psych test 3
Jake just turned 25, and Joseph just turned 30. Jake teases Joseph about being an "old man" and tells him that now that he's 30, "it's all downhill" for him. Evidently, 25-year-old Jake feels that he is presently exempt from the mental and physical decline associated with aging and that for Joseph, it has already started. Which of the following statements could Joseph correctly employ in his defense?
"Between the ages of 20 and 40, we all begin to experience a steady decline, so you're probably already headed downhill right along with me."
Which of the following statements is the best example of the fundamental attribution error?
"People live in poor neighborhoods because they lack the motivation to make anything of themselves."
According to the Yerkes-Dodson law, which of the following is true?
A moderate level of stress and challenge is associated with optimal performance on exams.
Which of the following is an example of excitation transfer?
After jogging three miles, you become very angry at your roommate for doing something that would normally irritate you just a little.
After nearly hitting a deer with her car, Nadia's heart began to race and her palms started sweating. Which of the following responses is consistent with the James-Lange theory of emotion?
After she noticed her racing heart and sweaty palms, Nadia concluded that she was scared.
Why do African Americans have shorter life expectancies than their white counterparts?
All of the options are true
Human beings typically engage in prosocial, altruistic behavior. According to the text, why do we engage in this behavior?
All of these answer options are correct.
How does assimilation differ from accommodation?
Assimilation is the process of storing new experiences into existing ways of thinking. Accommodation is the process of creating a new way of thinking based on new experiences.
Which of these stories is difficult for Maslow's need hierarchy to explain?
Clarissa has taken a pledge to spend the night alone under a downtown bridge in order to draw attention to the problem of homelessness in her community
An elderly adult who has specific knowledge regarding important events during World War II is using his
Crystallized intelligence
Which of the following statements is true regarding crystallized intelligence and fluid intelligence?
Crystallized intelligence increases across age, while fluid intelligence begins to decline around age 30.
Which of the following is true about the neurochemistry of sexual arousal?
Dopamine receptors in the hypothalamus stimulate sexual activity. Sexual stimulation leads to nitric oxide production, which increases blood flow to the penis and clitoris.
Which of the following describes the relationship between motives, drives, and needs?
Drives motivate the satisfaction of needs. They create arousal, which motivates the organism to fulfill a physical or emotional deficit.
Which of the following would help an individual alleviate mild depression, lose weight, and improve his or her health?
Exercising regularly
Gordan got run over by a bus. After the accident, he could no longer receive signals from his sympathetic nervous system about his bodily responses. His doctor says that Gordan can still experience emotion because the brain processes emotions. The doctor's statement is consistent with the _______ theory of emotion.
Cannon-Bard
Which theory suggests that a stimulus causes simultaneous physiological arousal and emotional awareness rather than preceding or following it?
Cannon-Bard theory
Brenda and Dan both drink beer and smoke cigarettes. Since they want to eventually start a family, Brenda tells Dan that they both need to stop drinking and smoking now to avoid potential drug-related birth defects. Dan argues that since Brenda is the one who will carry the child, he can keep drinking and smoking as long as he does not expose her to either substance. Which of the following arguments would best support Brenda's point of view?
Paternal lifestyle factors can affect a child's health through epigenetic processes.
People tend to eat much more from a buffet than they will eat if they order a meal. Given what you know about eating behavior, how might you explain this result
People eat more when there is variety.
Which of the following statements is a reason why stereotypes tend to be maintained?
People pay more attention to stereotype-consistent information.
According to the text, how do perspective giving and perspective taking differ?
Perspective giving involves sharing experiences of discrimination. Perspective taking involves imagining oneself in another's position.
__________ involves people actively contemplating the psychological experiences of other people, whereas __________ involves people sharing their experiences of being targets of discrimination.
Perspective taking; perspective giving
Kaitlyn's friends were planning to go to a movie around 11 that night, which was past Kaitlyn's curfew. To get permission to stay out late, Kaitlyn plans to use the foot-in-the-door strategy. What might she do?
First, she will ask her mother if she can borrow the car to go out. Then, after her mother agrees, she will request to stay out past curfew.
Researchers conduct an experiment in which male participants are given a drug that makes them feel extremely happy. Participants in Group A are told that they will feel this way from the drug. Participants in Group B are not told about the effects of the drug. After the drug has taken effect, an attractive woman enters the room. According to the Schachter-Singer two-factor theory, which group of participants is less likely to feel attracted to the woman, and why?
Group A, because they expected positive feelings from the drug
How do groupthink and group polarization differ?
Group polarization is the name for the process of a group developing more extreme views about someone or something. Groupthink describes how peer pressure within groups leads to poor decision making.
According to research, which of the following is a behavior demonstrated by happy couples?
Happy couples express concern for each other even when disagreeing
ln Sherif's boys' summer camp experiment, boys lived in two separate camps and both groups in two separate camps competed in an athletic tournament. Which of the following best summarizes the findings from Sherif's boys' summer camp study?
Having the two groups work on tasks with shared goals reduced the fighting.
Julio is stressed because he just lost everything in a terrible earthquake. Bill is stressed because there was a traffic jam on his route to work, his washing machine just broke, and his landlord recently raised his rent. In terms of the effects of different types of stressors, who will have a harder time coping?
It is difficult to say: The combined effect of daily hassles can have as great an impact as major stressors.
Domenica hates that she blushes at the slightest feeling of embarrassment. However, blushing may serve which of the following purposes?
It offers a type of biological, nonverbal apology.
Among the following, who most likely has a Type A personality?
Jerome, who is aggressive and competitive
Which of these scenarios explains how mere exposure has shaped Jess's attitude toward edamame?
Jess didn't initially like the tiny green beans, but they keep showing up at mealtime, and after trying them a few times, Jess now enjoys them.
Which of the following scenarios describe someone who has successfully resolved the adolescent crisis?
Joan is secure in her identity as a friend, daughter, and student, and these identities guide her actions.
