering from congenital analgesia have a shorter life span due to
their injuries and secondary infections of injured sites
sensations and information are received by our brains, filtered through emotions and memories and processed to become
thoughts
type of processing where interpretation of sensations is influenced by available knowledge, experiences, and thoughts
top-down processing
_____ involves the conversion of sensory stimulus energy into neural impulses
transduction
Giorgio memorizes the German poem "The Erlking" to recite in his eighth grade German class. He remembers it well for weeks after the presentation, but gradually his ability to recite the poem fades. This is an example of ________, one of the seven sins of memory.
transience