Which of the following is a reason why the gap between life expectancies of black and white Americans has been closing over the past few years?
Lifestyle factors have lowered life expectancy more for white, rural Americans.
Wilt and Lim are both feeling stressed because they are preparing to take a test that they believe is critical to their future success. Both are married, but Lim is happily married while Wilt is unhappily married. All else being equal, which of the following outcomes is most likely?
Lim will cope better with the stress than Wilt.
Which of the following people is most likely to develop coronary heart disease at some point in his life?
Louis, a competitive poker player who is aggressive, impatient, and thrives on beating the competition
Lynn was not sure which job candidate to hire, since they all had a handful of strengths and weaknesses. After choosing Dennis, however, she experienced postdecisional dissonance. In other words, what might have happened?
Lynn became glad she had chosen Dennis, who had some notable strengths. When she thought about the other candidates, their weaknesses were at the front of her mind.
When choosing a roommate, your housing adviser suggests that you choose someone with a similar optimal level of arousal to yours. If you follow her advice, whom will you choose to live with?
Meredith, who enjoys the occasional party but mostly likes to hang out in small groups watching movies and playing board games, just like you.
Which of the following is a criticism of using body mass index (BMI) to define obesity?
Muscle weighs more than fat, so athletes may have higher BMIs even though they are in better shape than the general population.
Which of these scenarios is an example of normative influence on behavior?
Nobody at Emily's new office wore sandals or denim, so she decided not to either.
Which of the following examples most strongly suggests that emotions have a biological basis?
Nolan grins widely and pumps his fist in the air after winning a chess tournament, even though he is blind and has never seen what a winner's body language looks like.
Erica plans to prepare for an exam a month from now. Her goals are (1) she studies six hours every night for a month, and (2) she overlearns materials. Based on the goal setting theory you have learned, what would you recommend her to reach her goals?
Recommend her to measure her level of "overlearning."
Caroline came back to her dorm room late on Friday night. It looked like her roommate was already home, but she was not alone. In fact, Caroline's roommate and her date were engaged in what looked to be the plateau phase of the sexual response cycle. What did Caroline see?
Their pulse rate, breathing rate, and blood pressure were increased, and they were in a frenzied state of passion.
According to years of research, people witnessing someone in need are less likely to help when which of these is true?
There are many bystanders.
Weight-loss programs frequently suggest that you use small plates. According to the concept of sensory-specific satiety, why might this strategy be effective for limiting the amount you eat?
There will not be room on the plate for too many different foods.
Three doctors are arguing about the development of heart disease in their patients. Dr. Jenkins suggests that it has a genetic basis, Dr. Rice argues that it has to do with personality type, and Dr. Aaron claims it has to do with living in a stressful environment. Who is most correct?
They all are correct, because disease has biological, psychological, and social origins.
Which of the following is NOT one of the four essential qualities of motivational states emphasized in most general theories of motivation?
They differ in their valence.
jamie wants to persuade her parents to let her go to Europe with her school choir. Which approach is most likely to convince them to say yes?
Using descriptive, compelling reasons that will stick in her parents' minds while they mull over their decision
Around the world, most people eat lunch at about the same time of day. Why is this?
We are classically conditioned to eat at midday.
Which story most accurately demonstrates what social psychologists know about the roles of competition and cooperation?
Rupert and Sean had always been rivals in school. It did not help that they played on different hockey teams. However, after being paired together for a science project, they realized they had a lot in common and became friends.
Which of the following accurately describes how stress impacts the immune system?
Stress impairs the production of T cells, B cells, and natural killer cells, leaving the body more vulnerable to illness.
Which of the following statements about teratogens is INCORRECT?
Teratogens are a group of recessive genes that affect the child while still in the womb.
Which of the following statement is FALSE about human emotion?
The fast path of emotional response to a visual stimulus (e.g., seeing a bear) is from thalamus to visual cortex.
Which of the following is true about the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis?
The hypothalamus messages the pituitary gland to signal the adrenal gland to release cortisol and norepinephrine into the bloodstream. These and other hormones account for some of our physical symptoms of stress
Which of the following best describes the relationship between distrust and health?
The more someone distrusts others, the poorer his or her own health is.
Sofia is a refugee from a war-torn nation. She is poor, depressed, and malnourished. Adding to her misery, she is now suffering from pneumonia. According to the biopsychosocial model, her illness can be explained by which of the following?
The stress of being a refugee of war is difficult to bear, and cultural differences and lack of energy (due to poor nutrition) make it harder for her to seek out social support. In other words, all of these stressors worsen the effects of each other.
Marysol just had a new baby. She is very tired because has to get up every 2 hours to feed the baby. But Marysol has to get used to this new routine because she will have to do this for a long time. Based on this information, Marysol is most likely experiencing ________.
a major life stressor
Clara, Tess, and Fiona are roommates. On the last day of finals, Clara and Tess both give Fiona Christmas presents. Fiona has no gift for Clara or Tess, so she immediately goes to the mall to buy them presents. Fiona feels she should buy Clara and Tess presents because of ________.
a normative influence
Roland was hiking in the Alaskan wilderness when he suddenly encountered a mother grizzly bear and her cubs. He rapidly engaged in __________ to determine whether the bear was a threat. He then engaged in __________, during which he considered whether he could run away fast enough to escape being caught by the bears.
a primary appraisal; a secondary appraisal
Research on thought suppression has shown that trying to suppress negative thoughts can lead to ____.
a rebound effect
Lainey has a part-time job working in a restaurant after school. The chef constantly gets orders wrong, and the customers blame Lainey, which makes Lainey feel very stressed. As a result, she has learned to very carefully check each dish before taking it to the customers. For Lainey, the chef's mistakes are __________, and checking each order is a __________ response.
a stressor; coping
Barry does not like psychology, but he is taking an introductory psychology course because his adviser told him he had to. Due to _______, Barry will probably like the class _______ by the end of the semester.
cognitive dissonance; more
Atencio is 16 years old and has four very close friends, all of whom smoke. Atencio has never had any particular desire to smoke cigarettes, and his friends have never asked or told him to smoke. Nevertheless, he feels compelled to start smoking, which is most likely due to the influence of _____.
conformity
As described in the text, Harlow did an experiment with infant rhesus monkeys, requiring them to make a choice between an artificial mother that provided contact comfort or one that provided food. The results demonstrate that for this species,
contact comfort is more important than food, particularly during stress.
Kyle rear-ended someone's car in the parking lot and left a dent. No one saw him do it. If he doesn't leave a note, the car's owner would never know that it was his fault. Kyle thinks, I'm legally required to leave a note, so I had still better do it. Kohlberg would most likely classify Kyle as being at the ______ level of moral reasoning.
conventional
Gilbert finds his coworkers intrusive and annoying. When a coworker asks whether Gilbert has seen the stapler, Gilbert responds in a loud, hostile tone, "How dare you accuse me of taking the stapler!" Research indicates Gilbert is most likely to have increased risk for which of the following?
coronary heart disease
Many people who are isolated in the wilderness are surrounded by sources of nourishment that they are too squeamish to eat, such as crickets and worms. In other words, these people are unable to overcome which of the following types of learning?
cultural factors
When Steve wanted to bake a pumpkin pie, Brett pointed out that it was the middle of the summer: not the time of year for pumpkin pie. Steve told Brett that she was being overly influenced by which of the following?
cultural factors
Jacob needs a few extra bucks to fill his gas tank. His dad does not like giving him money, so although Jacob only needs about $20, he asks his dad for $50. The plan works perfectly. While his dad scoffs at the request for $50, he hands over $20 without his usual balking. Which technique has Jacob used?
door in the face
Victor has not started working on his psychology paper, which is due in 2 days. He calls his friend Christy and asks if she will write his paper for him. "No way!" she replies. Four hours later, Victor calls her back and asks if he can look at her paper to just get some ideas. This time, she says, "I guess so." Victor has just gotten Vicky to comply with his request by using the _______ strategy.
door in the face
One of the reasons why it is so difficult to quit smoking cigarettes is that nicotine may lead to an increased activation of ________ neurons.
dopamine
Joy's company is having financial problems, and she was just told that she must take a pay cut. She feels a lot of stress about the situation until she learns that several coworkers are being fired. Joy feels a little bit better due to the impact of _______.
downward comparison
Sabrina has been recently diagnosed with heart disease. To cope, she compares her own condition to that of her uncle, who has just received a diagnosis of pancreatic cancer and has been given only six months to live. Sabrina is apparently engaging in which strategy to make herself feel better?
downward comparison
Brand Z of bottled water puts sodium chloride (salt) in its water, which makes people thirsty. Based on this fact alone, which theory of motivation best explains why people might drink more bottles of Brand Z water than another brand of bottled water without salt?
drive reduction
Baby Kwame has been able to stand for a while but cannot walk yet. Today, his dad gives him a small toy shopping cart. He stands holding on to the handle, but when he leans his weight on the cart, it rolls forward and Kwame takes a step. It rolls again, and he takes another step. Soon, he is using the cart to walk all around the house. This is an example of
dynamic systems theory
Engaging in primary appraisal allows us to
enact coping behaviors only for stimuli that are relevant.
According to Selye, if your body's defenses are declining after dealing with a prolonged period of stress, you are at which phase of the general adaptation syndrome?
exhaustion
After a long period of prolonged stress, Kerry begins to develop stress-induced migraines. She has reached the stage of Selye's general adaptation syndrome (GAS) called
exhaustion
Van has been working for several years at a high-paying but very stressful job. He has recently been diagnosed with high blood pressure and heart disease. Hans Selye would say that this negative health effect is associated with Van's being in the _______ stage of the general adaptation syndrome.
exhaustion
As discussed in the textbook, a psychology study conducted in the 1970s compared men raised in the northern part of the United States to men raised in the South. When a confederate in the study was verbally aggressive, southern men responded by
exhibiting increases in cortisol and testosterone
Jacqueline grew up in an upper class family but believes that money and social class are not relevant to a person's worth. However, without realizing it, she spends most of her time at social events talking with others who have a similar upper class background. Jacqueline's belief in social equality is a(n) ________ attitude, and her choice of people with whom to talk reflects a(n) ________ attitude.
explicit; implicit
While Joey hopes his painting will win a prize at an upcoming art show, Colin has dozens of full sketchbooks that he never plans to show anybody. In doing artwork, Joey experiences __________, while Colin experiences __________.
extrinsic motivation; intrinsic motivation
According to self-determination theory, ________ rewards may reduce ________ value.
extrinsic; intrinsic
According to sexual strategies theory, men and women differ in their sexual behavior because they
face different adaptive problems
Harper's mother always told him that when he felt sad, if he smiled he would soon feel happier. Which of the following best aligns with this advice?
facial feedback hypothesis
Crystallized intelligence is to fluid intelligence as
fact is to analogy
David is about to teach his own class for the very first time, and he has had little experience speaking in front of groups. Shortly before his class begins, his heart rate increases, his palms sweat, and his stomach aches. Which stress response is David experiencing?
fight or flight
Someone attempts to mug you and steal your cell phone, and you notice your heart rate speeding up and your breathing getting heavier. Which type of stress-related response are you engaging in?
fight-or-flight response
Luisa asks for volunteers to sign a petition for a community center in need of more government funding. The following week, she asks those who signed the petition to come to the center once a month and tutor a child. Luisa is trying to gain compliance by using the _______ strategy.
foot in the door
Another one of Bill's ideas for the toy company is a board game called Planet Wars. The goal is to conquer as many planets as possible by forming strategies for attack and defense and logically anticipating other players' moves. This game is most appropriate for children in the ______ stage of cognitive development.
formal operational
Theory of mind is dependent upon development of the ________ brain region because that area is important for understanding ________.
frontal; perspective taking and the mental states of others
John comes from a family in which everyone is overweight, even though people in the family appear to eat only moderate amounts of food. These circumstances are consistent with research showing that
genes play an important role in who becomes overweight.
Chanese believes that eating foods high in protein and low in sugar will minimize hunger and make weight loss easier. Chanese believes in the __________ theory of eating.
glucostatic
Maria is an 18-year-old woman, and Dale is an 18-year-old man. Both are physically developing in a normal manner. However, Dale experiences more sexual thoughts and desires than Maria. This is best explained by Dale's having _______ levels of ______ than does Maria.
greater; androgens
the Jingle Belles a cappella group is considering new members cautiously. Each new member has a big impact on the rest of the group, so tryouts are lengthy. Candidates are judged on both musical skill and personality traits. When considering whether to admit Destiny to the group, several current members are individually skeptical. After discussing Destiny's vocal skills and other social factors, the group becomes even more concerned and decides not to risk adding Destiny to their roster. What is this phenomenon called?
group polarization
Which of the following is an example of a secondary emotion?
guilt
According to one study, parental warmth is associated with greater feelings of guilt in children. This finding suggests which of the following?
guilt arises in healthy and happy relationships
Salim's family has just moved to the United States. Although he has never met an American before and does not speak English, he can easily identify some of the primary emotions of his classmates, including
happiness, anger, fear, surprise, and disgust.
According to ________, people who receive direct emotional support from others are better able to cope with stress.
he buffering hypothesis
Abrahim, a sophomore in college, is in Erikson's "identity versus role confusion" stage. According to Erikson's theory, which of the following behaviors might we expect Abrahim to exhibit?
he considers changing his major every few months
The brain region that experiences the most growth in response to aerobic exercise is the
hippocampus
Ryan has been served a large meal at a restaurant, but when he feels full, he stops eating. He asks for a box to take the remaining food home instead of overeating to the point of being uncomfortable. Ryan has achieved a state of __________ with regard to his food consumption.
homeostasis
Biscotti the cat gets a nasty shock from chewing on a power cord. Since the shock, Biscotti is always hungry, eating huge quantities of food many times a day. The shock has probably damaged the part of Biscotti's brain that influences eating, which is the ________.
hypothalamus
Which region of the brain is considered to be the most important for stimulating sexual behavior (given its role in controlling the release of sex hormones into the bloodstream)?
hypothalamus
According to Erikson, what is the primary task of adolescence?
identity
Seventeen-year-old Juan thinks he wants to be a preschool teacher, but he also wants to be a professional boxer. According to Erikson, Juan is most likely experiencing the major psychosocial crisis known as __________ versus __________.
identity; role confusion
Eight-year-old Simon loves stickers. When he successfully completes his homework, he gets to choose two stickers from a jar. If Simon diligently completes his homework in order to get the stickers, then he is motivated by ________.
incentive
A convincing piece of evidence for the idea that positive emotions and negative emotions are independent is that positive emotions involve ________ and negative emotions involve ________.
increases in dopamine; increases in norepinephrine
Ryan and Katie both like games, but Ryan prefers to play solitary games, like sudoku or crossword puzzles, whereas Katie likes contests, such as trivia or strategy games. Ryan plays games for his own enjoyment, while Katie likes to win games for prizes or others' admiration. Ryan's motivation is __________, while Katie's is __________.
intrinsic; extrinsic
Lisa and Tori are sitting at a bar when a very attractive man approaches them. Lisa's palms start to sweat, her heart rate increases, and her stomach does flip-flops. In contrast, Tori's face flushes, her muscles tense up, and her hands feel cold. Each woman experiences a different emotion based on her bodily responses. This is best explained by the _______ theory of emotion.
james-lange
Carl's first job was working as a camp counselor. The hours were grueling, and the pay was practically nothing. Carl spent most of the summer broke, miserable, and wondering why he had accepted the job. However, ten years later, his outlook was different. He remembered this job fondly and considered it a worthwhile life experience. Which effect describes his shift in thinking?
justification of effort
Which phenomenon may explain why some people want to join a fraternity or sorority badly enough that they will endure weeks of humiliation and physical discomfort to gain membership?
justification of effort
You want to buy a mobile for your newborn nephew, Jasper, who is one week old. You want him to be able to see the objects on the mobile when it hangs over his crib a few feet above him. To achieve this, you should most likely buy Jasper a mobile with ______.
large black-and-white drawings of faces
A doctor says that Ronald is overweight because of a problem with the biological mechanism that regulates fat over the long term. The doctor is saying that Ronald's _______ is not functioning correctly.
leptin
Whereas the hormone __________ is involved in fat regulation, __________ originates in the stomach and triggers hunger.
leptin; ghrelin
The first time she had bubble tea, Maria thought it was weird and gross. However, all of her friends loved the strange tapioca in the bottom of their drinks and often drank it in front of her. Because of this, Maria decided to give it another try and found that she actually liked it. What shaped her attitude toward bubble tea?
mere exposure effect
One-year-old Finster seems to believe that his father is intentionally trying to frustrate him, because he shows signs of irritation when his father teases him. This means Finster has likely developed a theory of
mind
Based on the need to belong theory, the phrase misery loves company would be more accurate if it was
misery loves miserable company.
The __________ theory suggests that human beings have a fundamental need for interpersonal attachments, which has evolved over time for adaptive purposes.
need to belong
While a child watches, you hide a Cheerio under one of two cups in front of her. You hide the Cheerio under the red cup, and show the child that there is nothing under the blue cup. If this child has not yet achieved object permanence, she will
not look for cheerios
Researcher Stanley Milgram wanted to understand why normal citizens would follow orders to injure or kill innocent people during World War II. He wanted to know what factors influence people to follow orders given by an authority figure. In other words, he wanted to understand which phenomenon?
obedience
You ask your doctor to examine your sore throat. Surprisingly, she demands that you remove your Chicago Bulls hat and coat. If you take them off as she asked, then you have displayed _______.
obedience
Dan loves playing new and exciting racing video games that get his heart racing. Based on this fact alone, his motivation to play these games is best explained by ________.
optimal arousal
After dating for only two months, Joel and Natalie broke up. Joel had always wanted to run off to the next party or club, while Natalie was happier staying home and reading mystery novels. Which motivational factor was out of sync?
optimal level of arousal
Porche has always been a very trusting person. She also has many close friends whom she can rely on, especially in times of stress. Porche probably has high levels of
oxytocin
According to the traditional medical model, individuals are ________ recipients in their health and well-being, whereas in the biopsychosocial model individuals take a(n) ________ role in their health and well-being.
passive; active
Tonya knows that people seeing her billboard ad will be busy driving or talking or otherwise distracted. Instead of outlining thoughtful reasons for why people should call her real estate firm, she decides to limit the billboard to a picture of a beautiful house with an attractive, happy family standing out front. According to researchers Petty and Cacioppo (1986), which route will the information on the billboard target?
peripheral
Odetta and Jack are creating a TV commercial for Fiber Flakes, a new brand of cereal. Jack's idea is to have a famous actor say how much he loves Fiber Flakes. Odetta thinks the commercial should emphasize the cereal's nutritional value. Jack's approach to the commercial relies on the _______ route of persuasion, whereas Odetta's approach relies on the _______ route of persuasion.
peripheral; central
Jack takes Mary out to dinner for the first time. She is very surprised when he does not leave a tip for the waiter. If Mary decides that Jack did not leave a tip because he is stingy, then according to attribution research we have learned, she is making a(n) ________ attribution. If Mary decides that Jack did not leave a tip because the service was terrible, she is making a(n) ________ attribution.
personal; situational
According to the general adaptation syndrome, if stress continues long enough,
physiological and immune systems will begin to fail.
According to the text, the interaction of what four developmental domains shapes human development?
physiological, cognitive, social, and emotional
if you find yourself in a situation where you need help, what can you do to overcome bystander apathy based on bystander intervention research?
point to a specific person and make a direct request
Exercise is ________ associated with well-being, because it leads to ________.
positively; decreased risk of diabetes and heart disease
Jyoti buys her textbooks for the term from the bookstore. When she gets home, she checks the receipt and realizes that the cashier didn't scan one of the books, so she got it for free! "I just hope I don't get caught. I'd be punished for sure," she says. Kohlberg would most likely classify Jyoti as being at the ______ level of moral reasoning.
preconventional
Jack has severe deficits in both his moral and social functioning. Which part of his brain may be functioning incorrectly?
prefrontal cortex
Maya and her family moved into a new house over the summer, and she dreaded having to start at a new school. Maya knows that at this school she will have to interact with girls whom her old friends had despised. However, after a few weeks in the new school, Maya realized that both groups of girls were pretty similar. Maya's experience reduced her
prejudice.
Middle-aged Miles hates his job and is deciding whether or not to change careers. To cope with the stress of his situation, he is talking with a counselor and taking direct action to explore new career and educational opportunities. By so doing, Miles has adopted a(n) __________-focused approach to dealing with his stress.
problem
The human immune system is made up of specialized white blood cells known as lymphocytes, which help to maintain physical health and well-being. Of those, B cells are known to ________, whereas T cells are known to ________.
produce antibodies; attack foreign intruders
Hank feels fine when things are going well, but he becomes a grouch whenever adversity hits. Hank appears to be low in which potentially health-promoting attribute?
resilience
In high school, Nathan was a part of several different cliques. First, he was friends with the athletes he played baseball with. Next, he hung out with the intellectual kids on the debate team, and then with the musicians in the school band. According to Erikson's theory, during this time, Nathan was most likely experiencing the developmental crisis of _________.
role confusion
Natalie is a single mom who is poor and lives in a dangerous neighborhood. When a financially stable man asks to marry her, she says yes. She does not love him, but she knows he will support her and her daughter and give them a safe home in the suburbs. According to Maslow, Natalie's behavior suggests that her answer is motivated by the desire to satisfy her _______ needs.
safety
Vico is about to be evicted from her apartment, so she does not have the energy to return a call from a friend wanting to make lunch plans. According to Maslow's need hierarchy, Vico's __________ needs must be satisfied before higher needs such as __________.
safety and security; belonging and love
Which of these is an example of classical conditioning influencing eating habits?
sarah always feels hungry shortly after she leaves work, right in time for dinner.
Jenny is 8 months old. She is used to drinking through the nipple of a baby bottle, but now she must learn to drink through the spout of a sippy cup. According to Piaget, for Jenny to learn this, her drinking behavior ______ must go through the process of ______.
schema; accommodation
Nicola has been playing Roller Derby for several months now, but she has not seen many improvements in her skills lately. She is at the rink three nights a week, but she is starting to feel that there is no point in practicing so hard as it is not paying off. Given what you know, you can reasonably conclude that she is developing.
self-efficacy
Bill is a designer at a toy company. One of his ideas for a toy is a clown-face mobile painted in bright colors. Each battery-operated clown face will, when pulled, play a different song and the eyes will light up. This game is most appropriate for children in the ______ stage of cognitive development.
sensorimotor
Eight-month-old Jerome is in the __________ stage of cognitive development. Thus, when his mother shows Jerome a ball and then hides it behind her back, we would expect him to __________.
sensorimotor; appear to lose interest in the ball and not look for it
Which developmental behavior do most babies experience between 8 and 12 months of age when their parent is out of sight or when they are with a nonparent caregiver?
seperation anxiety
There is some evidence that prenatal exposure to hormones may play some role in which one of these?
sexual orientation
Attempts to use cognitive training strategies to reduce memory deficits in the elderly
show some ability to delay the memory problems associated with aging.
Rachel is nervous about singing in the dorm talent show. She sounds good when she practices alone in her room, but when she gets up to perform in front of the whole dorm, she does an amazing job. That Rachel sang better in her performance is best explained by _______.
social facilitation
Rachel is nervous about singing in the dorm talent show. She sounds good when she practices alone in her room. When she gets up to perform in front of the whole dorm, she does an amazing job. That Rachel sang better in her performance is best explained by _______.
social facilitation
When Cody arrived at the gym, it was relatively empty. She started riding a stationary bike at a leisurely pace. Once a few other people sat down at nearby bikes, she began to speed up her pace and push herself a bit more. What is this phenomenon called?
social facilitation
Which of the following domains of development did Jean Piaget virtually ignore in his theories that his contemporaries emphasized as an important contributor to development?
socioemotional
You should use anticipatory coping when
stress is predictable
Which of the following is the correct order of events?
stressful event; hypothalamus activation; cortisol production
Why do children have more neural connections as infants than they do at 10 years old?
synaptic pruning
The fact that oxytocin is a more prevalent hormone in women's stress response provides evidence for the
tend-and-befriend hypothesis.
Adolescent girls with higher than average __________ are more likely to engage in sexual intercourse.
testosterone
Luiz is walking home late at night when he hears footsteps behind him. He is instantly frightened and gets ready to run. He glances over his shoulder and sees that it is the neighborhood police officer on patrol. Realizing there is nothing to fear, he calms down. Luiz's first response, fear, was processed by the path from the ________. His second response, calming, was processed by the path from the ________.
thalamus to the amygdala; thalamus to the sensory cortex to the amygdala
Norwood blames his poor performance in a recent marathon race on his poorly fitted shoes. However, he believes that other runners who did poorly just did not practice enough. Norwood's reasoning illustrates ______.
the actor/observer bias
Tina attributes her poor performance on a quiz to her teacher's inability to teach the material. However, she believes that other students who did not do well on the quiz failed because they did not study hard enough. Tina's reasoning illustrates
the actor/observer discrepancy.
One difference between anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa involves
the amount of food that is typically consumed.
Both of Aiden's parents and all of his grandparents have diabetes. Although Aiden knows he should take care of himself by exercising more and maintaining a healthy diet, he thinks that getting diabetes is inevitable for him. It doesn't help that his mother bakes him cookies every week. As a result of the combination of his poor diet, pessimism about exercise, and genetic predisposition, Aiden gains weight and begins to show symptoms of diabetes. Which of the following best accounts for this case?
the biopsychosocial model
Synaptic pruning is
the brain's way of doing away with synaptic connections that are not being used.
Dominic just saw a red truck rear-end a little white sedan at a stoplight. When the teenage driver of the truck stepped out, Dominic felt sure that the teen had been driving carelessly, texting while driving, or both. Dominic's bias can be explained by which of the following?
the fundamental attribution error
Robert was frustrated because the driver in front of him was driving very slowly. This guy is a terrible driver! He shouldn't be allowed to drive at all, thought Robert. In actuality, the driver was driving slowly because he was transporting a cage with four hamsters in the back seat. Robert's explanation for the driver's behavior reveals ________.
the fundamental attribution error
According to the textbook, the fact that human development follows a consistent progression suggests that
the order and timing of development are under genetic control
Katie feels as if her sorority is made up of many diverse and unique members. However, she feels like fraternities are composed of males who are all very similar to each other. Her bias is known as
the outgroup homogeneity effect.
the decision to use either emotion-focused or problem-focused coping often depends on
the perceived ability to control the stressor.
To try to get her newborn baby to feed, which of the following should Jackie attempt to trigger in him?
the rooting reflex
Which of the following explains why some people prefer white bread and others prefer wheat bread?
the types of bread people eat as children shape their adult preferences because people prefer to eat the type of bread that is most familiar to them.
Hardy individuals tend to view life events as less stressful than those who are low on this personality dimension. An important aspect of how they view their daily life is that
they feel they are largely in control of what happens to them.
Ruthie is a healthy 3-month-old. Her mom is checking to see what Ruthie does and does not do at this stage. Ruthie most likely does NOT _________.
turn her mouth away from something that touches her cheek
Sharaz, a 5-year-old, is at the park with her father. The ice cream truck is parked at the corner. Her father has told Sharaz that she can have ice cream when they leave the park if she does not ask for it until then. To keep herself from asking for the ice cream, Sharaz imagines that the truck has gotten hot and all the ice cream has melted. Sharaz is delaying gratification using the successful strategy of
turning a hot cognition to a cold cognition.
empathy is ________ while sympathy is ________.
understanding another's emotional state and feeling what the other person is feeling or would be expected to feel; feelings of concern, pity, or sorrow for another person
Tori is practicing shooting hockey pucks at the net. If she has a high need for achievement, she will probably take __________ practice shots.
very easy
Americans may feel particularly good about themselves after Team USA wins an Olympic gold medal because social identity theory states that
victories by ingroups increase self-esteem.
Which of the following terms concerns a positive state that includes striving for optimal health and life satisfaction?
well being
Casey is jealous of his sister Yvette, who seems to get special treatment because she is very physically attractive. Yvette always breezes through airport security, and whenever she gets pulled over for speeding, she is able to talk her way out of getting a ticket. From which stereotype does Yvette benefit?
what is beautiful is good
Evidence that humans have a set-point for weight is reflected in the fact that
when prisoners were fed large amounts of food, they gained less weight than they should have and returned to their normal weight when they resumed a regular diet
Evidence that humans have a set-point for weight is reflected in the fact that
when prisoners were fed large amounts of food, they gained less weight than they should have and returned to their normal weight when they resumed a regular diet.
In comparing memory processes in young adults versus the elderly, we find that
whether the information is positive or negative has a greater impact on recall in the elderly.
You are collecting donations for a children's cancer charity. When speaking to potential donors, you ask them a series of questions regarding the charity. Given what you know about attitude-behavior consistency, what information would be the LEAST useful in predicting whether they will donate?
whether they have read stories or seen commercials about your charity
Often, at the end of a long soccer practice, Roland tells himself that he must love soccer because he works so hard at it. One day, his high school soccer coach says that Roland is good enough to get a full soccer scholarship to college. Now Roland leaves long practices telling himself that he is working this hard to earn a scholarship, and he finds that he now enjoys soccer less. Bem's self-perception theory would explain Roland's behavior by saying that
winning the scholarship has become the reason for playing soccer.
The Sandersons have been married for over 40 years. They are a happy couple, and they tend to overlook each other's bad behavior or respond constructively. What is this process called?
accommodation
Patients with Alzheimer's disease have low levels of which neurotransmitter?
acetylcholine
Sharon's daughter just got engaged to Ted, and Sharon is not happy about this news. Ted does not have a stable job and he is also a bit overweight, both of which lead Sharon to believe that Ted is lazy. Sharon struggles with her weight too, but she blames this on her thyroid problem. Sharon's assessment of Ted is an example of which of the following biases?
actor/observer discrepancy
A group of people jump into Lake Michigan's icy waters every January. The brief and immediate rise in their heart rate is a sign that they have most likely entered the _______ stage of the general adaptation syndrome.
alarm
Selye's general adaptation syndrome (GAS) has three stages. Which of the following lists the stages in their correct order of occurrence?
alarm; resistance; exhaustion
A securely attached infant differs from one who is insecurely attached in terms of
all of the answers are correct
According to the textbook, which is the limitation of Piaget's analysis of cognitive development?
all of the options are limiting
Which of the following statements is true regarding memory affected by aging?
all options
Which of the following statements is true regarding moral reasoning and moral emotions?
all options
Which of the following statements about dynamic systems theory is INCORRECT?
all statements are correct
A baby who seeks caring contact from her caregiver only to reject it when it is offered would likely be classified as having a(n) __________ attachment style
ambivalent
Ian is 12 months old and is crying for attention. His mom is busy cooking dinner and can't pay much attention to him. When she finishes cooking, she picks Ian up and offers him his favorite toy. Ian hugs his mother but continues to cry and pushes the toy away. Ian's behavior suggests that he has formed a(n) ______ attachment with his mom.
ambivalent
Peipei's mother brings her 2-year-old daughter to see a new doctor. Peipei's mother leaves the room, and Peipei is momentarily left alone with the doctor. When Peipei's mother returns and hugs Peipei, Peipei looks at her mother and smiles, but at the same time she yells and pushes her mother away. Peipei has most likely formed a(n) __________ attachment to her mother.
ambivalent
Because of its role in both emotion and memory, this part of the brain helps emotions like fear strengthen memories, which could be helpful for avoiding future harmful situations.
amygdala
Patient I.K. has a normal IQ, has functional memory and attention, and does well in school. However, she shows no fear conditioning. Even though she can tell you that a certain noise is associated with a painful electric shock, her body shows no physical signs of fear when she hears the noise. Which part of her brain is most likely to be damaged?
amygdala
Delroy was on a plane that flew through a hurricane. There was tremendous turbulence, and he was absolutely terrified. Even though he tries not to think about it, Delroy cannot forget that plane trip. Delroy's persistent memory results from the effect of the ________ on how the ________ consolidates memory.
amygdala; hippocampus
Research has shown that stress experienced by a woman during pregnancy has
an effect on the child's physiological responsiveness to stress.
Sandy has a terrible fear of becoming fat, and so she starves herself. Rhonda, who also is concerned about her body image, alternates between binge eating and purging. If clinically diagnosed, Sandy would likely receive a diagnosis of __________, and Rhonda would probably be diagnosed as having __________.
anorexia nervosa; bulimia nervosa
After studying social psychology, Kelly knows the dangers of groupthink. What can she do to ensure that the decisions of her group are not impacted by this phenomenon?
ask someone to argue against the majority
Mercedes takes her 14-month-old son, Justice, to a playground. While in the sandbox, a stranger begins to play with him, and Justice seems to prefer playing with the stranger to playing with his mother. When Mercedes leaves Justice to play in the sandbox and takes a seat on a nearby bench, Justice does not become upset. Justice's behavior indicates that he and Mercedes have a(n) __________ attachment relationship.
avoidant
Patti is fairly reserved and tends to be a wallflower. But last night, at a rock concert where she felt like nobody was watching her, her inhibitions disappeared and she danced right along with the rest of the crowd. What process affected Patti?
deindividuation
Sometimes after a big football game fans will riot, getting into fights and destroying property. People in such a crowd will often do things that they would never do on their own. This effect is due primarily to a process of ________.
deindividuation
All of the following are limitations of the polygraph method for lie detection EXCEPT that
difficult to pass even if we use countermeasures.
Although it is difficult to tease apart nature and nurture, there is evidence that North American women show emotions more easily than men. To the extent that this is based on culture and not biology, how and when we express emotions is governed by which of the following?
display rules
When Natalie studied abroad in Taiwan, a waitress dropped her drink and started giggling. A few other times, Natalie noticed someone smiling or giggling when he or she made a mistake. These were not signs that people thought their mistakes were funny but rather signs of a cross-cultural difference in which of the following?
display rules
Immune functioning and the experience of positive events have been shown to
be positively correlated.
Which of the following does NOT contribute to well-being and ability to cope?
being single
Recent research suggests that children are capable of learning the concepts of more than and less than even earlier than suggested by Piaget. At what age are children now believed to be capable of demonstrating these concepts?
between 2 and 4 years
Research with transgender children has shown that they experience a mismatch between their
birth sex and gender identity.
Which sexual orientation appears to be less common among men than among women?
bisexual
In distinguishing between the body mass index (BMI) and the body shape index (BSI), you know that the BMI is a calculation of ________, whereas the BSI is a measure that mainly takes into consideration ________.
body weight relative to height; the amount of one's abdominal fat
Ashley is slightly overweight, but she constantly worries about her size. She often overeats and then makes herself vomit. She exercises much more than other women her age. Ashley is most likely experiencing _________.
bulimia nervosa
Even though she admits that she fears becoming fat and alternates between binge eating and vomiting, Rebecca does not believe she has an eating disorder, and she actually believes she has a rather normal body shape and size. However, she would possibly receive a clinical diagnosis of which of the following?
bulimia nervosa
Although several people were nearby when an old man collapsed in the park, nobody immediately stepped forward to help. What term describes this failure of the observers to offer help?
bystander intervention effect
Pavati is a competitive gymnast and has made it to the final round of the Olympic trials. She is intensely motivated to perform at her absolute peak. Given your knowledge of the Yerkes-Dodson law and the effects of arousal on performance, you might advise her that she should ________, because ________.
calm down; very high arousal can hurt her performance
After hearing the front door slam suddenly in the wind, Bradley felt both physiological arousal and a sense of being immediately terrified. The bodily arousal and emotional experience happened at the same time. This would be best explained by the __________ theory of emotions.
cannon-bard
Sylvia is home alone with nothing to do except watch television. She finds herself paying close attention to an infomercial that describes five good reasons she should purchase her own food dehydrator. Sylvia is persuaded and decides to place an order. According to the elaboration likelihood model, this infomercial's persuasion took which route?
central
Blythe had a large and late breakfast. Even though she was planning to skip lunch, she starts to feel hungry at noon and decides to eat. The best explanation for Blythe's hunger at lunchtime and subsequent decision to eat would come from
classical conditioning
Dr. Barker is an experienced medical professional, but he is also a smoker. In order to reduce inevitable __________, he probably needs to change his behavior and quit smoking, because it will be very difficult for him to change his attitude and stop believing that smoking is bad for his health.
cognitive dissonance
Ross is feeling stressed because he has three major exams in one day. Instead of studying for the exams, he avoids studying and hopes that he will do okay on the exams. In this situation, Ross is displaying _______.
emotion-focused coping
Rena is pregnant and also drinks a lot of alcohol. If she continues to drink during her pregnancy, it may affect her baby. Which of the following is the most likely impact it will have on her child?
Her baby's abnormalities may include a small head and malformations of the face and limbs.
Which of the following accurately summarizes the biochemical basis of aggression?
High serotonin levels facilitate and low serotonin levels hinder the prefrontal cortex's ability to regulate aggressive behavior.
According to the broaden-and-build theory, which of the following is correct?
Highly resilient people are more likely than those low in resilience to consider novel solutions to life's problem
Austin and Hallie just witnessed a serious accident where a cyclist crashed while riding through the park. The couple was shocked that none of the nearby people in the crowded park rushed over to help. According to the psychologists who first described the phenomenon of bystander apathy, which factor should increase the chances of the victim receiving help from others?
If there are fewer bystanders, someone is more likely to help the victim.
Which of the following is true according to studies on the theory of mind?
Infants and preschoolers have some awareness that other people perform actions for specific reasons.
Which of the following best explains the social brain hypothesis?
Primates have large prefrontal cortices because they live in dynamic social groups that change over time.
Betsy is a high-powered attorney and is under considerable stress for prolonged periods of time. Her sister Bernice is an organic farmer and leads a very quiet, relatively stress-free life. Unlike Bernice, who never seems to get sick, Betsy is constantly catching colds. Which of the following does the above scenario best illustrate?
Prolonged periods of stress weaken the immune system
My stomach feels as if I swallowed a large, jagged rock, Jeff thinks. This interview must be making me feel very nervous. Jeff's emotions are best explained by the _______ theory of emotion.
Schachter-Singer two-factor
The more specific an attitude is, the more predictive of a behavior it is. Which scenario best exemplifies this?
Sean's attitude toward spanking is more predictive of whether he will spank his kids than his attitude toward parenthood in general.
Which of the following statements is true about how our brains process emotions?
Sensory input enters the amygdala, which sends information to various organs to activate the appropriate physiological response.
Hannah has just been diagnosed with terminal cancer. She was given only six months to live and is very stressed. If Hannah uses emotion-focused coping to deal with her stress, what would you expect her to do?
She might attempt to distance herself from the problem by ignoring the diagnosis and continuing to live her life the way she always has.
Jacqueline has just moved from Kansas to Illinois to attend college. She is having a lot of trouble settling in, but some people in her dorm seem friendly and helpful. Research concerning social support suggests which of the following?
Simply knowing that she has friends in her dorm who care about her will reduce Jacqueline's stress.
Jerome is irritated at all the bad things that have happened to him today. On his way to work, he got a flat tire. Then he spilled coffee on his trousers. Later on, his computer crashed and lost the files that he had been working on. Jerome seems to be experiencing ________.
daily hassles
One of the problems with the prolonged activation of the HPA axis due to chronic stress is that it
damages neurons in the hippocampus.
You are designing a group project for your students. Given what you know about social loafing, you set up your group project so that
each student is responsible for some component of the project to decrease social loafing.
The most important time for the physical development of a baby's spinal cord, brain, and all internal organs is during the period when the baby would be called a(n)
embryo
Which is likely to be the most critical stage of prenatal development and why?
embryo, because most of the internal organs are formed during this period
At six weeks of pregnancy, the developing baby is called a(n) __________. This is the most important time for physical development of the __________.
embryo; internal organs
Vanessa has been diagnosed with breast cancer. To cope, she has been drinking more alcohol, seeking second and third opinions, and telling herself that there must be some mistake. Vanessa is engaging in which of the following?
emotion focused coping
